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1 στύγν'
στυγνά, στυγνόςhated: neut nom /voc /acc plστυγνά̱, στυγνόςhated: fem nom /voc /acc dualστυγνά̱, στυγνόςhated: fem nom /voc sg (doric aeolic)στυγνέ, στυγνόςhated: masc voc sgστυγναί, στυγνόςhated: fem nom /voc pl -
2 ἔχθος
Grammatical information: n.Meaning: `hatred, enmity' (Il.).Compounds: As 2. member in φιλ-εχθής `who is prone to hate' (Theoc. 5, 137),.Derivatives: ἐχθρός `hated' (thus always in Hom.), `hateful', m. `enemy' (Hes., Pi.); with ἐχθίων, ἔχθιστος (A. resp. Il.); ἔχθρα, ion. - ρη f. `hate, enmity' (Ion.-Att., Pi.; on the formation Chantraine Formation 226). - Verbs: ἔχθομαι, only present-stem, `be hated' (Od.), act. ἔχθω `hate' (trag.); ἀπ-εχθάνομαι (β 202), aor. ἀπ-εχθέσθαι (Il.), fut. ἀπ-εχθήσομαι (Hdt.), late present ἀπ-έχθομαι (Theoc., Lyc.) `make oneself hated' with ἀπεχθής `hated' (S., D.), ἀπέχθεια `be hated, hate' (Att.), ἀπέχθημα `object of hate' (E. Tr. 425; cf. Chantraine Formation 177f.); ἐχθαίρω, aor. ἐχθῆραι, also with ἀπ-, ὑπερ-, συν-, `hate' (Il.); ἐχθραίνω, aor. ἐχθρᾶναι (X.) `be enemy, hate' with ἔχθρασμα ἔχθρα H.; ἐχθρεύω `be enemy' (LXX, Phld.).Origin: IE [Indo-European] [292] *h₁eǵʰs-to- `outsider'Etymology: The relation of the words cited is not always clear. Clearly ἐχθραίνω and ἐχθρεύω are late derivations of ἐχθρός; much older ἐχθαίρω is also a denominative of ἐχθρός (Schwyzer 725). Also ἀπ-εχθάνομαι could with r:n-interchange be related to ἐχθρός (Benveniste Origines 16), though it could as well be a nasal enlargement of ἔχθομαι, ἀπ-εχθέσθαι (Schwyzer 700, Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 315f..). ἔχθομαι is acc. to Schwyzer 725 a backformation from ἐχθαίρω, but it is better connected to ἔχθος like σθένω to σθένος (Schwyzer 723). - More difficult is the interpretation of ἔχθος and ἐχθρός, for which cf. αἶσχος: αἰσχρός, κῦδος: κυδρός. If we start from ἐχθρός and consider ἔχθος with ἔχθομαι, ἐχθίων, ἔχθιστος as innovations, perhaps after κυδρός, κυδίων, κύδιστος, τὸ κῦδος, we can connect ἐχθρός with Lat. extrā `outside', exterus `being outside', and so also with ἐχθός = ἐκτός `outside' (Leumann Hom. Wörter 158 n. 1 with Keil Hermes 25, 601, s. also Pisani Ist. Lomb. 73: 2, 30; against this Wackernagel KZ 31, 41 = Kl. Schr. 1, 720); ἐχθρός then would be prop. `outside, being in foreign territory, foreigner, enemy'; cf. Lat. hostis. - More in Bq, Seiler Steigerungsformen 77f., W.-Hofmann s. ex, Pok. 292f. Now Čop KZ 74, 225f.Page in Frisk: 1,600-601Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἔχθος
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3 εχθρόταθ'
ἐχθρότατα, ἐχθρόςhated: adverbial superlἐχθρότατα, ἐχθρόςhated: neut nom /voc /acc superl plἐχθρότατε, ἐχθρόςhated: masc voc superl sgἐχθρόταται, ἐχθρόςhated: fem nom /voc superl pl -
4 ἐχθρόταθ'
ἐχθρότατα, ἐχθρόςhated: adverbial superlἐχθρότατα, ἐχθρόςhated: neut nom /voc /acc superl plἐχθρότατε, ἐχθρόςhated: masc voc superl sgἐχθρόταται, ἐχθρόςhated: fem nom /voc superl pl -
5 απεχθάνεσθε
ἀπεχθάνομαιto be hated: pres imperat mid 2nd plἀπεχθάνομαιto be hated: pres ind mid 2nd plἀπεχθάνομαιto be hated: imperf ind mid 2nd pl (homeric ionic) -
6 ἀπεχθάνεσθε
ἀπεχθάνομαιto be hated: pres imperat mid 2nd plἀπεχθάνομαιto be hated: pres ind mid 2nd plἀπεχθάνομαιto be hated: imperf ind mid 2nd pl (homeric ionic) -
7 εχθρά
ἐχθρόςhated: neut nom /voc /acc plἐχθρά̱, ἐχθρόςhated: fem nom /voc /acc dualἐχθρά̱, ἐχθρόςhated: fem nom /voc sg (attic doric aeolic) -
8 ἐχθρά
ἐχθρόςhated: neut nom /voc /acc plἐχθρά̱, ἐχθρόςhated: fem nom /voc /acc dualἐχθρά̱, ἐχθρόςhated: fem nom /voc sg (attic doric aeolic) -
9 εχθρότερον
ἐχθρόςhated: adverbial compἐχθρόςhated: masc acc comp sgἐχθρόςhated: neut nom /voc /acc comp sg -
10 ἐχθρότερον
ἐχθρόςhated: adverbial compἐχθρόςhated: masc acc comp sgἐχθρόςhated: neut nom /voc /acc comp sg -
11 θεομισή
θεομῑσῆ, θεομισήςhated by the gods: neut nom /voc /acc pl (attic epic doric)θεομῑσῆ, θεομισήςhated by the gods: masc /fem /neut nom /voc /acc dual (doric aeolic)θεομῑσῆ, θεομισήςhated by the gods: masc /fem acc sg (attic epic doric) -
12 θεομισῆ
θεομῑσῆ, θεομισήςhated by the gods: neut nom /voc /acc pl (attic epic doric)θεομῑσῆ, θεομισήςhated by the gods: masc /fem /neut nom /voc /acc dual (doric aeolic)θεομῑσῆ, θεομισήςhated by the gods: masc /fem acc sg (attic epic doric) -
13 θεοστυγή
θεοστυγήςhated of the gods: neut nom /voc /acc pl (attic epic doric)θεοστυγήςhated of the gods: masc /fem /neut nom /voc /acc dual (doric aeolic)θεοστυγήςhated of the gods: masc /fem acc sg (attic epic doric) -
14 θεοστυγῆ
θεοστυγήςhated of the gods: neut nom /voc /acc pl (attic epic doric)θεοστυγήςhated of the gods: masc /fem /neut nom /voc /acc dual (doric aeolic)θεοστυγήςhated of the gods: masc /fem acc sg (attic epic doric) -
15 μισητέα
μῑσητέα, μισητέοςto be hated: neut nom /voc /acc plμῑσητέᾱ, μισητέοςto be hated: fem nom /voc /acc dualμῑσητέᾱ, μισητέοςto be hated: fem nom /voc sg (attic doric aeolic)μισητήςhater: masc acc sg (epic ionic) -
16 στυγερά
στυγερόςhated: neut nom /voc /acc plστυγερά̱, στυγερόςhated: fem nom /voc /acc dualστυγερά̱, στυγερόςhated: fem nom /voc sg (attic doric aeolic) -
17 στυγερώτερον
στυγερόςhated: adverbial compστυγερόςhated: masc acc comp sgστυγερόςhated: neut nom /voc /acc comp sg -
18 στυγνά
στυγνόςhated: neut nom /voc /acc plστυγνά̱, στυγνόςhated: fem nom /voc /acc dualστυγνά̱, στυγνόςhated: fem nom /voc sg (doric aeolic) -
19 στυγνότερον
στυγνόςhated: adverbial compστυγνόςhated: masc acc comp sgστυγνόςhated: neut nom /voc /acc comp sg -
20 στυγέω
Grammatical information: v.Meaning: `to hate, to detest, to hold back' (ep. poet., Il., Hdt. a. late prose).Other forms: Aor. στυγεῖν (Hom., Call., Nic. a.o.), στύξαι (λ 502 [caus.], A. R., Opp., AP), στυγ-ῆσαι, pass. - ηθῆναι, fut. - ήσομαι (trag.), perf. ἐστύγ-ηκα (Hdt. a.o.), - ημαι (Lyc.), - μαι (H.).Derivatives: στυγ-ητός `hated, detestable' (A. Pr., late prose), - ημα n. `object of hate, detestation' (E. a.o.), ἀπο- στυγέω ησις f. `detestation' (sch.). -- Besides the adj. 1. στυγ-ερός `hated, full of hate, detestable' (ep. poet. Il.). 2. - νός `id.', also `gruesome, sad etc.' (Archil., Hp., trag. etc.) with - νότης f. (hell. a. late), - νία f. (sch.), - νόομαι (also w. κατα-) `to be somber' (AP, H.), - νωσον χώρισον H., - νάζω (also w. δια-, κατα-, συν-) `to be, become overcast' (NT a.o.) with - νασις f. (late). 3. - ιος `hated, detestable' (E., Plu.; cf. on Στύξ below). Subst. 1. στύγος n. `hate, object of hate' (A. a.o.). 2. Στύξ, - γός f. river in the Underworld (Hom. etc.) with adj. Στύγιος (trag. a.o.), name of an Arcadian mountain brook wit icecold water (Hdt., Str., Paus.), also appellat. `hate, detestation' (Alciphr.), pl. `icy cold' (Thphr.); also = σκώψ (Ant. Lib. a.o.). Compp. στυγ-άνωρ `hating men' (A. Pr.), ψευσί-στυξ `hating lies' (AP).Etymology: The rise of the above forms cannot be reconstructed with certainty. Old is in any case the primary suffixless Στύξ; whether the pres. στυγέω or the aor. ἔστυγον was prior cannot be decided, as the latter just like στύξαι can be metrically conditioned; cf. ἔκτυπον s. κτύπος (also Schwyzer 721 and Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 347). From στυγέω first στυγη-τός, - μα, prob. also as backformation στύγος (cf. μισέω: μῖσος). The adj. can be explained in diff. ways. -- No certain etymology. As behind the notion `hate' a concrete conception will be hidden and for στύξ the meaning `icy cold, icecold water' is in fact attested (from where στυγέω prop. `shiver'?) it is obvious to connect a synonymous Slav. word: Russ. stýgnutь, stúgnutь `cool down, get cold, freeze', Stugna tributary of the Dniepr. Much less usual are forms with -d-, e.g. Russ. stúda `cold', studítь `cool (down)', OCS studъ also = αἰσχύνη; a Slavic change - dn- to - gn- is perhaps not to be excluded (s. lit. in Vasmer s. stýgnutь). Connection with a verb for `push etc.', e.g. Skt. tujáti, Germ., e.g. NLG stūken, is semantically more difficult to motivate. Further hypotheses (to στύω a.o.) in Bq, WP. 2, 616f. a. 620, Pok. 1033 u. 1035, Vasmer s.vv., also Fraenkel s. 1. stúgti; everywhere w. lit. -- New proposal by v. Windekens Orbis 13, 224 f.: to Toch. B ścono, śconiye `hate' from steu-n-.Page in Frisk: 2,812-813Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > στυγέω
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