hard

a. difficult, hard, troublesome; oss verðr erfitt at þjóna Norðmönnum, it will be hard for us; Guðrún var erfið á gripakaupum, G. was troublesome (extravagant) in buying finery; hvíldist Helgi, því at honum var orðit erfitt, for he was exhausted; þó at honum væri málit erfitt, though he spoke with difficulty.

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adj. toilsome, hard, difficult; ok var af því honum erfitt búit, a heavy, troublesome household, Bs. i. 63; erfiða ferð hafa þeir fengit oss, they have made a hard journey for us, Fms. v. 22; Guðrún var erfið á gripa-kaupum, G. was troublesome ( extravagant) in buying finery, Ld. 134; e-m verðr e-t erfitt, one has a difficulty about the thing, Fms. vi. 54.

β. hard, unyielding; var Flosi erfiðr, en aðrir þó erfiðri miklu, F. was hard, but others much harder, Nj. 186, 187; jarl var lengi erfiðr, the earl long remained inexorable, 271: ek var yðr þá erfiðr, 229.

γ. hard breathing; ok er hann vaknaði var honum erfitt orðit, when he awoke he drew a deep breath, after a bad dream, Ísl. ii. 194; hvíldisk Helgi, því at honum var orðit erfitt, H. rested, because he was exhausted (from walking), Dropl. 22; þó honum væri málið erfitt, though he spoke with difficulty (of a sick person), Bs. i. 110.

δ. var þess erfiðar ( the more difficult) sem…, Fas. i. 81: so in the phrase, e-m veitir erfitt, one has hard work, Bs. i. 555, Nj. 117; erfitt mun þeim veita at ganga í móti giptu þinni, 171.

1) fast, firm, sticking fast to the spot; hrútr f. (held fast, entangled) á meðal viða; f. á velli, standing fast (in battle); standa f. fyrir, to stand fast (firm);

2) close, close-fisted; f. ok fégjarn, close and covetous; f. af e-u, sparing of (f. af drykk);

3) of a meeting: þá er sóknarþing er fast, during the session;

4) firm, faithful (fast heit, loforð, föst trú); fullr ok f., definitive, permanent (þessi grið skulu vera full ok föst);

5) strong, hard (f. bardagi); fast atkvæði, hard syllable (ending in a double consonant);

6) til fasta, fast, firmly; ráða, mæla, heita til fasta, to make a firm agreement.

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adj. [wanting in Ulf., who renders βέβαιος etc. by tulgus; but common to all other Teut. idioms; A. S. fæst; Engl. fast; O. H. G. fasti; Germ. fest; Swed.-Dan. fast]:—fast, firm, esp. with the notion of sticking fast to the spot; hrútr f. (held fast, entangled) á meðal viða, 655 vii. 2; fastr á velli, standing fast, e. g. in a battle, Fms. xi. 246; vera, standa f. fyrir, to stand fast, Þorst. St. 53; f. á fótum, of a bondsman whose feet are bound fast to the soil, Grág. ii. 192, Nj. 27: grið-fastr, home-bound, of a servant: the phrase, e-t er fast fyrir, a thing is hard to win, difficult, Lv. 94, Fms. xi. 32, Ld. 154.

β. fast, close; f. í verkum, hard at work, Grág. i. 135 (Ed. 1853); þeir menn allir er í dómi sitja eðr í gögnum eru fastir, engaged, 488; fastr ok fégjarn, close and covetous, Fms. x. 420; f. af drykk, Sturl. iii. 125.

γ. of a meeting; þá er sóknar-þing er fast, i. e. during the session, Grág. i. 422: sam-fastr, fast together, continuous, 156; á-fastr, q. v.

δ. firm; metaph., fast heit, loforð, etc., a fast, faithful promise, word, Eg. 29; föst trú, fast faith, cp. stað-f., steadfast; geð-f., trú-f., vin-f., etc.

ε. bound to pay; at aurum eigi meirum en hann var fastr, to the amount of his debt, N. G. L. i. 36.

ζ. gramm., fast atkvæði, a hard syllable ending in a double consonant, Skálda 171.

2. neut. in various phrases; sitja fast, to sit fast, Sks. 372; standa fast, to stand fast, Edda 33; halda f., to hold fast, Fms. i. 159; binda fast, to bind fast, Ísl. ii. 103, Fas. i. 530; liggja fast, to be fast set, steadfast, of the eyes, Sturl. ii. 189; drekka fast, to drink hard, Fms. ii. 259; sofa fast, to be fast asleep, i. 9; þegja fast, to be dumb, not say a word, 655 xxxi A. 4; leita fast eptir, to urge, press hard, Ld. 322; fylgja fast, to follow fast, Dropl. 26, Fas. ii. 505; eldask fast, to age fast, Eb. 150; ryðjask um fast, to make a hard onslaught, Nj. 9; leggja fast at, to close with one in a sea-fight, Fms. ii. 312, hence fastr bardagi, a close engagement, Róm. 272; telja fast á e-n, to give one a severe lesson, Fms. ii. 119.

β. as adv., hyrndr fast, very much horned, Lv. 69.

γ. the phrase, til fasta, fast, firmly; ráða, mæla, heita til f., to make a firm agreement, Bjarn. 61, Band. 20, Fms. ii. 125; cp. the mod. phrase, fyrir fullt ok fast, definitively.

n. the prey of a bear which he drags into his lair; cp. Ivar Aasen s. v. fastra, of a bear, to drag a carcase into his lair (Norse); hence the phrase, liggja á fasti, of a wild beast devouring its prey, Landn. 235 (of a white bear). Icel. now say, liggja á pasti, and in metaph. sense pastr, vigour, energy; pastrs-lauss, weak, feeble, etc.

(-rða, -rðr), v.

1) to make hard, temper (herða járn, sverð);

2) to press, clench; herða hendr (knúa) at e-u, to clench with the hands (fists); fig., herða atgöngu, to make the attack harder;

3) to make firm, exhort; herða huginn, herða sik, to take heart, exert oneself;

4) absol. to follow closely, pursue vigorously (Birkibeinar herðu eptir þeim); herða áfram, to push on; herða at (e-m) to press hard (upon one);

5) impers. to become hard; veðr (acc.) herði, it blew up a gale; herði seglit, the sail was strained hard (by the gale);

6) refl. to take heart (bað konungr menn vel við herðast).

1) tempering (of steel), steeling;

2) hardness, severity.

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ð, mod. herti, [harðr; Ulf. ga-hardjan; Engl. harden]:—to harden:

1. of iron, to temper; h. járn, sverð, kníf, ljá …, Nj. 203; þegar járnsmiðr herðir stóra bolöxi eðr handöxi, og bregðr henni í kalt vatn, Od. ix. 392.

2. phrases, herða knúa, hendr, at e-u, to clench the fist, Fms. vi. 106, Edda 28.

3. to fasten, tie fast; þeir herða þá seglit með sterku bandi, Fas. iii. 652; herða á, to bind tighter, or metaph. to push on.

II. metaph.,

1. to exhort, cheer; hann talaði langt, ok herði alla í ákafa, and bade them be of good comfort, Sturl. iii. 33; herða hjörtu sín, to make one’s heart firm, Stj. 437; herði hann þá huginn, Eg. 407, Fb. ii. 322; h. sik, to take heart, Nj. 103: to work briskly, hertú þig þá, mannskræfan, segir Stórólfr, Fb. i. 523: to harden, in a bad sense, Stj. 639.

2. absol. to follow closely, pursue vigorously; Birkibeinar sá þá, ok herðu eptir þeim, Fms. ix. 15; herðu þeir Kolbeins-menn á þá, Sturl. iii. 33; skulum vér víst herða áfram. push on, Fms. xi. 256; en er Ormr herti fast at, but as O. insisted, pressed hard, Fb. i. 523; herðu þeir þá biskupar báðir at Gizuri, Fms. x. 59; herðu bændr at konungi ok báðu hann blóta, Hkr. i. 144; Þorkell herðir nú á Guðríði, en hón kvaðsk göra mundu sem hann beiddi, Þorf. Karl. 378; tók þá sótt at herða at honum, Fms. x. 73.

III. impers. to become hard; veðr (acc.) herti, it blew up a gale; herti seglit (acc.), the sail was strained hard by the gale, Fas. iii. 652; svörð tekr heldr at herða, Fs. (in a verse).

IV. reflex. to take heart; bað konungr menn vel við herðask, Fms. viii. 34; er þó einsætt at menn herðisk við sem bezt, xi. 137.

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(brýt; braut, brutum; brotinn), v.

1) to break;

brjóta fót sinn, to break one’s leg;

brjóta tennr ór höfði manns, to break the teelh out of the head;

brjóta mann um stein, to break a man on a stone;

brjóta e-n í hjóli, to break on the wheel;

2) to break open (brjóta haug, búr);

3) to destroy, demolish (brjóta hof, skurðgoð, kastala);

brjóta skip, to break one’s ship, be shipwrecked;

4) to break, violate, transgress (brjóta heit, lög);

en þér konungr brutuð lög á Agli, you broke the law in Egil’s case;

5) to force, compel (brjóta menn til kristni);

brjóta e-n til hlýðni, to force to submission;

6) in various fig. phrases;

brjóta odd af oflæti sínu, to break the point of one’s pride, to humble oneself;

brjóta straum fyrir e-m, to break the stream before one, to bear the brunt of battle;

7) with preps.:

brjóta af brúna, to break off the bridge;

brjóta af við e-n, to wrong one;

brjóta á bak, to force or drive back (brjóta fylking á bak);

to neglect, disregard (brjóta á bak ráð e-s);

brjóta niðr, to demolish, break down (brjóta niðr hús);

brjóta niðr blótskap, villu, to put down, abolish;

brjóta sik niðr við jörðu, to bow down to the earth;

brjóta saman, to fold (brjóta saman skikkju);

to unite (brjóta saman et forna lögmál ok nýja);

brjóta sundr, í sundr, to break asunder (brjóta sundr silfrker);

to unfold (clothes);

brjóta (land, þjóð) undir sik, to subdue;

brjóta upp, to break up (þeir brutu upp þilit);

to force or break open (brjóta upp hurð, búr, kirkju, bréf);

to unpack (brjóta upp gersemar sínar);

brjóta upp vistir, to bring out the victuals (for the mess);

brjóta upp vápn, to get out the weapons, prepare for battle;

8) refl., brjótast á e-t, to break in upon;

Önundr brauzt á hurðina, tried to break in the door;

brjótast á milli, to break out between;

brjótast fram, to break forth;

brjótast í haug, to break into a cairn;

brjótast í e-u, to exert oneself in a thing;

þessi maðr brýzt í miklu ofrefli, struggles against great odds;

brjótast um, to make a hard struggle (björn brauzt um í vök);

brjótast við e-t, to fight or struggle hard against;

brjótast við ofrefli, to fight against odds;

brjótast við borgargørðina, to exert oneself in making the burg;

brjótast við e-u, to struggle against (brjótast við forlögunum, gæfu sinni);

9) impers. in a passive sense;

skipit (acc.) braut í spán, the ship was broken to pieces;

þá braut kirkju (acc.), the church was blown down;

strauminn braut á öxlinni, the current broke against his shoulder.

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pret. braut; 2nd pers. brautt is obsolete; commonly brauzt or brauztu, Ó. H. 24 (in a verse), Fms. vi. 139 (in a verse of A. D. 1050); pl. brutu; sup. brotið; pres. brýt: [this word does not occur in Ulf. and is unknown in Germ.; the A. S. has breâtan, breôtan, but rarely and in the sense to destroy, demolish: but the Scandin. dialects all have it; Swed. bryta; Dan. bryde; whereas the Goth. braican, Germ. brechen, Engl. break are unknown to the Scandin. idioms. Du Cange records a Latin-Spanish britare = destruere; it is therefore likely that it came into Spain with the Goths, although Ulfilas does not use it]:—to break; with acc., Nj. 64, Bs. i. 346; þeir brutu báða fótleggi í honum, Hom. 115; sumir brutu ( hurt) hendr sínar, sumir fætr, Bs. i. 10; ef maðr brýtr tennr or höfði manns, Grág. ii. 11; hvárz þat er höggit, eðr brotið, cut or broken, id.; þeir kómu við sker ok brutu stýri, Fms. ix. 307; Þormóðr kvað betra at róa minna ok brjóta ekki, Grett. ch. 50: phrases as, b. á bak, to break the back, Fms. vii. 119; á háls, the neck, Vígl. 21; b. í hjóli (hveli), to break on the wheel, of capital punishment, Fms. xi. 372, Hom. 147; í þeim hring stendr Þórs steinn, er þeir menn vóru brotnir um ( on which the men were broken) er til blóta vóru hafðir, Eb. 26.

2. denoting to destroy, demolish; b. skurðgoð, Fms. x. 277, Bs. i. 10; þeir höfðu brotið hof en kristnað land, Fms. i. 32; Valgarðr braut krossa fyrir Merði ok öll heilög tákn, Nj. 167.

β. b. skip, to shipwreck (skip-brot); brutu þar skipit allt í span, Nj. 282, Ld. 8, Landn. 149: absol., hón kom á Vikarsskeið, ok braut þar, 110: nú er á ( a river) brýtr af annars manns landi, Gþl. 419; cp. land-brot.

3. adding prepp.; niðr, sundr, af, upp, to break down, asunder, off, or the like; sá er niðr braut alla Jerusalem, 673. 51; b. niðr blótskap, Fms. iii. 165, viii. (pref.); brutu þá Baglar af brúna, B. broke the bridge off, x. 331; b. sundr, ix. 482; b. upp, to break up; þeir brutu upp þilit, Eg. 235; þeir brutu upp búr hans (of burglars), 593; b. upp kirkju, Fms. ix. 12; b. upp hlið, to break up a fence, K. Þ. K. 84.

β. b. upp, to break up a package, unpack; brýtr hann nú upp gersemar sínar, Fær. 6:—as a naut. term, b. upp means to bring out victuals for the mess, Dan. bakke op; jarl ok hans menn b. upp vistir ok setjast til matar, Fms. xi. 147: milit., b. upp vápn means to take arms, prepare for battle (in a sea fight); brjóta upp vápn sín ok berjask, Fær. 85; menn brutu upp um annan öll vápn, Fms. vi. 313 (in a verse).

γ. b. or b. saman, to fold (clothes or the like); b. sundr, to unfold, Nj. 171: in mod. usage also b. bréf, to fold a letter (hence brot, to denote the size of a book); b. upp bréf, to break a letter open, Barl. 181; b. blað, to fold down a leaf in a book, etc.; b. út, to break ( a channel) through, Landn. 65 (of a river); þá var út brotinn óssinn, Bs. i. 315.

4. various metaph. phrases; b. bág við, to fight, v. bágr, Fas. i. 43; b. odd af oflæti sínu, to break the point off one’s pride, to humble oneself, Nj. 94 (where to disgrace oneself); b. straum fyrir e-u, to break the stream for one, metaphor from a post or rock in a stream, to bear the brunt of battle, Orkn. 344; b. bekrann, vide bekri, Grett.

5. metaph. to break, violate, lög, rétt, etc.; mun ek þó eigi fyrir þínar sakir brjóta lögin né konungs tignina, eða svá landsréttinn, Fms. iv. 263; en þér, konungr, brutuð lög á Agli, you broke the law in Egil’s case, Eg. 416, Fms. x. 401; at þú brjótir lög þín, xi. 93; engi skyídi annars ráð brjóta, Bret.; b. á bak, to infringe, Fas. i. 528 (cp. lög-brot, laga-brot); b. af við e-n, to wrong one, iii. 551: in theol. sense, H. E. i. 460 (vide af-brot, mis-brot, crime, sin): absol. to transgress, brjóta þau ok bæði, ok göra hórdóm, K. Á. 134.

β. denoting force, to force, compel; b. menn til Kristni, Ld. 178, Fms. i. 142; til trúar, Fs. 98; til hlýðni, to force to submission; allt landsfólk var undir brotið ríki þeirra, all people were brought under their rule, Fms. iv. 64; hón er í hernaði ok brýtr undir sik víkinga, Odd. 22; b. konu til svefnis, a law term, violare, Grág. i. 338.

II. reflex., with prepp. í, ór, um, út, við, or adv. braut; brjótask, to break in, out, etc.; hann brauzk í haug Hrólfs Kraka, Landn. 169; brjótumk vér þá burt ór húsinu, to break out of the house, Fas. i. 88; brjótask á, to break in upon, press; Önundr brauzk á hurðina, Onund tried to break in the door, Fs. 101, Fms. vii. 187; b. fram, to break forth, Bb.; b. milli, to break out between, Bs. i. 634; b. út, to break out, esp. in the metaph. sense of plague, disease, fire, or the like; er út brýzk vökvi ok úhreinindi, Greg. 22 (út-brot, a breaking out, eruption); b. um, to make a hard struggle (e. g. of one fettered or pinioned); því harðara er hann brauzk um, Edda 20; björn einn brauzk um í vök, Fs. 146; af ofrgangi elds þess er um brýtsk ( rages) í grundvöllum landsins, Sks. 151; b. við e-t, to struggle ( wrestle) hard against; þeir brutusk við skóga eðr stóra steina, of enraged berserkers, Fas. i. 515: metaph. to fight hard against, hann brauzk við heiðinn lýð, Fms. xi. 396; b. við ofrefli, to fight against odds, Ísl. ii. 394: absol. to strive hard, Stj. 411; Hákoni jarli var ekki mikit um at b. við borgargörðina, Haco did not care to exert himself much about making the burg, Fms. ix. 46: with dat., b. við e-u, to fight against (in a bad sense); b. við gæfu sinni, to break with one’s good luck, iv. 233; b. við forlögunum, to struggle against fate, Fs. 20; b. í e-u, to be busy, exert oneself in a thing; eigi þarftú í þessu at brjótask lengr, i. e. give it up, Fms. iii. 102; því at þessi maðr Ólafr brýzk í miklu ofrefli, this man Olave struggles against great odds, iv. 77.

2. recipr., þeir rérust svá nær, at brutusk árarnar fyrir, that they broke one another’s oars, Fms. viii. 216.

III. impers. in a pass. sense; skipit (acc.) braut í spán, the ship was broken to pieces, Ld. 142; skip Þangbrands braut austr við Búlandshöfða, Nj. 162; tók út skip Þangbrands ok braut mjök, Bs. i. 15: of a house, or the like, destroyed by wind or wave, þá braut kirkju (acc.), the church was blown down, 30: the phrase, straum (acc.) brýtr á skeri, the stream is broken against a skerry ( rock); strauminn braut á öxlinni, the stream broke against his shoulders, Grett. 140 (the new Ed.), the old Ed. straumrinn—not so well; lá (acc.) brýtr, the surf breaks, abates, Edda (Ht. verse 78).

IV. part. brotinn, broken; sverð slæ ok brotin, Hkr. i. 343: as adj. in such compds as fót-brotinn, væng-brotinn, háls-brotinn, hrygg-brotinn, etc., with broken leg, wing, etc.

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(-tta, -ttr), v.

1) to grant, give (v. e-m líð, hjálp, huggun, grið, trygðir);

2) to help, assist, stand by one (þeir veittu Gizuri hvíta í hverju máli);

3) to grant, permit (Þ. beiddist at sjá gripina, ok þat veitti hón henni); v. e-m bœn, to grant one a request;

4) v. veizlu, to give a feast; v. brúðkaup e-s, to hold a wedding; v. útferð e-s, to hold a funeral feast; also absol. to give a feast or entertainment (v. stórmannliga, með inni mestu rausn);

5) to entertain, treat (konungr veitti sveitungum sínum);

6) to sustain, support an indigent person (síra Hafliði veitti þessi góðu konu allt til dauðadags);

7) of a performance; v. e-u áhald, to lay hold on; v. atfór, heimferð at e-m, to make an expedition against one; v. e-m atsókn, to allack; v. e-m áverka, to inflict a wound on; v. e-m eptirför, to pursue one;

8) e-t veitir e-m þungt, erfitt, it proves hard, difficult for one (Dönum veitti þungt atsóknin); impers., keisaranum veitti þungt, the emperor had the luck against him; e-t veitir erfitt, it is hard work; Geirmundi veitti betr, G. got the better of it, carried the day;

9) to happen (þat veitir sjaldan, optliga, stundum);

10) recipr., veitast at, to back one another (vit Egill munum nú v. at); þeir veittust at öllum málum, they stood by one another in all suits.

(-tta, -ttr), v. to convey, lead (water), with acc. or dat. (v. vatn or vatni); v. ánni ór enum forna farveg, to divert the river from its old course; impers., veitir vatn til sjóvar, the rivers trend towards the sea.

1) draining;

2) ditch; trench;

3) = veitiengi.

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t, [Dan. yde], to grant, give; veita far, to give a man a passage, Grág. ii. 268; veita e-m lið, to give one help, assist (lið-veizla), Fms. xi. 27, 121; veita hjálp, aðstoð, huggun, to give help, comfort; veita grið, trygðir, várar, etc., passim; veita manni fyrir Guðs sakir, to give alms, Gþl. 274; konungr veitti honum skatta alla, condoned, remitted, Fms. i. 120: absol. to help, assist, þeir veittu Giziri hvíta at hverju máli, Nj. 86; veita frændum þínum ok mágum, 226; hann veitti þeim Ingólfi (in a battle), Landn. 32.

2. veita veizlu, to give a feast, Nj. 6, Fb. ii. 177, 301; veita brúðkaup e-s, to hold a wedding; veitti hann brúðkaup þeirra um vetrinn þar at Helga-felli, Eb. 142, Fms. x. 47; veita útferð e-s, to hold an ‘arvel,’ funeral feast. Fas. i. 387; konungr veitti Jól í Björgyn, Fms.; veita Jól sín, Fb. iii. 274: also absol. to give a feast or entertainment, konungr veitti sveitungum sínum, Fms. ix. 340; veita stórmannliga, Eg. 62; konungr skyldi veita í þeim tveim tréhöllum … lét konungr þar veita í, Fms. x. 13.

3. to give a grant, grant a fief; Sveinn veitti Eireki Raum-ríki, Fms. iii. 15.

4. to grant a request, allow, permit; þat munu vér nú veita þér, Ld. 218; veita e-m eina bæn, Fms. i. 12; eigi mun ek þat veita ykkr, Eg. 95; konungr kvaðsk veita mundu, 86; veitti hann þeim at vígja Jón, Fms. vii. 240.

5. of a performance; veita e-m þjónustu, Eg. 112; veita e-m nábjargir (q. v.), Nj. 154; veita tíðir, to perform the service, 195; veita sér afskipti, to take part in, Grág. ii. 241; veita e-u áhald, to lay hold on, Fms. x. 393; veita umbúð, to manage, Nj. 115; veita formála (= mæla fyrir), Eg. 389; veita órskurð, to give a decision, 281; veita tilkall, to claim, Grett. 88; veita þögn, to be silent, Fms. x. 401; veita e-m atför, heimferð, to make an expedition against one, i. 54, Eg. 73; veita atsókn, to attack, Nj. 124; veita áverka, to inflict a wound, 98; veita áþján, to tyrannise, Eg. 47; veita e-m vegskarð, Nj. 118.

II. spec. usages; e-t veitir so and so, a thing turns, proves (hard, easy); veitti þat flestum þungt, it proved hard, difficult, Eg 754; keisaranum veitti þungt, the emperor had the luck against him, Fms. i. 121; e-t veitir ervitt, Nj. 171; ok hefir oss ervitt veitt, it has been hard work indeed, 117; ervitt hafa draumar veitt, dreams have been hard, Ld. 270; þeir börðusk, veitti Geirmundi betr, G. carried the day, Landn. 125: the phrase, honum veitir ekki af, he has nothing to spare.

2. to happen; þat verðr ok veitir optliga, it often happens and comes to pass, Stj. 38; veitir þat jafnan, at þeir fá …, Js. 53; nú kann veita þat stundum, at bændr fá eigi vinnu-menn, Jb. 373; því veitir þat allopt, at þeir fá fyrst mann-skaðann, Gþl. 169; ef honum veitir þat optarr, N. G. L. i. 11.

III. recipr. to give, grant to one another; þeir veittusk at öllum málum, backed one another, Lv. 36; vit Egill munum nú veitask at, Eg. 425.

IV. pass., a Latinism, to be given, 623. 20, H. E. i. 514; yðr skal fyrr veitast öll þjónusta, Fms. vi. 48, 94, xi. 309.

t, qs. vreita, probably different from the preceding word, [see the following]:—to make a trench, make an aqueduct, lead water, with acc. and dat.; hann veitti sjáinn í gögnum háva hálsa, Al. 93; veita vatn, göra stíflur, grafa engi sitt, veita svá vatn á engit, Grág. ii. 281; grafa mikit díkit ok veita vatni í á eptir, Fb. ii. 124; veita vötnum, Grág. (Kb.) ii. 97; but a few lines below, ok skal eigi þá (acc.) veita, ef menn veita merki-vötn; so also, Grímr veitti honum (the brook) á eng sína ok gróf land Ljóts, Landn. 145; hann veitti vatnið (þau vötn veitti hann, v. l.) með fjölkyngi austr fyrir Sólheima … síðan veitti hvárr þeirra vötnin frá sér, 250, 251, freq. in mod. usage, but then always with dat.

II. reflex., in the following passages the word may be vita …, q. v.; einn stjörnu-veg, hverr upp ríss af sjó Frisiæ, ok veittist ( trends) meðal Teuthoniam ok Galliam, Karl. 129; ok hefir hann (acc.) undan veitt, turned him to flight (?), Bret. 66; veitir vatn til sjóvar, rivers trend towards the sea, Grág.

* * *

(ek, ók, ókum, ekinn), v.

1) to drive (a vehicle or animal drawing a vehicle), with dat.: gott er heilum vagni heim at a., it is good to get home safe and sound; a. þrennum eykjum, with three yoke of horses;

2) to carry or convey in a vehicle, to cart, with dat. or acc. (hann ók heyjum sínum á yxnum; hann ók skarni á hóla); a. saman hey, to cart hay; líkin váru ekin í sleða, carried in a sledge;

3) with the prep. í or á; Freyr ók í kerru með gelti; ríðr Þ. hesti þeim, er hann hafði ekit á;

4) absol., to drive in a vehicle (fóru þeir í sleðann ok óku alla nóttina); with acc. of the road (óku úrgar brautir);

5) naut., to trim the sail (aka seglum at endilöngum skipum);

6) to remove, with dat.; ók hann af sér fjötrinum, worked it off by rubbing; ók Oddr sér þar at, worked himself thither (of a fettered prisoner); a. e-m á bug or a. bug;á e-n, to make one give way, repel; intrans. = ‘akast’, to move slowly; hvárrgi ók (gave way) fyrir oðrum; a. undan, to retire, retreat;

7) impers., hart ekr at e-m, one is in great straits; ekr nú mjók at, I am hard pressed; e-m verðr nær ekit, one gets into straits, is hard pressed;

refl., e-m ekst e-t í tauma, one is thwarted in a thing.

* * *

ók, óku, ekit; pres. ek. It also occurs in a weak form, að, Fagrsk. 104, which form is now perhaps the most common. [Neither Ulf. nor Hel. use this word, which appears also to be alien to the South-Teut. idioms. The Germans say fahren; the English to drive, carry; cp. Engl. yoke. In Latin, however, agere; Gr. άγειν] Gener. to move, drive, transport, carry:

I. to drive in harness in a sledge or other vehicle (where the vehicle is in dat.), as also the animal driven; bryggjur svá breiðar, at aka mátti vögnum á víxl, ‘briggs’ (i. e. wharfs or piers,, cp. ‘Filey Brigg’) so broad, that wains might meet and pass each other, Hkr. ii. 11; gott er heilum vagni heim at aka, ‘tis good to drive home with a whole wain, to get home safe and sound, cp. Horace solve senescentem, Orkn. 464, Al. 61; þórr á hafra tvá, ok reið þá er hann ekr, in which he drives, Edda 14, Ób. adds í (viz. reið þá er hekr i), which may be the genuine reading.

β. with the prep. í; Freyr ók ok í kerru með gelti, Edda 38.

γ. absol. to drive, i. e. travel by driving; þeir óku upp á land, Eg. 543; fóru þeir í sleðann ok óku nóttina alia, drove the whole night, Fms. iv. 317. With the road taken in acc.; aka úrgar brautir, Rm. 36; báðu hennar ok heim óku (dat. henni being understood), carrying a bride home, 37. 20.

II. to carry or cart a load, ( to lead, in the north of England):—in Iceland, where vehicles are rare, it may perhaps now and then be used of carrying on horseback. The load carried is commonly in dat. or acc.:

α. acc.: aka saman hey, to cart hay, Eb. 150; saman ok hann heyit, Ísl. ii. 330; hann ok saman alla töðu sína, Landn. 94; þá tekr Gísli eyki tvá, ok ekr fé sitt til skógar, Gísl. 121; but absol., ok ekr til skógar með fjárhlut sinn, l. c. 36; þá let konungr aka til haugsins vist ok drykk, then the king let meat and drink be carted to the ‘how’ ( barrow), Fms. x. 186; vill hann húsit ór stað færa, ok vill hann aka þat, carry it away, Grág. ii. 257; líkin váru ekin í sleða, carried in a sledge, Bs. i. 144.

β. dat. more freq., as now; hann ók heyjum sínum á öxnum, carried his hay on oxen, Fbr. 43 new Ed.; einn ók skarni á hóla, carted dung alone on the fields, Nj. 67, Rd. 277.

γ. with the animals in dat., Þórólfr let aka þrennum eykjum um daginn, with three yoke of oxen, Eb. 152; or with the prep. á, ríðr Þórðr hesti þeim er hann hafði ekit á um aptaninn, Ísl. ii. 331, Fbr. 43; ef maðr ekr eðr berr klyfjar á, leads or carries on packsaddles, Grág. i. 441.

δ. absol., þat mun ek til finna, at hann ok eigi í skegg ser, that he did not cart it on his own beard, Nj. 67.

ε. part., ekinn uxi, a yoked, tamed ox, Vm. 152.

III. used by sailors, in the phrase, aka segli, to trim the sail; aka seglum at endilöngum skipum, Fms. vii. 94; bað hann þá aka skjótt seglunum, ok víkja út í sund nokkut, 131. In mod. Icel. metaph., aka seglum eptir vindi, to set one’s sail after ( with) the wind, to act according to circumstances; cp. aktaumar.

IV. metaph. in a great many proverbs and phrases, e. g. aka heilum vagni heim, v. above; aka höllu fyrir e-m, to get the worst of it, Ld. 206; aka undan (milit), to retire, retreat slowly in a battle; óku þeir Erlingr undan ofan með garðinum, Fms. vii. 317; akast undan (reflex.), id., 278; þeir ökuðust undan ok tóku á skógana, they took to the woods, Fagrsk. 174 (where the weak form is used); sumir Norðmenn óku undan á hæli ofan með sjónum, x. 139: aka e-m á bug, the figure probably taken from the ranks in a battle, to make one give way, repel, en ef Ammonite aka, þér á bug, if they be too strong for thee, Stj. 512. 2 Sam. x. 11. Mkv. 7; also metaph., aka bug á e-n, id.; mun oss þat til Birkibeinum, at þeir aki á oss engan bug, to stand firm, with unbroken ranks, Fms. viii. 412. It is now used impers., e-m á ekki ór að aka, of one who has always bad luck, probably ellipt., ór steini or the like being understood; cp. GÍsl. 54, the phrase, þykir ekki ór steini hefja, in the same sense, the figure being taken from a stone clogging the wheels; ok hann af sér fjötrinum, threw it off by rubbing, Fas. ii. 573; þá ekr Oddr sér þar at, creeps, rolls himself thither, of a fettered prisoner, id.; the mod. phrase, að aka sér, is to shrug the shoulders as a mark of displeasure: aka ór öngum, ex angustiis, to clear one’s way, get out of a scrape, Bjarn. 52; aka í moínn, to strive against, a cant phrase. Impers. in the phrase, e-m verðr nær ekit, is almost run over, has a narrow escape, varð honum svá nær ekit at hann hleypti inn í kirkju, he was so hard driven that he ran into the church, Fms. ix. 485; hart ekr at e-m, to be in great straits, ok er þorri kemr, þá ekr hart at mönnum, they were pressed hard, Ísl. ii. 132; ekr mi mjök at, I am hard pressed, GÍsl. 52; er honum þótti at sér aka, when death drew near,, of a dying man, Grett. 119 A. Reflex., e-m ekst e-t í tauma, to be thwarted in a thing, where the figure is taken from trimming the sail when the sheet is foul, Fms. xi. 121. In later Icelandic there is a verb akka, að, to heap together, a. e-u saman, no doubt a corruption from aka with a double radical consonant, a cant word. Aka is at present a rare word, and is, at least in common speech, used in a weak form, akar instead of ekr; akaði = ók; akat = ekit.

* * *

1) even; jöfn tala, even number;

2) equal, the same; þínar (viz. ferðir) verða flestar jafnastar, thy doings are mostly the same, all equally bad; hann var ellefu vetra ok sterkr at jöfnum aldri, and strong for his age; jafn e-m, equal to one; jafnt er sem þér sýnist, af er fótrinn, it is just as it appears to thee, the leg is off; komast til jafns við e-n, hafa e-t til jafns við e-n, to equal one, be one’s match in a thing; at jöfnu, equally, in equal shares.

* * *

adj., also spelt jamn, f. jöfn, neut. jafnt, often spelt as well as proncd. jamt; compar. jafnari, superl. jafnastr: [Ulf. ibns, Luke vi. 17; A. S. efen; Engl. and Dutch even; old Fr. ivin; O. H. G. eban; mod. Germ. eben; Dan. jevn; Swed. jemn; akin to Lat. aequus by interchange of palatal and labial, see Grimm’s Dict. s. v. eben]:—even, equal, but, like Lat. aequus, mostly in a metaph. sense, for sléttr (q. v.) answers to Lat. planus; often followed by a dat., jafn e-u, equal to a thing, in comparison:

I. equal, equal to; jöfn eyri (dat.) gulls, K. Þ. K. 72; jafn Guði, equal to God; jafn mér, passim.

2. equal, the same; enda er jöfn helgi hans meðan hann ferr svá með sér, Grág. i. 93; ella er jöfn sök við hann fram á leið, 322; at ek verða jafn drengr í hvert sinn, Sd. 188; þínar verða flestar jafnastar, thy acts are mostly the same, i. e. all bad, Fms. viii. 409.

3. fixed, unchanged; með jafnri leigu, jöfnum kaupum, jöfnum skildaga, Rétt. 2. 7, Stat. 264, Fb. ii. 137; hann var ellefu vetra eðr tíu, ok sterkr at jöfnum aldri, and strong for his age, Eg. 188, 592; eiga þeir jöfnum höndum (see hönd) allt þat er þeir taka, Grág. ii. 66.

4. even, even-tempered; jafn ok úmíslyndr, Mar.: of numbers, jöfn tala, even in tale, equal, opp. to odda-tala, Alg. 356.

II. neut. jafnt or jamt, almost adverbially, equally, just; jafnt utan sem innan, Grág. i. 392: as, just as, ok hafa eitt atferli báðar jamt, both together, both alike, Fms. xi. 137; jafnt er sem þér sýnisk (‘tis as it appears, indeed), af er fótrinn, Nj. 97; jafnt þrælar sem frjálsir menn, Fms. i. 113: jamt sem, just as, equally as; jafnt sem í fjórðungs-dómi, jamt skal eiga féránsdóm eptir fjörbaugs-mann sem eptir skógar-mann, Grág. i. 87; skal hann láta virða fé þat jamt sem úmaga-eyri, 189; menn skulu svá sakir hluta, jamt sem á alþingi, 122; jafnt hefir komit er þú spáðir, it has happened just as thou didst foretel, Niðrst. 8: ellipt., ok skal hann þá jamt (sem þeir) allri bót upp halda, Grág. ii. 182.

2. temp. at the same time, just; ek skíri þik, ok nefna barn, í nafni Föður, ok drepa barninu í vatn um sinn jafnt fram fyrir sik, and dip the bairn each time info the water, K. Þ. K. 10: just, precisely, in the very moment, þat var jamt Jóla-aptan sjálfan er þeir börðusk, Fms. xi. 15; jamt í því hann stakaði. 133.

3. adverb., at jöfnu, equally, in equal shares, Fms. xi. 131.

4. til jafns, vóru þeir engir at né eina íþrótt hefði til jafns við hann, Nj. 46; halda til jafns við e-n, Ld. 40; komask til jafns við e-n, Fb. i. 261.

B. COMPDS:

I. such a, so … a; Karvel jafn-frægum dreng, so fine a fellow as K., Karl. 103; er þat skömm jafn-mörgum mönnum, ‘tis a shame for so many men, Gísl. 51: with the particle sem, jafn-ungr sem hann var, young as he was, i. e. so young as he was for his age, Vápn. 5; vel hafi þér mínu máli komit, jafn-úvænt sem var, Þiðr. 136; kvað þat ekki hæfa á jafn-mikilli hátið sem ( in such a feast as) í hönd ferr, Fb. i. 376; at eigi skyldi Hugon keisari yfir þá stíga jafn-reiðr sem hann varð þeim, Karl. 478; undraðisk hón hversu fríðr ok fagr hann var jafn-gamall maðr ( for his age), Stj. 225; mikill maðr ertú þó Þórir, jafn-gamall, Ó. H. 176; Þórir Oddsson var sterkastr jafn-gamall, Gullþ. 4.

II. mod. phrases such as, það er jafngott fyrir hann, it serves him right; hann er jafngóðr fyrir því, it won’t hurt him; or honum er það jafn-gott, it will do him good, serve him right; vera jafn-nær, to be equally near, i. e. none the better; hann fór jafnnær, it was all of no use.

III. in countless COMPDS (esp. adjectives) with almost any participle or adverb, rarely with verbs and nouns, and denoting equal, as, the same, as seen from the context often followed by a dat., e. g. jafn-gamall e-m, of the same age as another person:—of these compds only some can be noticed: jafn-aldri, a, m. one of the same age, Fms. i. 13, vii. 199, Bs. i. 179, Eg. 25, 84. jafn-auðigr, adj. equally wealthy, Band. 2: equally happy, hann setr hund sinn jafnaudigan okkr undir borði, Bjarn. 27. jafn-auðsær, adj. as perspicuous, Eluc. 41. jafn-auðveldr, adj. as easy, Ld. 78. jafn-ágætr, adj. as good, as noble, Nj. 129. jafn-ákafr, adj. as impetuous, Fms. xi. 137. jafn-beinn, adj. as straight, Sturl. i. 196. jafn-berr, adj. equally bare, Fas. i. 67. jafn-bitinn, part. evenly bitten or grazed, of a field, Gþl. 407. jafn-bitr, jafn-beittr, adj. as sharp, keen. jafn-bjartr, adj. as bright, Nj. 208: neut., Sks. 69. jafn-bjóða, bauð; j. e-m, to be a match for one, Finnb. 260: to be equal to, contest on equal terms with one, Fms. ii. 27, vii. 22; gripr betri en þeim peningum jafnbjóði, 655 xxx. 10. jafn-blíðr, adj. equally mild, Fær. 154. jafn-borinn, part. of equal birth, Ld. 332, Fms. x. 79 (v. l.), Gþl. 133; j. til e-s, having equal birthright to, Fms. vii. 8, x. 407. jafn-brattr, adj. as steep. jafn-brátt, n. adj. as soon, at the same moment, Hom. 114. jafn-breiðr, adj. equally broad, Edda 28, Gþl. 355. jafn-búinn, part. equally ‘boun’ or armed, Fms. ii. 165: ready, prepared, Stj. jafn-deildr, part. equally shared, Hom. 148. jafn-digr, adj. as stout, Sturl. iii. 63. jafn-djúpr, adj. as deep. jafn-djúpvitr, adj. as deep-scheming, Orkn. 214, Hkr. iii. 95. jafn-drengilegr, adj. as gallant, Ísl. ii. 446. jafn-drjúgdeildr, part. going as far, of stores, Sturl. i. 166. jafn-drjúgr, adj. keeping as long, Sturl. i. 216, Rb. 18. jafn-dýrligr, adj. equally splendid, Bs. i. 454. jafn-dýrr, adj. as costly, glorious, of the same price, K. Þ. K. 28, Nj. 56, Grett. 104 A, N. G. L. i. 150, 348. jafn-dægri, n. (mod. jafndægr), the equinox, both dægr (q. v.) being equally long, Edda 103, Rb. 454, 456, 472, and passim: equal length, of day and night, Fb. i. 539; see eykt. jafn-dæmi, n. equal judgment, justice, Fms. vi. 431, Pr. 413. jafn-dæmr, adj. just, giving equal judgment, Rb. 364. jafn-einfaldr, adj. as simple, guileless, Hom. 50. jafn-fagr, adj. as fair, Nj. 112. jafn-fallegr, adj. as handsome. jafn-fastr, adj. equally firm, Grág. i. 7, K. Þ. K. 166: as adv., Fms. x. 270, Finnb. 338. jafn-fáir, adj. as few. jafn-feigr, adj. as fey. jafn-feitr, adj. as fat. jafn-fimlega, adv. (-ligr, adj.), as alert, Fms. ii. 273. jafn-fimr, adj. as alert, Fær. 272, Hkr. i. 291, v. l. jafn-fjær, adv. as far. jafn-fjölmennr, adj. with as many men, Nj. 222. jafn-flatt, n. adj.; fara j., to fare so ill, Fms. vi. 379; see flatr. jafn-fljótr, adj. as swift. jafn-fram, adv. equally forward, side by side: with dat., jafnfram skipi Rúts, Nj. 8: locally, of places, over against, (= gegnt and gagn-vart, q. v.); with dat., er hann kom jafnfram Borgund, Hkr. ii. 309; j. Eiðsvelli, Vermá, Fms. ix. 408; j. gagntaki konungs sonar, j. boðanum, vii. 170, ix. 387 (v. l.): as adv., standa jafnfram, to stand evenly, in a straight line; standa allir j. fyrir konungs borðinu, i. 16, Eg. 581, Nj. 140, Rb. 466, Sturl. iii. 244: temp. at the same moment, of two things happening together, Fms. vi. 24; þeir riðu til þings jafnfram Skeggja, Þórð. 18 new Ed.; hann ferr ávalt jafnfram í frásogn æfi Guðs-sonar, follows parallel in the story, 625. 83: in equal share, taka arf j., Gþl. 248; at the same time, also, hugsa þat j., at the same time consider, Stj. 156; jafnfram sem, jafnfram ok, as soon as, Karl. 158, Pr. 413. jafn-framarla, -framar, -liga, adv. as forward, as far, just as well, Ld. 254, Bs. i. 778. jafn-frammi, adv. = jafnframt, Sks. 364, Sturl. i. 32: temp., Fms. iii. 218. jafn-framt, adv. = jafnfram, Háv. 42: temp., Sturl. i. 1: along with, with dat., Pass. viii. 9: equally, in the same degree, Ld. 62. jafn-fríðr, adj. as fair, Fms. i. 8: as valuable, K. Þ. K. 172. jafn-frjáls, adj. equally free, Fas. iii. 8. jafn-frjálsliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), as freely, as liberally, Hkr. i. 78. jafn-fróðr, adj. as wise, as knowing, Sks. 544. jafn-frægr, adj. as famous, Fas. i. 277. jafn-frækn, adj. equally gallant, Edda. jafn-fullr, adj. as full, Grág. i. 20, 68, Gþl. 477. jafn-fúinn, adj. equally rotten, jafn-fúss, adj. equally willing, Sturl. i. 190. jafn-færr, adj. as able, Nj. 97. jafn-fætis, adv. on equal footing; standa j. e-m, Sturl. ii. 134, Hkr. ii. 153. jafn-gamall, adj. of the same age, Ld. 108, Fms. i. 60, xi. 96. jafn-geði, n. evenness of temper, Sks. 435. jafn-gefinn, part. equally given to, Fas. i. 268. jafn-gegnt, adv. just opposite to, Sks. 63, Fms. ix. 463; see gegnt. jafn-girnd, f. and jafn-girni, f. fairness, equity, Sks. 273, 639, Hom. 17. jafn-gjarn, adj. as eager, Hom. 19: as equitable, Sks. 355, Hom. 135, Karl. 495. jafn-gjarna (- gjarnliga), adv. as willingly, as readily, Fms. iii. 45 (v. l.), ix. 508, Stj. jafn-glaðr, adj. as glad, as cheerful, Eb. 88: neut., mér er ekki jafnglatt sem áðr, Fas. i. 106. jafn-glöggt, n. adj. as clearly, Bs. i. 352. jafn-góðr, adj. equally good, as good, Nj. 18, Eg. 54, Gþl. 233, N. G. L. i. 347, Dipl. v. 16: unhurt, none the worse, see (II) above. jafn-góðviljaðr, adj. with equally good will, Stj. 629. jafn-grannr, adj. equally thin. jafn-grimmliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), as fiercely, Th. jafn-grimmr, adj. as fierce, Sks. 79. jafn-grunnr, adj. as shallow. jafn-gæfr, adj. as meek, Rb. 397. jafn-göfigr, adj. as good, as famous, Sturl. iii. 11, Bs. i. 133. jafn-görla, adv. as clearly, Grág. i. 299, Fms. ii. 171, Fas. i. 271. jafn-hafðr, part. equally used, N. G. L. i. 249. jafn-hagliga, adv. as skilfully, Krók. 53. jafn-hagr, adj. as skilful in handiwork, Nj. 147. jafn-harðr, adj. as hard, as severe, Nj. 79: neut. jafn-hart, as fast, Fas. iii. 488: jafn-harðan, adv. instantly. jafn-harðsnúinn, part. as hard-twisted, as tight, Nj. 79. jafn-hár, adj. as high, as tall, as loud, Rb. 112, 474, Fas. ii. 79: of metre, see hár (I. 3), Fms. vi. 386, Skálda 182, 190: neut., Stj. 79. jafnhátta-góðr, adj. as well-mannered, Ld. 174. jafn-heilagr, adj. as holy, as inviolable, Sks. 674, Grág. i. 90. jafn-heill, adj. as hale, as whole, Eg. 425, v. l. jafn-heimoll, adj. equally open to use, Eg. 47, Ld. 70, Gþl. 214, 353: equally bound, 57. jafn-heimskr, adj. equally stupid, Fms. ii. 156, Sd. 178. jafn-heitr, adj. as hot, Sks. 540. jafn-hentr, adj. as well fitted, Sturl. i. 196. jafn-hlær, adj. equally snug, Rb. 440. jafn-hollr, adj. equally sincere, Orkn. 166. jafn-hógværliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), as meekly, Krók. 36. jafn-hógværr, adj. as gentle. jafn-hraustr, adj. as valiant, Fms. ii. 356, Krók. 51. jafn-hryggr, adj. as distressed, Hkr. iii. 269. jafn-hugaðr, adj. even-tempered, Sks. 24: of one mind, 300: as daring. jafn-hvass, adj. as sharp, Ld. 306: blowing as hard. jafn-hvatr, adj. as bold, as quick, Sturl. i. 112, v. l. jafn-hvítr, adj. equally white. jafn-hæðiligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), as ridiculous, Fas. iii. 91. jafn-hægr, adj. equally easy, ready, meek, Fms. ii. 106, Fær. 69, Grág. i. 264, ii. 257. jafn-hættr, adj. as dangerous, Sks. 540. jafn-höfigr, adj. as heavy, Rb. 102, Edda 38. jafn-ílla, adv. as badly, Fms. viii. 140 (v. l.), Ísl. ii. 181. jafn-ílliligr, adj. (-liga, adv.) as ill-looking, Fas. ii. 207. jafn-íllr, adj. equally bad, Grág. ii. 145, Fas. ii. 513. jafn-kaldr, adj. as cold, Sks. 215. jafn-keypi, n. an equal bargain, Fs. 25. jafn-kominn, part. on even terms, Sks. 455: neut. an even match, jafnkomit er á með ykkr, ye are well-matched, Nj. 59; hann kvað jafnkomit með þeim fyrir aldrs sakir, Fms. iii. 76; jafnkomnir til erfðar, with equal title to, Grág. i. 304; jafnkomnir til fyrir ættar sakir, Fms. i. 220; jafnkomnir at frændsemi, Ísl. ii. 315. jafn-kosta, adj. well-matched, good enough, of wedlock, Stj. 204. jafn-kostgæfinn, adj. equally painstaking, Bs. i. 681. jafn-krappr, adj. as straight, narrow; í jafnkrappan stað, in such a strait, Ld. 168. jafn-kringr, adj. equally dexterous, Sks. 381. jafn-kristinn, adj. a fellow Christian, Jb. 92, Barl. 44. jafn-kunnigr, adj. as well known, Grett. 162 A: knowing as well. jafn-kunnr, adj. as well known, Hom. 90. jafn-kurteis, adj. as courteous, Sturl. i. 165. jafn-kyrr, adj. as quiet. jafn-kýta, t, with dat. = jafnyrða. jafn-kænn, adj. as ‘cunning,’ as well versed, Stj. 561. jafn-kærr, adj. as dear, as beloved, Fms. i. 215, xi. 319. jafn-langr, adj. as long, equally long, Fms. xi. 376, Gþl. 350, 355, Ísl. ii. 219, Grág. i. 406, Edda 138 ( of the same length): neut., en ef þær segja jafnlangt, if they say both the same, Grág. i. 7. jafn-lágr, adj. equally low. jafn-leiðr, adj. equally loathed, Fms. viii. 240. jafn-leiki, n. = jafnleikit. jafn-leikit, n. part. an equal game, Fms. xi. 131. jafn-lendi, n. a level, even piece of ground, Eg. 584. jafn-lengd, f. ‘even-length,’ the return to the same time in the next day, week, month, year, etc.: of a day, til jafnlengdar annars dags, Grág. ii. 16, Stj. 49; þann sama dag tók Gormr konungr sótt, ok andaðisk annan dag at jafnlengdinni, Fms. i. 119, Fas. ii. 30, 37: of a year, anniversary, skal eigi brullaup vera fyrr en at jafnlengd, Grág. i. 311; tíu aurar sé leigðir eyri til jafnlengdar (a year’s rent), 390; at jafnlengd it síðasta, 487; eigi síðarr en fyrir jafnlengd, Fms. xi. 397; halda hátíð at jafnlengdum, Greg. 13, Hom. 98; jafnlengdar-dagr, 129, Fms. v. 214, Dipl. v. 8; jafnlengdar hátíð, an anniversary, Greg. 13. jafn-lengi, adv. as long, Grág. i. 423, Fms. iii. 9, MS. 732. 7. jafn-léttmæltr, adj. equally easy, just as pleasant in one’s speech, Fms. vii. 227. jafn-léttr, adj. as light, as easy, Sturl. iii. 90: neut. (adverb.), Kjartani var ekki annat jafn-létthjalat, K. liked not to speak of anything so much, Ld. 214. jafn-léttvígr, adj. as ready in wielding arms, Sturl. iii. 90. jafn-liða, adj. with an equal number of men, Eb. 144. jafn-liga, adv. equally, fairly; sýnisk mér eigi j. á komit, Bs. i. 531, Vm. 169; skipta j., Fb. ii. 300: perpetually, all along, always, usually, Fms. i. 191, x. 88, 89, Dipl. v. 8, Rb. 348, 472, Stj. 77. jafn-ligr, adj. equal, fair, Hkr. ii. 149, Háv. 57, Eg. 488; er þat miklu jafnligra, a more equal match, Fms. vii. 115. jafn-líkligr, adj. as likely, Sturl. iii. 7, Lv. 77. jafn-líkr, adj. as like, Lv. 58, Fas. ii. 478: equal, alike, j. sem hornspónar efni, Bs. i. 59. jafn-lítill, adj. as little, Fas. iii. 487. jafn-ljóss, adj. as bright, Bret. 62. jafn-ljótr, adj. as ugly, Fms. iv. 175. jafn-ljúfr, adj. as willing. jafn-lygn, adj. as ‘loun,’ as calm, of the wind. jafn-lyndi, n., fem. in Mar. 848; evenness of temper, Stj., Fagrsk. 132, Bs. i. 141, Mar. passim. jafn-lyndr, adj. even-tempered, Fms. vi. 287, viii. 447 (v. l.) jafn-lýðskyldr, adj. equally bound, as liegemen, Sks. 270. jafn-lærðr, adj. as learned. jafn-magr, adj. equally meagre. jafn-maki, a, m. an equal, a match, Sks. 22, 255. jafn-mannvænn, adj. equally promising, Þorf. Karl. 382. jafn-margr, adj. as many, Nj. 104, Grág. ii. 210, 403, Fms. i. 152, ii. 34. jafn-máttugr, adj. as mighty, Fms. ii. 157, Eluc. 6. jafn-máttuligr, adj. equally possible, 655 xxii. B. jafn-menni, n. an equal, a match, Ld. 132, Ísl. ii. 358, Fms. vi. 345, vii. 103. jafn-menntr, adj. of equal rank, Hrafn. 10. jafn-merkiligr, adj. equally dignified, Bs. i. 148. jafn-mikill, adj. as great, Grág. ii. 264, 403, Fms. i. 1, Gþl. 363: equally big, tall, Fms. x. 202, Nj. 11: neut. as much, Fms. vii. 240, Skálda 168. jafn-mildr, adj. as mild, as gracious, Rb. 366. jafn-minnigr, adj. having as good a memory, Bs. i. 681. jafn-mjúkliga, adv. as meekly, as gently, Lv. 50. jafn-mjúkr, adj. equally soft. jafn-mjök, adv. as much, as strongly, Grág. ii. 140, Skálda 168. jafn-myrkr, adj. equally dark, Skálda 209. jafn-mæli, n. fair play, equality, Fb. i. 407, Fms. vi. 206, Grág. i. 88, 200, Ld. 258, H. E. i. 247, Karl. 99. jafn-naumr, adj. as close. jafn-náinn, adj.; j. at frændsemi, equally near akin, Grág. i. 171, ii. 67, Eb. 124, Ísl. ii. 315, (jafnan, Ed.) jafn-nær, mod. jafn-nærri, adv. equally near: loc., er Ólafs mark j. báðum, Fms. vii. 64, 268, Sks. 63, 216: as near, at honum væri úvarligt at láta jafnmarga heiðna menn vera j. sér, Fms. ii. 34: equally near (by birth), i. 123: metaph., eigi hefir honum jafnnærri gengit újafnaðr þeirra sem mér, Sturl. iii. 238: also jafn-nær, adj. equally nigh, not a whit the better, see (II) above. jafn-nætti, n. the equinox, 673. 54, Stj. 15. jafn-oki, a, m. = jafnmaki, an equal, a match for one, Sks. 22: a play-fellow, Stj. 497, Þiðr. 213. jafn-opt, adv. as often, Nj. 211, Rb. 566, Grág. i. 186. jafn-ótt, adj., neut. as adv., at the same, time, immediately. Pass. 20. 2: one after another, taka e-ð jafnótt og það kemr. jafn-rakkr, adj. as strong, as straight, Ld. 168. jafn-ramr, adj. as mighty, as great a wizard, Vþm. 2. jafn-rangr; adj. as wrong. jafn-ráðinn, part. equally determined, Grett. 149. jafn-reiðr, adj. equally angry, Háv. 52. jafn-rétti, n. an equal right. jafnréttis-maðr, m. a man with equal right, N. G. L. i. 31. jafn-réttr, adj. as right, as lawful, Edda 93, Grág. i. 18: of equal authority, Hkr. iii. 79. jafn-réttvíss, adj. equally just, Sks. 670. jafn-rífligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), as large, Lv. 75. jafn-ríkr, adj. as rich, equally mighty. jafn-rjóðr, adj. as ruddy, Hkr. i. 102. jafn-rúmr, adj. equally large, Bjarn. jafn-ræði, n. an equal match, Fms. ii. 22, Glúm. 350, Nj. 49, Gþl. 215. jafn-röskr, adj. as brisk, as quick, Fms. iii. 225, vi. 96. jafn-saman, adv.; fyrir þessa hugsan alla jafnsaman, all at once, all together, Fms. i. 185, Ld. 326, Ó. H. 46, Stj. 86, 121, Barl. 191. jafn-sannr, adj. equally true, 671. 1, Edda 19, Stj. 471. jafn-sárr, adj. as sore, as smarting, Mar. jafn-seinn, adj. as slow. jafn-sekr, adj. just as guilty, Grág. ii. 64, 89. jafn-síðis, adv. along with. jafn-síðr, adj. as long, of a garment (síðr), Stj. 563. jafn-sjúkr, adj. as sick, Fms. v. 324. jafn-skammr, adj. as short, Al. 129. jafn-skarpliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), as briskly, Nj. 199, v. l. jafn-skarpr, adj. as sharp, as keen. jafn-skipti, n. equal, fair dealing. jafn-skiptiliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), equally, mutually, Stj. 159. jafn-skiptr, part. equally shared. jafn-skjótr, adj. as swift, Fms. vii. 169, Rb. 454:—jafn-skjótt, neut. as adv. immediately, at once, Eg. 87, 291, 492, Fms. ii. 10; jafnskjótt sem, as soon as, Nj. 5, Barl. 176, Karl. 409, 441. jafn-skygn, adj. as clear-sighted, 655 xiii. A, Bjarn. 59. jafn-skyldliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), as dutifully, Ver. 3. jafn-skyldr, adj. equally bound or obliged, Grág. ii. 362, 403, Gþl. 70, 477, Fms. vii. 274. jafn-sköruliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), equally bold, Nj. 199. jafn-slétta, u, f. even, level ground. jafn-sléttr, adj. equally level, Stj. 79: as easily, Fas. ii. 48. jafn-slægr, adj. as cunning, Fær. 99. jafn-snarpr, adj. (-snarpligr, adj., -liga, adv.), as sharp, Fms. vi. 156. jafn-snarr, adj. as alert. jafn-snart, adj., neut. as adv., as soon, instantly, Fas. iii. 434, Matth. xxvii. 48. jafn-snauðr, adj. as poor. jafn-snemma, adv. at the very same moment, of a coincidence, Eg. 425, Nj. 253, Fms. vi. 221; allir j., all at once, ix. 506, xi. 368 ( both together); vóru þessir atburðir margir jafnsnemma, en sumir litlu fyrr eðr síðar, Hkr. ii. 368. jafn-snjallr, adj. equal, Glúm., Bjarn. (in a verse). jafn-spakr, adj. equally wise, Hm. 53. jafn-sparr, adj. as saving, as close, Grág. i. 197, 222. jafn-sterkr, adj. as strong, Fms. i. 43. jafn-stirðr, adj. as stiff. jafn-stórlátr, adj. as proud, Ld. 116. jafn-stórliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), as proudly, Ölk. 34. jafn-stórr, adj. as big, as great. jafn-stórættaðr, adj. of equally high birth, Fms. iv. 26. jafn-stríðr, adj. as hard, severe, Sks. 639. jafn-stuttr, adj. equally short, brief. jafn-syndligr, adj. as sinful, Sks. 674. jafn-sætr, adj. as sweet, Fb. i. 539. jafn-sætti, n. an agreement on equal terms, Nj. 21, Sturl. iii 253, Fb. i. 126. jafn-tamr, adj. equally alert. jafn-tefli, n. an equal, drawn game, Vígl. 32. jafn-tengdr, part. in equal degrees of affinity, Grág. ii. 183. jafn-tíðhjalat, n. part. as much talked about, Nj. 100. jafn-tíðrætt, n. adj. = jafntíðhjalat, Nj. 100. jafn-tíguliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), equally lordly, Fms. x. 109. jafn-títt, n. adj. as often, as frequent, Niðrst. 10. jafn-torogætr, adj. as rarely to be got, choice, Bs. i. 143. jafn-torsótligr, adj. as hard to get at, Fms. x. 358. jafn-trauðr, adj. as unwilling. jafn-traustr, adj. as much to be trusted, Fms. vi. 244. jafn-trúr, jafn-tryggr, adj. as faithful. jafn-undarligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), as strange, Sks. 80. jafn-ungr, adj. as young, Fms. iii. 60, iv. 383. jafn-úbeint, n. adj. as far from the mark, of a bad shot, Fms. viii. 140. jafn-úfærr, adj. as unpassable, Sturl. iii. 163. jafn-úhefnisamr, adj. as tame, Rb. 366. jafn-úráðinn, part. as irresolute, Grett. 153. jafn-úspakr, adj. as unruly, Sturl. ii. 63. jafn-útlagr, adj. having to lay out the same fine, N. G. L. i. 158. jafn-vandhæfr, adj. as dangerous to keep, treat, Grág. i. 89. jafn-vandliga, adv. as carefully, Grág. ii. 249. jafn-varliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), as warily, Fms. vii. 127. jafn-varmr, adj. as warm, Sks. 217. jafn-varr, adj. as well aware, as much on one’s guard, Dropl. 28. jafn-vaskliga, adv. as gallantly, Fms. vii. 127, Ld. 272. jafn-vaskligr, adj. as gallant. jafn-vaskr, adj. as bold, Str. 3. jafn-vátr, adj. equally wet. jafn-veginn, part. of full weight, Stj. 216. jafn-vegit, n. a law phrase, used when an equal number has been slain on both sides, in which case there were no further proceedings, Glúm. 383, Fas. ii. 208. jafn-vel, adv. as well, equally well, Nj. 48, Eg. 111, Gþl. 354: likewise, hafa fyrirgört fé ok friði ok jafnvel óðals-jörðum sínum, 142; en þenna eið skulu jafnvel biskupar ábyrgjask við Guð …, jafnvel sem ( as well as) hinir úlærðu, 57; jafnvel af sænum sem af landinu, Al. 2; ok jamvel sendir jarl þeim mönnum orð, sem …, Fms. xi. 120: even, dögföll um nætr jafnvel at heiðskírum veðrum, Stj. 17; jafnvel eptir þat er þau misgörðu, 40; jafnvel sýniliga, j. oss önduðum, 9, Bs. i. 549, Barl. 170, 176, Gísl. 83; this last sense is very freq. in mod. usage. jafn-velviljaðr, part. as well wishing, Sks. 312. jafn-vesall, adj. as wretched, Krók. 54. jafn-virði, n. equal wirth, Bs. i. 9, Al. 48. jafn-vægi, n. equal weight, equilibrium, Hkr. ii. 250, Fas. i. 121; bóandi ok húsfreyja j. sitt, i. e. both of them equally, N. G. L. i. 6. jafn-vægja, ð, to weigh the same as another, Fms. iii. 120. jafn-vægr, adj. of equal weight, Sks. 644. jafn-vænn, adj. equally fine, handsome, promising, Fms. x. 429, Sturl. iii. 67. jafn-vætta, t, to weigh against, counterbalance, Stj. 13, Þorst. Síðu H. 14. jafn-yrða, ð, with dat. to altercate, bandy words, Sturl. iii. 213. jafn-þarfr, adj. as useful, Arnor. jafn-þéttr, adj. pressed as closely together. jafn-þjófgefinn, adj. as thievish. jafn-þolinmóðr, adj. as patient, Rb. 366. jafn-þolinn, adj. as enduring. jafn-þreyttr, part. as weary. jafn-þrifinn, adj. as cleanly. jafn-þröngr, adj. as tight. jafn-þungr, adj. as heavy, pressing, Fms. v. 264, Stj. 278. jafn-þurr, adj. equally dry. jafn-þykkr, adj. as thick, Hkr. iii. 159. jafn-þyrstr, part. as thirsty. jafn-æfr, adj. as impetuous. jafn-æstr, part. equally excited, Band. 34 new Ed. jafn-örr, adj. as eager, as liberal. jafn-öruggr, adj. as firm, steadfast.

I) (pl. -ir), f. hard strugggle, great exertion, labour, hard task (ek mun láta þik vinna til ráðahags þessa þrautir nökkurar);

þola þrautir, to suffer hardshps;

gera þraut til e-s, to try hard;

berjast til þrautar, to fight to the end.

II) from þrjóta.

* * *

f. a struggle, great exertion, labour, hard task; þú sel manninn fram, ok lát mik eigi þurfa þraut til, Ld. 44; leggit á mik nokkura yfirbót eða þraut, Fms. i. 119; svá mikla þraut at leiða mikit lið í orrostuna aptr, x. 371; þola þrautir, Al. 92, Sks. 23 new Ed.; göra þraut til e-s, to try hard: ok mun ek nú eigi optarr þraut til göra, Lv. 69: in legends (such as that of Hercules) the labour or ‘task’ to be performed is called þraut, Bret. 22, 24; nú mun ek göra sem fornir menn, at ek mun láta þik vinna til ráða-hags þessa þrautir nökkurar, Eb. 132; leggja þraut fyrir e-n; thus, e. g. the twelve labours of Hercules are ‘þrautir.’

II. with prepp.; í þraut, in or with a desperate struggle, in the end, finally; ódrjúgr í allar þrautir, opp. to ‘í fyrstunni,’ Fms. viii. 134; öruggr í allri þraut, i. 305; hann gékk undan þeim í þraut, Eb. 320; at vísa djöflum til þrautar við mik, Fms. i. 305; eigi munu vér sigrask á þeim til þrautar, Fær. 75; berjask til þrautar, to fight to the end, Fas. ii. 535. Hkr. iii. 90, Fms. vi. 256. þrautar-laust, n. adj. without a struggle, easily, Fms. ii. 268, vi. 160.

(-s, -ar), m.

1) goad, spike; fig., var mjök í gadda slegit, at, it was all but settled that;

2) hard snow.

* * *

m. [Ulf. gads = κέντρον, 1 Cor. xv. 55, 56; A. S. gadu; Engl. gad, goad; Swed. gadd]:—a goad, spike, Str. 77, Gísl. 159 (on a sword’s hilt); gadda-kylfa, u, f. a ‘gad-club,’ club with spikes, Fms. iii. 329; gadd-hjalt, n. a ‘gad-hilt,’ hilt studded with nails, Eb. 36 new Ed., Gísl. 159, Fas. iii. 288, cp. Worsaae 494, 495, as compared with 330: metaph. phrase, var mjök í gadda slegit, ‘twas all but fixed with nails, i. e. settled, Nj. 280.

II. a sting, Al. 168; (cp. Engl. gad-fly.)

III. perhaps a different root, hard snow, also spelt galdr (Fms. viii. 413, v. l., cp. gald, Ivar Aasen); the phrase, troða gadd, to tread the snow down hard, Fms. vii. 324, viii. 413, ix. 364, 490; en er Birkibeinar vóru komnir upp á galdinn hjá þeim, Fb. ii. 688: even used as neut., gaddit, Fms. viii. l. c. (in a vellum MS.); gaddit. id. (also vellum MS.); hence gadd-frosinn, part. hard-frozen; gadd-hestr, m. a jade turned out in the snow.

IV. a ‘gad-tooth,’ a disease in cattle, one or more grinders growing out so as to prevent the animal from feeding, described in Fél. xiv. note 250; gadd-jaxl, m. a ‘gad-grinder.’

(-rða, -rðr), v.

1) to make hard, temper (herða járn, sverð);

2) to press, clench; herða hendr (knúa) at e-u, to clench with the hands (fists); fig., herða atgöngu, to make the attack harder;

3) to make firm, exhort; herða huginn, herða sik, to take heart, exert oneself;

4) absol. to follow closely, pursue vigorously (Birkibeinar herðu eptir þeim); herða áfram, to push on; herða at (e-m) to press hard (upon one);

5) impers. to become hard; veðr (acc.) herði, it blew up a gale; herði seglit, the sail was strained hard (by the gale);

6) refl. to take heart (bað konungr menn vel við herðast).

1) tempering (of steel), steeling;

2) hardness, severity.

* * *

u, f. hardness:— a hardening or tempering of steel, Karl. 173: tempered steel, muðrinn (of the axe) rifnaði upp í gegnum herðuna, Eg. 181. herðu-góðr, adj. well tempered, Fbr. 141.

II. metaph. hardihood, but also hardness, Fms. vi. 38, x. 406, xi. 217, Gísl. 71 (in a verse).

* * *

1) horn (of cattle); vera harðr í h. at taka, to be hard to take by the horns, hard to deal with;

2) drinking-horn;

3) horn, trumpet (blása í h.);

4) corner, angle; skýtr í tvau h. um e-t, there is a great difference between; skýtr í tvau h. með okkr, we are at variance;

5) nook, corner (in a house).

* * *

n. [A. S., Engl., O. H. G., Germ., Dan., and Swed. horn; Lat. cornu; Gr. κέρας]:— a horn (of cattle), antler (of deer), Gm. 26, Hkv. 2. 36, Sól. 55, Barl. 135, Ld. 120, Fas. ii. 506, Grág. ii. 122, N. G. L. i. 41, passim: metaph. phrases, vera harðr í horn at taka, to be hard to take by the horns, hard to deal with, Fær. 159, Fms. viii. 435, xi. 221, Hkr. ii. 91, Fb. i. 411; hlaupa um horn e-m, to leap round or by one’s horns, i. e. to evade, metaph. from a bull-fight, Sturl. iii. 256, Boll. 346; setja (hafa) horn í síðu e-m, to put one’s horn into a person’s side, i. e. to treat him spitefully, Gd. 49, passim: the phrase, gefa þræli frelsi frá horni ok knappi, to release a thrall from horn and clasp, i. e. to set him free, N. G. L. i. 228, prob. from the thrall’s neck-collar being of horn: horna-brækla, u. f. = brák, q. v., Finnb. ch. 29; horna-fláttr, m. flaying a hide with the horns, Fb. iii. 400; horna-tog, n. tow round the horns, Fb. i. 320.

II. the back-fin of a whale, Sks. 128; skera hval frá horni ok aptr í síðu, N. G. L. i. 252, Gþl. 463.

III. a drinking horn, Fs. 152, Eg. 206, Edda 32; drekka horn, Hkr. i. 35; horna skvol, a bout, Eb. 28, and passim in the Sagas, see Worsaae, Nos. 319, 320.

IV. a horn, trumpet; horna blástr, horna þytr, the blowing, sound of a born, Stj. 621.

B. A corner, nook, angle; lands-horn, the outskirts of a county, Grág. ii. 223; fara lands-horna á milli, to run from one corner of the land to the other:— a nook in a house or building, Lv. 61, Fms. vii. 230, Anal. 186: mathem. an angle, 415. 18, Rb. 470; rétt horn, a right angle.

2. phrases, skjóta í tvau horn, ‘to shoot between two horns,’ of a wide difference; skauzk mjök í tvau horn um búnað þeirra, Eb. 32, Band. 11 new Ed., Fms. vi. 202, Mag. 39; eiga í mörg horn að líta, to have many nooks to look at, have many things to heed.

β. when parents get old and infirm, and yield up their fortune and estate to one of their children, they are in popular Icel. phrase said ‘to go into the corner,’ to take their seat in the chimney-corner, fara upp í hornið hjá syni sínum, (dóttur sinni); many sayings refer to this, eigi munu vér eiga úvænna en horn-ván, if the worst happens, we shall have a ‘corner-chance,’ Sturl. iii. 279, cp. Eg. ch. 83 (begin.), and the Sagas passim; Grimm R. A. 489 mentions the same in the Germ. law, and it is touchingly introduced in the Märchen, No. 78; horna-kerling (q. v.) refers prob. to the same.

II. freq. in local names, Horn, Cape Horn; Horn-strandir, Horna-fjörðr (whence Hornfirðingar), see Landn.

* * *

(-ta, -t), v. to contend, strive hard;

keppa um e-t, to contend for or about a thing;

keppa við e-n, to contend with one;

refl., keppast, to exert oneself;

keppa við e-n, to contend with or against one;

keppa til e-s or um e-t, to strive after, contend for a thing.

* * *

t, [kapp], to contend, strive hard, Am. 54, 61; keppa um e-t, Fms. iii. 214, Grág. i. 410; ef tveir menn keppa um einn hlut, Fb. i. 150; keppa við e-n, to contend with one, Nj. 29, Hkr. iii. 264.

II. reflex. to contest; þá kepptusk þeir svá mjök, at þeir rérusk svá nær, at þeir brutusk árarnar fyrir, Fms. viii. 216; kepptusk þau mjök um ágæta menn, vildi hvártveggja til sín hafa, i. 100; keppask til e-s, to strive after a thing; svá at hann keppisk til smárra hluta ok fær þó eigi, Ó. H. 87; eigi kepptumk ek til konungdómsins, Fms. viii. 219: k. við e-n, to contend with or against; eigi kepptisk hann auð við auðga menn, Róm. 347; Knúti konungi þótti hann keppask um skrautgirni við sik, Fms. v. 181; varask þú þat at þú keppisk við þér meiri menn, Eg. 21: absol., keppask við, to strive hard, do one’s best, Al. 154, Mag. 53: to be busy, work hard, freq. in mod. usage.

1) board, plank;

2) the side of a ship (hlóðu skipin sem borð báru);

borð á stjórn = stjórnborði;

hlaupa (steypast, detta) fyrir borð, overboard;

mikill borði, prop. = borðhár, borðmikill, of a ship floating high out of the sea, fig., proud of mind (= skapstórr);

bera e-n (hlut e-s, mál e-s) fyrir borð, to neglect, slight one;

verða (allr) fyrir borð borinn, verða allr fyrir borði, to be (quite) thrown overboard, i. e. slighted;

ganga at borði við e-n, to submit, yield to, to come to terms with one;

e-n brestr á borði, one fails, is beaten;

á annat borð, on the other hand; otherwise, else;

þykkir vera harðr á annat borð, a hard one to pull against;

3) the inner margin of a vessel between the rim and the liquid (er nú gott berandi borð á horninu);

4) board, table (used for meals);

fara, ganga, koma til borðs or undir borð, to go, come to table;

setjast yfir borð, undir borð, to sit down at table;

sitja yfir borð or borðum, to sit at table;

rísa (standa upp) frá borði, to rise from table;

ryðja borð, to clear the table;

þjóna fyrir borðum, to wait at table;

setja e-m borð, to set a table before one;

borð eru uppi or upp tekin, the tables are set up; but ‘borð eru upp tekin’ may also mean the tables are removed, = borð eru ofan;

5) board, food, maintenance at table (veita, halda e-m borð);

6) chessboard;

bjóða e-m undir borð, to invite one to play at chess.

* * *

n. [Ulf. baurd, in fotubaurd = υποπόδιον; Hel. bord = margo; A. S. borð; Engl. board].

1. a board, plank, Lat. tabula; tók hann þá borð ok lausa viðu, ok rak um þvera stofuna, Grett. 140, N. G. L. i. 100.

β. of a ship, the side (cp. starboard, larboard); höggr hann þá tveim höndum borð ( sides) skútunnar, ok gengu í sundr borðin ( the planks) um tvau rúm, Nj. 19; þeir Erlingr hjuggu raufar í drómundinum, sumar í kafi niðri, en sumar uppi á borðunum, Fms. vii. 232, Nj. 42; hence the nautical phrases, á borð, on each side; á tvau borð, á bæði borð, on both sides, Eg. 171; með endilöngum borðum, Fms. ii. 273, Eg. 122; leggja borð við borð = síbyrða, to lay a ship alongside of another, so as to board, Fas. ii. 534; bera skip borði, to make the bulwarks rise, Fms. ii. 218; fyrir borð, overboard, Eg. 124, Fms. xi. 140; á borði, on land, Jb. 327; borð 4 stjórn = stjórn-borði, the starboard side, Gþl. 518. The planks in a ship’s side have different names, e. g. aur-borð, skaut-borð, sól-borð.

2. metaph. phrases, at vera mikill (lítill, nokkur) borði, to be of a high (or lowly) bearing, metaphor from a ship floating high out of, or deep in, the sea, Eg. 8, Sturl. iii. 196: verða (allr) fyrir borð borinn, to be (quite) thrown overboard, i. e. ill-used, Eb. 126, Fær. 234; verða allr fyrir borði, id., Ölk. 35; hans hlutr mundi eigi fyrir borð vera borinn, id., Rd. 239; e-n brestr á borði, to fail, be beaten (metaphor from rowing), Fms. ix. 507; taka skamt frá borði, to fall short, Lv. 45; ganga at borði við e-n, to come to terms, yield, submit, Bs. i. 889; gékk Egill tregt at borð um þetta mál, E. was hard, unyielding, 696; hverigum skyldi úhætt, nema þeir gengi at borði við hann, unless they came to terms with him, 727, 778; á annað borð, on the other hand; harðr maðr á annat borð, a hard one to pull against, Fms. xi. 39: but also on the other hand, otherwise, else; hann vildi með engu móti kalla á Þormóð sér til bjargar, þó at hann félli ofan á annað borð, though he was sure to tumble down otherwise (i. e. unless he called), Fbr. 88; hence freq. in mod. usage, e. g. ef eg á annað borð göri það, i. e. if I do it at all: navig., ganga til borðs, á borð, to go to one’s business, Fagrsk. 167, Bárð. 166.

3. [A. S. bord = labrum], the margin between the rim of a vessel and the liquid; er nú gott berandi borð á horninu, Edda 32; hence, fjöru-borð, the shore between high and low water, vide 33, 34; cp. the saying, fullt skal frömum bera, þó skal borð á vera, i. e. it is clownish to bring a cup full to the brim, and, fullt skal föntum bera og ekkert borð á vera.

II. a board, table, Lat. mensa; rísa frá borði, to rise from the board, from table, Rm. 17, or simply and ellipt. rísa, 30; borð is freq. used in pl., as in the old halls small tables were set at meal time, and removed after the meal; hence phrases, borð (pl.) ofan (upp) tekin, the tables being removed, cp. Virgil’s mensisque remotis, Nj. 176, Fms. i. 41, iv. 265, v. 126, Bs. i. 854, Eg. 408; til þess er borð fóru brott, 551; setjast undir borð (pl.), to sit down; sitja undir borðum, to be at table, Nj. 68, Eb. 306; ganga undir drykkju borð, Fms. iii. 93; koma undir borð (acc. pl.), 96; ganga til borða, iv. 114, 129; koma til borðs (sing.), 202, cp. Ó. H. 86, Fms. iv. 246; sitja yfir borðum, iii. 155, iv. 113; sitja yfir matborði, v. 126, viii. 212; sitja yfir borð (acc. pl.), id., Bs. i. 843: the rhyming phrase, vera þar at orði, sem hann er ekki at borði, vide Safn i. 91. It was the custom for kings or princes to give audience or receive poets whilst sitting at table, Fms. vi. 195, Eg. ch. 63.

β. maintenance at table (cp. Engl. board and lodging); vera á borði með e-m, B. K. 124, D. N. (Fr.): of a chess-board, Bs. i. 635.

COMPDS: borðamunr, borðavíti, borðstilgangr.

* * *

(dríf; dreif, drifum; drifinn), v.

1) to drift, drive like spray or snow (þá drífr snær ór öllum áttum); fig. of missles, to shower, fly, like flakes of snow (láta drífa skot, vápn, á e-n); veðr var drífanda, there was a great snow-storm; esp. impers. with dat., dreif sandinn, the sand drifted; lauðri dreif á lypting útan, the spray drove over the poop; þegar dreif í Löginn krömmu, there fell wet snow in the Lake, it began to sleet;

2) to crowd, throng, rush; þá drífr ofan mannfjöldi mikill til strandar, a great crowd rushes down to the shore; dreif allt fólk á hans fund, all people crowded to see him; tóku menn þá at drífa brott frá hertoganum, men began to desert the duke; drífa yfir e-n, to befall, happen to one;

refl., láta yfir drífast (= drífa yfir sik), to yield, give in (rán ok útlegðir þeirra manna, er eigi létu yfir drífa);

3) to perform; drífa leik, to play; en í annan stað á ek at drífa mikinn vanda, I am in a hard strait;

4) to besprinkle with (e-t e-u döggu drifinn).

f. fall of snow, snowdrift (skotvápn flugu svá þykt sem drífa).

* * *

pret. dreif, pl. drifu; pres. dríf; pret. subj. drifi; part. drifinn: [Ulf. dreiban = εκβάλλειν; A. S. drîfan; Engl. drive; O. H. G. triban; mod. Germ. treiben; Swed. drifva; Dan. drive, all in a transitive sense—to drive.]

I. to drive like spray, either pers. or impers., with dat. or even neut.; þá kemr áfall mikit … ok dreif yfir búlkann, Bs. i. 422; lauðri dreif á lypting útan, the spray drove over the poop, Fms. vi. (in a verse); hence metaph. phrases, láta yfir d., to let drift before wind and wave, Ísl. ii. 461: or even reflex., láta yfir (fyrir) drífask, to let drive or drift away, let go, give in; rán ok útlegðir þeirra manna er eigi létu fyrir drífask, Fb. i. 70; þat dugir á enga leið, at menn láti yfir drífask, Bs. ii. 51; ok er þó þat ráð, at láta eigi fyrir drífask, Karl. 386, 452: allit. phrase, drífa á dagana, e. g. mart hefir drifit á dagana, many things (splashes) have happened; drifinn döggu, besprent with dew, Vtkv. 5: naut., róa drífanda, to pull so that the spray splashes about, pull hard, Fms. viii. 263, 431: to drift, of a snow storm or the like, tré með drífandum kvistum, a tree with the branches full of snow. Sks. 49; veðr var drífanda, it snowed, Sturl. iii. 50, Ó. H. 85; þegar dreif í Löginn krömmu, there fell soft snow in the Lake, i. e. it began to sleet, Fms. v. 196; þá drífr snær ór öllum áttum, Edda 40: metaph. of missiles, to shower as flakes of snow, borgarmena láta þegar d. skot á þá, Al. 11; lata þeir d. vápn á þá, Fb. i. 135.

II. neut. to crowd, throng; þá drífr ofan mannfjöldi mikill til strandar, a great crowd rushed down to the shore, Ld. 76; tóku menn þá at d. brott frá hertoganum, the men began to desert (run away) from the duke, Fms. ix. 531, dreif allt fólk á hans fund, all people rushed to see him, i. 21, iv. 105; d. á dyrr, to rush to the door, Vkv. 19.

III. to perform; eiga e-t at d., to have a thing to perform, Gþl. 15, 16; en í annan stað á ek at d. mikinn vanda, I am in a hard strait, Fms. i. 221; d. leik, to play, Fas. i. 37: the sense to drive out, expel, so common in all other Teut. dialects, hardly occurs in old writers, and sounds foreign even now; the proverb, með íllu skal illt út drífa; d. sig, to exert oneself, etc., (cant phrases.)

a. hard, severe.

* * *

adj. hard, metaph. hard, severe, Nj. 181, Fms. ix. 291, v. l.

adj. hard to pull; varð þeim k. í leiknum, it was a hard contest, Bs. i. 620; kvað þeim þetta mundu k., it would be a hard task, Nj. loo.

* * *

(að), v.

1) to try, with gen.;

kosta afls, magns, to try (put forth) one’s strength;

kosta mans, to fall in love;

B. þurfti alls at kosta, B. had to exert all his strength;

kosta kapps, to strive hard;

2) to exert oneself, strive, with infin. (í því, er hann kostar upp at rísa);

kostit svá keppa, at Guðrún kløkkvi, do your best to draw tears from G.;

3) to injure, hurt (bæði var kostat hold hans ok bein);

impers., þat fall var svá mikit, at kostaði lærlegg hans, that his thigh-bone was hurt;

4) kosta e-n mikit, lítit, to cost one much, little;

impers., kostar e-n e-t, it costs one so and so much, with the price in gen. (kostar þik þat nökkurs), or acc. (einn riddara kostar átta merkr gulls sinn búnað);

5) to defray the expenses of (þat boð kostaði Unnr);

þú hefir kostat oss, thou hast entertained us.

* * *

að, [akin to kjósa; A. S. costjan; Germ. kosten = to taste; Lat. gusto; Gr. γεύομαι]:—to try, tempt, strive: with gen., kosta afls, to try one’s strength, Vsp. 7; k. magns, id., Rm. 9; k. megins, Gs. 22; k. sunds, Fms. vii. 351 (in a verse); k. rásar, Þorf. Karl. (in a verse); (til) rásar kostar þú nú, Fs. 45; k. vígs, to fight, Ó. H. (in a verse); kosta mans, to fall in love, Hbl. 15; Bárðr þurfti alls at kosta, B. had to exert all his strength, Bard. 166; kosta kapps, to strive hard, Grett. 202 new Ed.: to risk, vil ek þar til kosta fjár föður míns, Fms. ii. 63; hvárt þeir færi til þings, ok kostim at því allra vina várra, Eb. 98; verja fé yðvart ok frelsi, ok kosta þar til allra þeirra manna er yðr er liðs at ván, Eg. 8; ætla ek at sækja oddi ok eggju frændleifð mína, ok kosta þar at allra frænda minna ok vina ok allra þeirra er …, Ó. H. 32.

2. to tempt; at vér fyrir-farimk eigi í kostan þeirri er djöfullinn kostar vár, Hom. 158; í því er hann kostar ( tries) upp at rísa, Al. 144; þeir sögðu hann fullu kostað hafa, he had taken pains enough, Odd. 18; skal hann kosta at koma, N. G. L. i. 348.

3. as imperat. giving emphasis to the verb, like Lat. age, come! kostið svá keppa, fight so hard! Am. 54; kostum flærð at forðask, Leiðarv. 39; kostum (not köstum) at æsta, 40; kostaðu at vinna vel margar íþróttir, Hsm. 29; kostaðu hug þinn herða, Sturl. iii. (in a verse); kostaðu hins, at haldir fast hesti ok skjaldi, Korm., Líkn. 11; en hinn er fallinn er, kosti hann ok rísi upp sem fljótast, Blanda (MS.); nú kostit, bræðr, ok verit hraustir, come, brethren, be of good cheer! 656 C. 22; en þér kostið ok görit svá vel, at þér leggit ráð á með mér, Karl. 484; við þat er kostanda ( exert thyself), at yfir verði stigit af þér með andans afli, MS. 677. 5; því kosti hverr sem æ staðfastlegast at göra gott, Hom. 24.

II. impers. with acc. it strains a thing, i. e. it is strained, damaged; þó at kjöl kosti, though the keel is sorely strained, Fms. vii. 59 (in a verse); hvárki var þeim at meini hungr né kuldi, heitt né kalt, hvárki kostaði þau, neither of them was hurt, suffered from it, Blanda (MS.); þat fall var svá mikit, at kostaði lærlegg hans, Fms. ix. 219.

2. reflex., kostast, to suffer a bodily or inward injury; þat var mál manna, at Þorfinnr mundi eigi lifað hafa, svá mjök var hann kostaðr af eldinum, Sturl. i. 162; mjök kostaðr af hita, 161; bæði var kostað hold hans ok bein, Greg. 80; kostaðr hestr, a broken-winded horse; sakir fyrnsku vóru bararnar mjök kostaðar, dilapidated, Bs. ii. 146.

III. [Engl. cost; Germ. kosten], to cost, with acc. of the person and price; mik (acc.) kostaði fimm merkr (acc.) gulls, it cost me five gold marks, El.; þat kostar líf (acc.) hans, it cost his life, Fas. i. 532; líkneski sem til kostaði tíu aura, Vm. 101: get ek at þér þykki mikit (acc.) k. at kaupa hann, Fms. i. 79; sem búar virða at dómi, at mik hafi kostað fyrir þau, Grág. i. 368; slíkt sem þá (acc.) hefir kostað, K. Þ. K. 54; spurði hvat (acc.) kostat hafði Þórarin (acc.), Fms. v. 315: with acc. of the thing and price, keisarann kostaði eigi minna fé leikinn (acc.), the play cost the emperor not less, vii. 97; þá kerru (acc.) kostaði sex hundruð (acc.) skillinga, the car cost …, Stj. 573; einn riddara (acc.) kostar átta merkr, Fms. xi. 331.

2. to defray the expences of, with acc.; þat boð kostaði Unnr, Ld. 10; þau hin sömu klæði sem þeir höfðu kostað ( purchased) með kirkjunnar gózi, Mar.:—to spend, lay out, with acc., hvat viltú til kosta; at hann skyldi þessa nafnbót engum peningum kosta, that he should be at no expence for it, Fms. x. 93, v. l.; þat fríða líkneski hafði prestrinn kostað á sína peninga, Mar.; þú hefir kostað oss ( entertained us), bóndi, Fs. 150; allt þat er hann leggr til ok kostar, lays out, N. G. L. ii. 354; er svá mikit lét sik kosta oss til lausnar, who let it cost himself so much, Barl. 114; hafði hann setu á Grund ok kostaði einn allt fyrir, and defrayed all the costs, Sturl. i. 155:—in mod. usage with dat., k. miklu til eins, hann hefir engu til þess kostað, he has invested no money in it, done nothing for it; k. miklu upp á e-ð, to spend much money on a thing.

1) scorched, pinched from dryness; með skörpum reipum, with hard ropes; s. belgr, a shrivelled skin; s. fiskr, dried (hard) fish;

2) barren (landit er skarpt ok lítit matland);

3) sharp, vehement, bitter (skörp deila); taka skarpara á, to pull sharper;

4) tight, strong (skarpar álar þóttu þér Skrýmis vera);

5) keen, sharp, of a weapon (skörp sverð).

* * *

skörp, skarpt, adj.; [A. S. scearp; Engl. sharp; Germ. scharf; akin to skorpinn, related to a lost strong verb]:—sharp, prop. scorched or pinched from dryness; með skörpum reipum, with hard ropes (of ropes of skin), Stj. 416; því harðara er hann brautsk, því skarpara varð bandit, Edda 20; skarpar álar, Ls. 62; skarpr belgr, a shrivelled skin, Hm. 135; skörp skrydda, Gd. 34; skarpr skinn-stakkr, Fas. ii. 147; skarpr fiskr (mod. harðr), a dried fish, Bs. i. 209, 365, 367, H. E. ii. 120; skörp skreið, id., i. 457.

II. metaph. sharp, barren (Engl. farmers speak of a sharp gravel); landit er skarpt ok lítið matland, Fms. vii. 78; eiga skarpan kost, to have small fare; það er skarpt um, dearth, want (cp. Engl. sharp-set).

2. sharp, bitter; skörp deila, Stj. 234; hin skarpa skálmöld, Sturl. (in a verse); skarpt él, Edda (Ht.); skörp skæra, Fms. vi. 64 (in a verse); taka skarpara á, to pull sharper, Gs. 19; s. í sókn, Trist.

3. keen, sharp, of a weapon; skörp sverð, Þiðr. 322; skarpr geirr, Gs. 14; skarpr brandr, Rekst. 6; skarpr hamarr, Haustl.:—keen, acute, of the intellect, hann er skarpr, flug-skarpr; ó-skarpr, dull, freq. in mod. usage.

III. in pr. names, Skarp-héðinn, prop. ‘parched goat-skin,’ see Nj.

u, f. a hard swelling, hard as wood to the touch: stokk-bólginn, part. hard-swollen.

(stœri or stœrri, stœrstr), a.

1) big, great, of size (stórr fiskr, stórt dýr);

stór veðr, rough weather, great gales;

stór sær, high sea;

gørði þá stórt á firðinum, the sea rose high;

2) great, potent (at hann skyldi varast at gøra Ólaf eigi of stóran);

3) great, important (tillagagóðr hinna stœrri mála);

4) proud (fann hann þat brátt á Sigríði, at hón var heldr stór).

* * *

adj., compar. stæri or stærri, superl. stærstr, i. e. stœri, stœrstr; [a word peculiar to the Northern languages, from which it has entered into the Finnish; A. S. stôr; Engl. sturdy; North. E. stordy]:—the original sense seems to be ‘stirred,’ ‘disturbed’ (cp. III), but it is only used in the sense big, great, of size; ein stærst, Fms. iii. 123; bein miklu stærri, Eg. 769; stórir járnrekendr, Sks. 457; stórir askar, Eg. 204; stór héruð, 275; stór veðr, [cp. Shetl. stoor], rough weather, great gales, Ld. 50; stórr sær, a high sea, Sks.; stór, stæri sár, Nj. 153; stærst hof hér á landi, Landn. 335 (Mantissa); í stórum töskum, Hkr. iii. 244.

II. metaph. great, potent; við alla ena stærri menn, Ld. 124; mæltu at hann skyldi göra Ólaf eigi of stóran, Fms. i. 99; at hann görisk eigi of stórr, Eg. 50; gör þik eigi stærra enn þú átt kyn til, Fms. xi. 236; hve marga (aura) ok hve stóra, Grág. i. 136.

2. great, important; enna stærri mála, Nj. 2.

3. proud; bændr vóru þar því stærri enn annarsstaðar, at engi vildi til koma, Fms. iv. 112: Sigríð kona hans var heldr stór, v. 30 (skap-stórr, Ó. H. l. c.)

III. neut., görði þá stórt á firðinum, the sea rose high, Eg. 60; tíðendi þau er honum lægi svá stórt við, Fms. xi. 102; höggva stórt, to strike hard, Nj. 53.

IV. adverbial phrases, stórum, very greatly, much; svá at ek finna stórum, Ísl. ii. 343; stórum stauplar nú yfir, Fs. 153; þat berr stórum, it amounts to much, Fms. ii. 37; ætla ek stærum bera hin laga-brotin, vii. 305; stórum ríkr, very mighty, Hkr. iii. 244; stórum vinsæll, Fms. vii. 102; stórum feginn, Eg. 567; stórum sköruligt, Ld. 106. 2. stærrum, more, in a greater degree; skjótara ok stærum, Sks. 71; gefit hefir þú mér stærum, Fms. vii. 56; eigi stærum né smærum, neither more nor less, Grág. i. 241. 3. stórs, adv.; ekki stórs of ökla upp, Bs. i. 349. 4. stóru-gi, adv. much, greatly, Ísl. ii. 384; see -gi.

B. In COMPDS, and with nouns, stór-, like smár-, is chiefly prefixed to nouns in plur. or in a collective sense: stór-auðigr, adj. very wealthy, Landn. 68, Eg. 2, 23, Fms. xi. 293, Hdl. 39. stór-ár, f. pl. great waters, Stj. 87, Rb. 350. stór-beinóttr, adj. bony, coarse-faced, Eb. 30, Fas. i. 173. stór-blót, n. pl. great sacrifices, Fms. v. 164. stór-bokkar, m. pl. ‘big bucks,’ lordlings, mighty and overbearing men, Eb. 334, Fms. viii. 238 (spelt bukkar), xi. 260, Bs. i. 621. stór-borgir, f. pl. big towns, Róm. 264. stór-borinn, part. high-born, Hkr. i. 243, Bær. 14. stór-brögðóttr, adj. very sly, Hðm. 13. stór-burðigr, adj. = stórborinn, Fas. ii. 474, v. l. stór-bú, n. pl. great estates, Eg. 170, Fms. i. 13. stór-bygðir, f. pl. large counties, settlements, Ó. H. 174. stór-byssur, f. pl. big catapults, Fas. iii. 428, v. l.: big guns. stór-bæir, m. pl. great estates, Hkr. i. 20. stór-bændr, m. pl. great freeholders, Fms. ii. 40, Orkn. 136, Sturl. i. 37. stór-deildir, f. pl. great differences, quarrels, Sturl. i. 140, iii. 7. stór-deilur, f. pl. id., Sturl. i. 140 C. stór-draumar, m. pl. portentous dreams, Sturl. ii. 204 C. stór-efli, n., in stór-eflis-menn, m. pl. mighty men, Fms. xi. 7, 13, Gísl. 55, Háv. 50, Glúm. 37. stór-efni, n. pl. important cases, N. G. L. stór-eignir, f. pl. great landed estates, Hkr. iii. 19; stóreigna maðr, a great landowner, Ísl. ii. 202. stór-erviði, n. severe toil, hard work, Sturl. iii. 65. stór-eyjar, f. pl. great islands, Fms. vii. 85. stór-fé, n. great wealth, Nj. 178, Eg. 75, Fms. ix. 320; stórfjár ok dýrgripa, vii. 186. stór-feginn, adj. very fain or glad, Ver. 19, Bret. 46, Fms. xi. 29. stór-fengr, adj. gross, huge; hann var s. ok auðigr, Sturl. i. 8; föður átta ek heldr stórfengan, Brand. 62; stórfeng kýr, a good milch cow, Bs. i. 194. stór-fetaðr, part. long-striding, taking great steps, Fas. ii. 348; s. hestr, Edda 57. stór-fetr, adj. id., Greg. 17. stór-firðir, m. pl. big firths, Fb. iii. 446. stór-fiskar, m. pl. big fishes (whales). Fas. ii. 113. stór-fjaðrar, f. pl. big feathers, Sks. 114. stór-fjarri, adv. very far, Lex. Poët. stór-fjöllóttr, adj. with great fells, Eb. 8. stór-flokkar, m. pl. great ‘flocks,’ large detachments, Ó. H. 208. stór-frörar, m. pl. ice-fields, Grett. (in a verse). stór-fuglar, m. pl. big birds, El. 2. stór-fundir, m. pl. great meetings, great battles, Nj. 107. stór-föt, n. pl. big clothes, Glúm. 390. stór-geðr (- geðjaðr), adj. great-minded. Lex. Poët.: = stórgætr (?), Bs. i. 606. stór-gjafar, f. pl. great, lordly, rich gifts, Nj. 151, Fms. vii. 2. stór-gjöfull, adj. munificent, Hkr. i. 291, Fms. viii. 238, Bs. i. 81, Magn. 464. stór-gjöld, n. pl. heavy fines, Fms. i. 66. stór-glæpir, m. pl. great crimes, Fms. vii. 261, Stat. 260, Sks. 773. stórglæpa-maðr, m. a great criminal, Stj. 40. stór-glæpligr, adj. highly criminal, Sks. 773. stór-gnípur, f. pl. huge peaks, mountains, Fas. ii. 76. stór-góz, n. a great property, Bs. i. 853. stór-grýti, n. pl. big stones, rocks, Mag. stór-grýttr, adj. rocky, stony, Fms. xi. 239. stór-gættingar, m. pl. magnates, 623. 32, Al. 16. stór-görr, part. of great size, Lex. Poët. stór-hagr, adj. very skilled, handy, Fas. ii. 347. stór-heimsligr, adj. ‘big-foolish,’ grossly foolish, 625. 73. stór-heit, n. pl. great vows, Bs. i. 421, Fms. ix. 387. stór-héruð, n. pl. great districts, Stj. 83, MS. 655 xvi. A. 3, Ó. H. 125. stór-hlutir, m. pl. great things, Fms. vii. 136: in an evil sense, great sins, MS. 671. 16, N. G. L. i. 459. stór-hræddr, adj. much afraid, Fbr. 149. stór-huga, adj. aiming high, aspiring. stór-hugaðr, adj. high-minded, proud, Am. 72, Stj. stór-hvalir, m. pl. big whales, Sks. 122. stór-hveli, n. id., Fas. ii. 78. stór-höfðingjar, m. pl. great magnates, Fms. vii. 206, 209, Hkr. ii. 140, Barl. 127, Sks. 6. stór-höggr, adj. dealing heavy blows, Fms. xi. 131, Landn. 69, Fb. ii. 128. stór-ílla, adv. very badly, Grett. 120, Fms. i. 12, Fb. i. 411. stór-íllr, adj. very bad, Fms. ix. 393, Lv. 68. stór-jarteinir, f. pl. great wonders, Stj. 289. stór-kappar, m. pl. great champions, Fas. ii. 481. stór-katlar, m. pl. big kettles, Fms. x. 29. stór-kaup, n. pl. wholesale buying. stórkaup-maðr, m. a wholesale dealer, Fb. ii. 75. stór-keralda, að, in a pun, Krók. 63, 64. stór-kerti, n. pl. geat tapers, Flóv. 35. stór-keröld, n. pl. large vats, Dipl. v. 18. stór-klæki, n. pl. great wickedness, Band. 38 new Ed., Ó. H. 217. stór-kostliga, adv. in grand style, Bs. i. 645. stór-kostligr, adj. grand; bær s., Ó. H. 66; s. gjafir, Sturl. i. 48: colossal, Fb. i. 522. stór-kvikendi, n. pl. great beasts, Stj. 70. stór-kvæði, n. pl. great poems, Skálda 205. stór-langr, adj. very long, Eb. 24. stór-látr, adj. proud, haughty, Fms. i. 2: munificent, Fs. 51, Al. 70: not content with a little (opp. to smá-látr), Eg. 17, Fms. vi. 368. stór-leiði, n. a long way, Bs. i. 458. stór-leikr, m. presumption, pride, Fms. iv. 206, Ölk. 34, Stj. 537. stór-leitr, adj. big-faced, Sturl. ii. 99. stór-lendur, f. pl. great lands, Bs. i. 226. stór-liga, adv. greatly, very, Bret. 24, Eg. 57: proudly, Edda. 30; svara s., Fms. i. 3; mæla s., vi. 246, x. 194. stór-ligana, adv. = stórliga, Stj., MS. 227, passim. stór-ligr, adj. great, Eg. 46. stór-ljótr, adj. very ugly, Glúm. 387. stór-lokkar, m. pl. long locks, Fas. i. 173. stór-lyndi, f. magnanimity, Fms. vii. 198, Hkr. iii. 245; sína s., Fms. vii. 96. stór-lyndr, adj. magnanimous, Fms. vii. 98; high-spirited, Nj. 18, Fs. 129, Grett. 158. stór-læti, n. liberality, Ld. 30, Fms. x. 235: pride, v. 71, Ölk. 34. stór-lönd, n. pl. great counties, Fms. iv. 140. stór-mannliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), like a grand man, munificently, Fs. 15, Ísl. ii. 337, Eg. 62, Fms. xi. 244. stór-mannligr, adj. magnificent, Fs. 11, 30, Fms. ii. 133, vi. 13, xi. 321. stór-margr, adj. very many, Eg. 219. stór-mál, n. pl. great suits; standa í stórmálum, Nj. 227, Fs. 29, Vápn. 22. stór-mein, n. pl. great evils, Fs. 44. stór-meizl, n. pl. great injuries, Sturl. ii. 49. stór-menni, n. great men, men of rank, Eg. 30, Fs. 11, Fms. i. 31, vi. 19, Ó. H. 71: great folk, Bárð. 172; frá Birni bunu er komit nær allt s. á Íslandi, Landn. 39: a liberal man, Sturl. i. 4, 9, Eg. 38, 198: a big man, giant, Edda 33. stór-mennska, u, f. greatness, munificence, Fms. xi. 19, 293, Fs. 15, passim; meir af stór-mennsku enu forsjá, Bs. i. 83. stórmennsku-fullr, adj. munificent. stór-merki, n. pl. wonderful things, great wonders; Guðs s., Edda (pref.), Fms. i. 133, Magn. 534, Symb. 29; hvat er fleira stórmerkja frá askinum, Edda. stór-merkiliga, adv. wonderfully, Mar. stór-merkiligr, adj. wonderful, Mar. stór-mikill, adj. huge, immense, Lv. 68, Eg. 59, Fms. i. 63, vii. 79, 278. stór-mjök, adv. very much, immensely, Fms. vii. 110, Fb. 1. 411, Bret. 54. stór-mæli, n. pl. great affairs; standa í stórmælum, Nj. 224: grave affairs, þau s. er ek hefi mót yðrum vilja brotið, Orkn. 118; eccl. the greater excommunication, hafði biskup í stórmælum ( in ban) tvá höfðingja, Sturl. ii. 2; lýsa stórmælum yfir, to excommunicate, iii. 201; biskup vildi ekki með hann tala, þvíat hann var í stórmælum, Bs. i. 286, 490, Stat. 260, Anecd. 8, 26. stór-nauðsynjar, f. pl. hard necessity, Gþl. 27, 352. stór-nær, adv. very nigh, Bs. i. 21. stór-orðr, adj. using big words, Fms. i. 75, xi. 94; stórort kvæði ok úfagrt, a big-worded, high-sounding poem, Ísl. ii. 237. stór-ráð, n. pl. great undertakings, Fms. i. 83. stór-ráða-samr, adj. daring, venturesome, Grett. 158. stór-ráðr, adj. ambitious; stórráð ok ráðgjörn, Fms. x. 220; s. ok ágjarn, vii. 28, Orkn. 144; a nickname, Sigríðr stórráða, cp. Lat. superbus. stór-ref-singar, f. pl. severe punishment. Fms. vii. 36. stór-regn, n. pl. heavy rains. Fms. viii. 202. stór-reki, m. ‘big-wreck’ big pieces of jetsum; allan stórreka, opp. to smáreki, Vm. 129. stór-riðinn, part. with big meshes, of a net. stór-ritaðr, part. written in large letters, Pm. 125. stór-ríki, n. pl. great empires, Bs. ii. 43. stór-ríkr, adj. very powerful, Ísl. ii. 202, v. l. stór-ræði, n. pl. daring, dangerous, great undertakings, Gþl. (pref. vi), Nj. 66, Fms. i. 83, vi. 10, 37, viii. 120, Sks. 746. stórræða-maðr, m. a man of great aims. Fms. ix. 283. stór-rök, n. pl. mighty events, Hom. 55. stór-sakar, f. pl. great offences. Fms. ii. 4, 33, Ld. 172. stór-samligr, adj. severe, Sks. 49. stór-sár, n. pl. grievous wounds, Fms. iii. 118. stór-skaðar, m. pl. great damage, Bs. i. 144. stór-skip, n. pl. great ships. Fms. vii. 259. stór-skorinn, part. huge, gaunt, Fb. i. 566; mikill vexti ok s., Bárð. 175; s. í andliti, Fb. i. 258; s. sem Goliath, Stj. 464; stórskorit höfuð, Grett. 83 new Ed. stór-skriptir, f. pl. heavy penances, K. Á. 192, H. E. i. 509; stórskripta-maðr, ii. 78. stór-skuldir, f. pl. great debts, Grág. i. 500. stór-slög, n. pl. great visitations, plagues, Stj. 268. stór-smiðr, m. a notable workman, Eg. 4. stór-smíði, n. pl. a huge, bulky work, Edda 19. stór-staðir, m. pl. great towns, Stj. 68; in Icel. or Norway of great church-prebends, Fms. vi. 157. stór-stígr, adj. long-striding. stór-straumr, m. a spring tide. stór-streymt, n. adj. = stórstraumr. stór-sveitir, f. pl. a large detachment., Fms. ix. 429. stór-syndir, f. pl. great sins, H. E. i. 521. stór-sæmdir, f. pl. great honours, Nj. 134, Fms. xi. 331. stór-sæti, n. pl. large ricks, Eb. 150, 224, Brandkr. 30. stór-tákn, n. pl. great wonders. Fms. i. 29, Stj. 261; sing., Bs. i. 42. stór-tignir, f. pl. high dignity, 625. 98. stór-tíðindi, n. pl. great tidings, great events, Fms. iii. 15, vi. 230, Nj. 195, Rb. 394, Sturl. i. 107 C; wonders, Edda 14, Fms. xi. 38. stór-tré, n. pl. huge beams, Karl. 448, Fms. x. 358, Krók. stóru-gi, see stórr (A. IV. 4). stór-úðigr, adj. high-minded, Hbl. 15, Valla L. stór-vandi, a, m. a great difficulty, Sturl. ii. 79. stór-vandræði, n. pl. id., Fms. vii. 25. stór-vegir, m. pl. broad roads, highways, Barl. 190. stór-vegligr, adj. very honourable, Hkr. ii. 100. stór-veizlur, f. pl. great banquets, Fms. i. 291. stór-vel, adv. right well, Eg. 60, 423, Ísl. ii. 382. stór-verk, n. pl. great deeds, Fms. v. 345. stór-viðaðr, adj. large timbered, Fms. ii. 218. stór-viðir, m. pl. great timbers, big beams, Fms. ii. 328, x. 361. Nj. 201, Bs. i. 81. stór-viðri, n. a great tempest, Fms. vii. 310, Grett. 153. stór-virki, n. pl. great feats, Fms. i. 287, ii. 109, vi. 55, Nj. 193, Ld. 40, Eg. 686, Korm. 242, Al. 160. stór-virkr, adj. working mightily; sterkr ok s., working like a giant, Bárð. 163; stórvirkr, opp. to góðvirkr, Nj. 55: as the name of a giant, Edda (Gl.), Fas. i. (Hervar. S. begin.) stór-vitr, adj. very wise, Nj. 22, Fms. i. 31, vi. 10, xi. 13, 205. stór-víða, adv. very widely, Fbr. 41. stór-yrði, n. pl. big words, Eg. 258, Nj. 261, Fms. ix. 419, x. 71, xi. 256, Al. 18. stór-ýðigr, adj. = stórúðigr, Valla L. 208. stór-þing, n. a ‘storthing,’ great council (oecumenical), Karl. 548, Pr. 104, Rb. stór-þorp, n. pl. great villages, Fagrsk. ch. 193. stór-þungt, n. adj. very heavy, Eb. 284. stór-þurftir, f. pl. great need, Bs. i. 525. stór-ættaðr, adj. high-born, Eg. 16, Nj. 178, Fms. i. 186, vi. 246. stór-ættir, f. pl. great families.