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61 Fado
Traditional urban song and music sung by a man or woman, to the accompaniment of two stringed instruments. The Portuguese word, fado, derives from the Latin word for fate ( fatum), and the fado's usage does not distinguish the sex of the singer. Traditionally, wherever the fado is performed, the singer, the fadista—who is often but not always a woman wearing a shawl around her shoulders—is accompanied by the Portuguese guitarra, a 12-stringed mandolin-like instrument or lute, and the viola, a Spanish guitar. There are at least two contemporary variations of the fado: the Lisbon fado and the Coimbra or university student fado. While some authorities describe the song as typical of the urban working classes, its popularity and roots are wider than only this group and it appears that, although the song's historic origins are urban and working class, its current popularity is more universal. The historic origins of the fado are not only obscure but hotly debated among scholars and would-be experts. Some suggest that its origins are Brazilian and African, while others detect a Muslim, North African element mixed with Hispanic.After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, there was talk that the fado's days were numbered as a popular song because it seemed an obsolete, regime-encouraged entertainment, which, like a drug or soporific, encouraged passivity. In the new Portugal, however, the fado is still popular among various classes, as well as among an increasingly large number of visitors and tourists. The fado is performed in restaurants, cafes, and special fado houses, not only in Portugal and other Lusophone countries like Brazil, but wherever Portuguese communities gather abroad. Although there do not appear to be schools of fado, fadistas learn their trade by apprenticeship to senior performers, both men and women.In fado history, Portugal's most celebrated fadista was Amália Rodrigues, who died in 1999. She made her premier American debut in New York's Carnegie Hall in the 1950s, at about the same time Americans were charmed by a popular song of the day, April in Portugal, an American version of a traditional Portuguese fado called Fado de Coimbra, about Coimbra University's romantic traditions. The most celebrated fadista of the first decade of the 21st century is Marisa dos Reis Nunes, with the stage name of Mariza, who embodies a new generation of singers' contemporary interpretation of fado. The predominant tone of the Lisbon variation of the fado, sung often in the areas of Alfama, Mouraria, Bairro Alto, and Alcântara, is that of nostalgia and saudade — sadness and regret. Traditionally, the Coimbra version has a lighter, less somber tone. -
62 ὀρσοθύρη
Grammatical information: f.Meaning: esp. a side-door or side-opening at the back, leading from the men's hall in the λαύρη to the rooms upstairs (χ 126, 132, 333); s. Wace Journ ofHellStud. 71, 203ff. w. lit., Bérard REGr. 67, 18 ff.); also sens. obsc. (Semon. 17).Origin: XX [etym. unknown]Etymology: Explanation debated. One is tempted to identify the first element with ὄρρος, ὄρσος `hindmost' (Doederlein Hom. Gloss. 2. 340; thus v. Wilamowitz Eur. Her. 376 n., Wackernagel Unt. 226, Lasso de la Vega Emer. 23, 114ff.). This interpretation is as regards the matter and stile without objections; cf. παλίν-ορσος, ἄψ-ορρος and Wackernagel l.c. Others explain it as "high door" connecting either Skt. r̥ṣvá- `high' or varṣ- in várṣ-man- n. `culmen' (Froehde BB 3, 19 ff., Kalén Quaest. gramm. gr. 75ff., extensice w. lit., also on εἰρεθύρη [H.] and ἔρθυρις [EM], WP. 1,138; similar Büchner RhM 83, 97 ff., not convincing; s. also Risch IF 59, 20). -- In the same sphere belongs ὀρρόση-λος ὀδός (cod. ὁδ-). Ίταλιῶται H.; after Kalén l.c. "high threshold". -- With ὀρσο- also: ὀρσο-λόπος surn. of Ares (Anacr. 70) with ὀρσολοπ-εύω (metr. for - έω) `attack, revile' (h. Merc. 308, Max. 102), - έομαι `be teased, disquieted' (A. Pers. 10); ὀρσο-λόπος therefore `attacker v.t.', prop. = ὁ λέπων τὸν ὄρρον (sc. τοῦ φυγόντος πολεμίου); s. Schwyzer Glotta 12, 21ff. (with Müller-Strübing), Lasso de la Vega a.o. Diff. Kalén l.c. ("Hochprahler"). -- ὀρσο-δάκνη f. name of an insect that eats buds (Arist.); naming motive unknown. Unclear also ὀρσοί τῶν ἀρνῶν οἱ ἔσχατοι γενόμενοι H.; the similarity with ἕρσαι (s.v.) jas long been observed (to be rejected Lasso de la Vega l.c).Page in Frisk: 2,428Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ὀρσοθύρη
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63 πρύτανις
πρύτανις, - εωςGrammatical information: m.Meaning: des. of a leading official, in Athens member of the governing committee of the council, `foreman, chief of affairs, prytan' (Dor. IA.); also name of a Lycian (Ε 678).Other forms: Aeol. πρό-.Compounds: Some compp., e.g. ναυ-πρύτανις = ναύαρχος (Pi.).Derivatives: 1. Adj. πρυταν-ικός (IA. inscr.), - ειος (Aristid.) `belonging to p.'; 2. subst. - εῖον, Ion. -ήϊον n. `residence of p., city hall' (IA.), in Athens also name of a (judicial) court; τὰ πρυτανεῖα `legal costs' (Att.); here Πρυταν-ῖτις (Herm. Hist.), - εία (Syros) f. surn. of Έστία as protectress of the Prytaneion (cf. Redard 212); 3. Verb πρυταν-εύω `to be P., to lead something' (h. Ap. 68) with - εία, Ion. - ηΐη f. `(term of) office of a p.' (IA., Rhodes etc.), - ευμα = Lat. principatus (epigr. Ia), - εύς m. = πρύτανις (Rhodos; backformation, Bosshardt 77).Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Cognate with the Etruscan title of an official purʮne, eprʮni, πρύτανις belongs undoubtedly to the Anatolian-Aegaean element of the Greek constitutional terminology (cf. βασιλεύς, ἄναξ, τύραννος and Schwyzer 62 a. 462). The Aeol. byform πρότανις (Att. inscr. incid. προταν-εύω, - εία) can, like Phoc. a. Cret. βρυτανεύω, - εῖον, represent the uncertain pronunciation of a foreign word (but it may also go back on popular association wih πρό `in front'). Earlier (s. Curtius 283 w. older lit., WP. 2, 36; also Schwyzer-Debrunner 505) considered as IE, with πρυ- as old byform of προ; here further διαπρύσιος, πρυμνός, πρυλέες. -- For Pre-Gr.-IE origin Heubeck Praegraeca 67f.; cf also Linderski Glotta 40, 157 ff., who tries to connect also Hatt. puri `lord'.Page in Frisk: 2,606-607Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > πρύτανις
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