hackled

See Hackled Flax.

A term used in the trade for thoroughly hackled flax.

Flax, Broken - Scutched flax which is less than 20-in. long and therefore unfit for hackling in the spinning mill. Flax, C.D. and T. - Graders' marks which denote the type of scutched flax: c (chaine) to represent warps, D (demi) to represent medium warps, and T (trame) to represent wefts. Flax, Green, or Natural - Scutched flax produced from de-seeded straw without any intermediate treatment such as retting. Flax, Line - The hackled flax produced by a hackling machine or hand hackling. A term sometimes erroneously applied to scutched flax. Flax, Retted - Scutched flax produced from straw which has been retted. Usually divided into three main classes, namely, water retted flax, dew retted flax, and chemically retted flax. Flax, Scutched - The product from the delivery end of a scutching machine or from scutching flax straw on a wheel. It consists of the long fibre strands in a parallel condition and substantially free from wood and other extraneous material. The yield of scutched flax is commonly expressed as stones (14-lb.) per acre, but in Ireland it is sometimes expressed as stones per peck of seed sown. The average yield per acre of scutched flax has varied according to year from about 20 stones per acre to 40 stones per acre, with occasional exceptional yields of 80 and 90 stones per acre. Grader, Flax - The man who places the scutched flaxes in their appropriate grades of quality by eye judgment and feel. Grades, Flax - Tank retted flaxes are graded from A through the alphabet in ascending order of value. Dam retted flaxes are graded from 1-7 in descending order of value. Dew retted flaxes are graded 0-6 in descending order of value. Grades, Tow - Green tow is graded 1-8 and then 9a, 9b, Z, Z₂, and beater tow in descending order of value. Tank retted tow is graded I, II, III, 1, 2, 3, 3X, 3XXX, in descending order, whilst dam and dew retted tows are I, II, II, 1, 2, 3. Pluckings - The short, clean fibre produced at the end of the scutching machine where the operatives dress and square the pieces of flax ready for selection. In grading pluckings are classed as tow (q.v.). Root Ends, Straw - The broken-off roots which fall from the straw under the breaking rollers. Rug, Scutching - All the detritus which falls below the two compartments of the scutching machine after the shives have been shaken out of it, or the waste made when producing scutched flax on a wheel. It consists of partly scutched short straws, broken straws, weeds, and beater tow. It is classed as root end rug or top end rug, according to which end of the flax it comes from. Selection - The preliminary sorting of the scutched flax into main grades at the delivery end of the scutching machine. Shives - The short pieces of woody waste beaten from the straw during scutching. Tow - Any substantially clean but tossed and tangled flax fibre of less than scutched flax length. Tow Baling - The operation of making-up tow into bales. Tow, Beater - Short, fine, clean fibres which fall from the last third of the compartments during scutching. Tow, Inferior low grade (Green) - Green tow of a grade lower than 9a. Tow, Inferior low grade (Retted) - Retted tow of a grade lower than 3XXX. Tow, Machine, or Cast - Tow produced by the hackling machine. Tow, Rejected - Tow unsuitable for spinning on flax tow machinery. Tow, Rescutched - Two scutched on tow handles or a tow scutching machine. Tow, Rolled - The product from passing scutching rug through tow rollers and highspeed shaker. Tow, Rolled and Beaten - The product from passing scutching rug through tow rollers and beaters, and a high-speed shaker. The principal flax markets of the world are at Courtrai, Bruges, Ghent, Lokeren and Zele in Belgium; Rotterdam in Holland; Riga in Latvia; Leningrad, Pernau and Witebek in Russia; Douai and Flines in France; Newry, Rathfriland, Strabane, Ballymoney, Lisnaskea, Ballybay and Armagh in Ireland. Courtrai flax is the finest produced. It is uniform in fibre, strong, clean and of a good colour. Yarns up to 200's lea are spun from it. Irish flax comes next in spinning qualities from 90's to 120's lea are produced. As a warp yarn it is much preferred as the strength is greater than other types. Flemish flax is dark in colour, dryer than others, strong, and can be spun up to 120's lea. Dutch flax is clean, good colour and spins into yams up to 90's lea. Russian flax is coarser than the above types and is usually spun up to about 70's lea.

The hackled piece of flax is held between the fingers and thumb of the left-hand back uppermost, and some of the fibres of the root end are lapped around it with the right-hand, forming a " lap," which keeps the pieces separate when they are built into a bunch, and enables each to be lifted without tossing the others. ———————— A wide sheet of carded or combed fibres wound on a roller ready for the next spinning process.

The sorting of flax is a hand operation, that follows machine hackling. The sorter or flax dresser pulls the machine-hackled flax through the pins of a hand hackle termed a " ten " or " eighteen " two or three times until it is level and smooth, and then removes the inferior ends by breaking them off on the touch pin. The sorter then classes the pieces according to quality, and builds the pieces into bunches of like quality, usually about 20-lb. to a bunch.

Or SPS is the Italian trade term for hemp scutching tow. " Strappatura " literally is really " pluckings " from the ends, but scutching tows are commercially classed as strappature puliti and strappature correnti, clean and ordinary. The pluckings are called " Teste di Canape " (heads of hemp) and are divided into " Teste Salte " (selected), and " Teste Correnta " (ordinary). The two classes strappature and heads of hemp are sometimes rescutched, the strappatures giving " Stoppa fortes " II, and heads of hemp " Stoppa fortes" I. " Stoppa fine " is hand dressers' tow. Assecature is a very superior tow produced in limited quantities. Hackled or dressed hemp is produced in Frallamaggiore, Agragoln. " Spontick " is the chief long line imported.

A compact bundle of handfuls of machine-hackled flax, formed by crossing the pieces alternately one over the other.

בִּיסְתַּרְקָא, בִּסְ׳,c. (= בֵּי אִסְתַּרְקָא, Ithpe. noun of סרק) receptacle of hackled or hatcheled wool, whence mattress, cushion. B. Kam. 117a חד ב׳ Ms. R. (ed. חדא fem.).Pl. בִּיסְתַּרְקֵי, בִּסְ׳. Targ. Y. Deut. 34:6 בב׳ מילת (not כב׳) with fine woolen mattresses.B. Kam. l. c. Bekh.8b. Taan.21b bot. מאיך להו ב׳ Ar. (ed. מך) laid down before them mattresses (to sleep on). Yeb.63a. Snh.95a. B. Bath.58a (= חביתא דאודדא in an enigma).

בִּיסְתַּרְקָא, בִּסְ׳,c. (= בֵּי אִסְתַּרְקָא, Ithpe. noun of סרק) receptacle of hackled or hatcheled wool, whence mattress, cushion. B. Kam. 117a חד ב׳ Ms. R. (ed. חדא fem.).Pl. בִּיסְתַּרְקֵי, בִּסְ׳. Targ. Y. Deut. 34:6 בב׳ מילת (not כב׳) with fine woolen mattresses.B. Kam. l. c. Bekh.8b. Taan.21b bot. מאיך להו ב׳ Ar. (ed. מך) laid down before them mattresses (to sleep on). Yeb.63a. Snh.95a. B. Bath.58a (= חביתא דאודדא in an enigma).