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1 maqua
noun "a hand-full; complete hand with all five fingers; a closing of closed hand facing down for taking; group of five similar things"; in colloquial usage also "hand" as a limb VT47:7, 18-20; dual maquat "group of ten" VT47:7, 10. Compounded maquanotië = "decimal system" in counting VT47:10, Lungumaqua "Heavyhand" VT47:19 -
2 -t
1 dual ending, on nouns denoting a pair of something: attat "2 fathers or neighbours" VT48:19; see atto, máryat "her pair of hands" Nam, siryat "two rivers" VT47:11, ciriat "2 ships" Letters:427 read ciryat as in the Plotz Letter?, maquat "group of ten" from maqua, meaning among other things "group of five" VT47:7, nápat "thumb and index as a pair" VT48:5, also compare met "us two" as the dual form of me "us" Nam, VT47:11. Other dual endings known from the Plotz letter: genitive -to, possessive -twa, dative -nt, locative -tsë, allative -nta, ablative -lto, instrumental -nten, plus -tes as a possible short locative. It may be that these endings only apply to nouns that would have nominative dual forms in -t, and that nouns preferring the alternative dual ending -u would simply add the otherwise "singular" case endings to this vowel, e.g. *Alduo rather than ?Alduto as the genitive form of "Two Trees" Aldu. The ending -t is also used as a verbal inflection, corresponding to pl. -r elen atta siluvaut/u, two stars shall shine, VT49:45; the verb carit do would also be used with a dual subject, VT49:16; cf. also the endings listed in VT49:48, 50. 2 "them", pronominal ending; seen in the word laituvalmet "we shall bless them" lait-uva-lme-t "bless-shall-we-them". According to PE17:110, this -t covers both sg. and dual. Also independent word te pl. and tú dual possibly *tu when unstressed. 3 reduced pronominal affix of the 2. person, "you" sg., the long form being -tyë both endings are listed in VT49:48. See heca regarding the example hecat WJ:364. However, in a later source, Tolkien denies that -tyë has any short form VT49:51, 57. The status of the ending -t is therefore doubtful. -
3 elda
1. originally adj. "of the stars", but wholly replaced WJ:362 by: 2. noun Elda = one of the people of the Stars, high-elf, an Elf SA:êl, elen, Letters:281, ELED, ÉLED; notice that Tolkien abandoned a former etymology with "depart", chiefly in the pl. Eldar WJ:362, cf. GATH, TELES.The primitive form Tolkien variously cited as ¤eledā/ elenā Letters:281, PE17:152 and ¤eldā WJ:360. Partitive pl. Eldali VT49:8, gen. pl. Eldaron WJ:368, PM:395, 402;dative pl.eldain "for elves", for Eldar FS; possessive sg. Eldava "Elf's" WJ:407; possessive pl. Eldaiva WJ:368, Eldaivë governing a plural word WJ:369. The word Eldar properly refers to the non-Avari Elves only, but since Eldar rarely had any contact with the Avari, it could be used for "elves" in general in LT1:251, Elda is simply glossed "Elf". See also Eldo. The plural form Eldar should not require any article when the reference is to the entire people; i Eldar refers to a limited group, all the Elves previously named; nevertheless, Tolkien in some sources does use the article even where the reference seems to be generic i Eldar or i-Eldar, VT49:8. -
4 ilya
adj. and noun "all" LR:47, 56; SD:310, "all, the whole" IL; "each, every, all of a particular group of things" VT39:20; ilyë before a plural noun, "all" being inflected like an adjective Nam, RGEO:67: ilyë tier "all paths" Namárië, VT39:20, ilyë mahalmar "all thrones" CO, ilya raxellor "from all dangers" VT44:9; we might expect *ilyë raxellor here, ilyárëa older ilyázëa "daily, of every day" evidently ilya "every" + árë, ázë "day" + -a adjectival ending VT43:18. Tolkien apparently abandoned ilyárëa in favour of ilaurëa, q.v. -
5 Vala
1 noun "Power, God, angelic power", pl. Valar or Vali BAL, Appendix E, LT2:348, described as angelic governors or angelic guardians Letters:354, 407. The Valar are a group of immensely powerful spirits guarding the world on behalf of its Creator; they are sometimes called Gods as when Valacirca, q.v., is translated Sickle of the Gods, but this is strictly wrong according to Christian terminology: the Valar were created beings. The noun vala is also the name of tengwa \#22 Appendix E. Genitive plural Valion "of the Valar" FS, MR:18; this form shows the pl. Vali, irregular alternative to Valar the straightforward gen. pl. Valaron is also attested, PE17:175. Pl. allative valannar *"to/on the Valar" LR:47, 56; SD:246. Feminine form Valië Silm, in Tolkiens earlier material also Valdë; his early writings also list Valon or Valmo q.v. as specifically masc. forms. The gender-specific forms are not obligatory; thus in PE17:22 Varda is called a Vala not a Valië, likewise Yavanna in PE17:93. Vala is properly or originally a verb "has power" sc. over the matter of Eä, the universe, also used as a noun "a Power" WJ:403. The verb vala- "rule, order", exclusively used with reference to the Valar, is only attested in the sentences á vala Manwë! "may Manwë order it!" and Valar valuvar "the will of the Valar will be done" WJ:404. However, Tolkien did not originally intend the word Valar to signify "powers"; in his early conception it apparently meant "the happy ones", cf. valto, vald- LT2:348. For various compounds including the word Valar, see below. -
6 quentasta
noun *"historical account", "any particular arrangement by some author of a series of records or evidences into a given historical account" not History as such, which is quentalë. VT39:16, VT48:19. May include the "group suffix" -asta. -
7 -li
partitive pl. ending simply called a plural suffix in the Etymologies, stem LI. The ending is used to indicate a plural that is neither generic e.g. Eldar the Elves as a race nor definite preceded by article; hence Eldali is used for some Elves a particular group of Elves, when they are first mentioned in a narrative, VT49:8. Sometimes Tolkien also lets -li imply a great number; in PE17:129, the form falmalinnar from Namárië is broken down as falma-uli/u-nnar foam wave-umany/u-towards-pl. ending, and falmali by itself Tolkien translated many waves PE17:73. A distinct accusative in -līseems to occur in the phrase an i falmalīPE17:127, apparently meaning the same as i falmalinnar, but replacing the allative ending with a preposition. Genitive -lion in vanimálion, malinornélion q.v. for reference, allative -linna and -linnar in falmalinnar, q.v. The endings for other cases are only known from the Plotz letter: possessive -líva, dative -lin, locative -lissë or -lissen, ablative -lillo or -lillon, instrumental -línen, "short locative" -lis. When the noun ends in a consonant, r and n is assimilated before l, e.g. Casalli as the partitive pl. of Casar Dwarf WJ:402, or elelli as the partitive pl. of elen star PE17:127. It is unclear whether the same happens in monosyllabic words, or whether a connecting vowel would be slipped in before -li e.g. ?queneli or ?quelli as the partitive pl. of quén, quen- person. -
8 asta
1 noun "month", a division of the year VT42:20. Pl. astar is attested Appendix D. According to VT48:11, the basic meaning of asta is "division, a part", especially one of other equal parts: "of the year, a month or period". According to VT48:19, asta is also used in Quenya as a group suffix see quentasta. -
9 hó-
verbal prefix; "away, from, from among", the point of view being outside the thing, place, or group in thought WJ:368 -
10 finca
adj. clever in petty ways PE17:119. A distinct form finca is also mentioned as the cognate of Sindarin fineg, but neither form is clearly glossed. The word-group under consideration has to do with hair PE17:17.
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