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101 χόρτος
-ου + ὁ N 2 8-1-15-25-2=51 Gn 1,11.12.29.30; 2,5grass, herb Prv 19,12; grass, hay (as fodder) Ps 105(106),20; hay, stubble (for MT עמיר) Jer 9,21, cpr. Is 10,17; 32,13 (for MT מירשׁ thorns)λάχανα χόρτου vegetables of hay for MT בשׂע ירק green grass Gn 9,3Cf. HARL 1986a, 91.97.110.139; PARADISE 1986, 192; RÖSEL 1994 195(Gn 9,3); SCHNEBEL 1925, 211-218; →NIDNTT -
102 Agriculture
Historically, Portugal's agricultural efficiency, measured in terms of crop yields and animal productivity, has been well below that of other European countries. Agricultural inefficiency is a consequence of Portugal's topography and climate, which varies considerably from north to south and has influenced farm size and farming methods. There are three major agricultural zones: the north, center, and south. The north (the area between the Douro and Minho Rivers, including the district of Trás-os-Montes) is mountainous with a wet (180-249 cm of rainfall/year), moderately cool climate. It contains about 2 million hectares of cultivated land excessively fragmented into tiny (3-5 hectares) family-owned farms, or minifúndios, a consequence of ancient settlement patterns, a strong attachment to the land, and the tradition of subdividing land equally among family members. The farms in the north produce the potatoes and kale that are used to make caldo verde soup, a staple of the Portuguese diet, and the grapes that are used to make vinho verde (green wine), a light sparkling white wine said to aid the digestion of oily and greasy food. Northern farms are too small to benefit from mechanization and their owners too poor to invest in irrigation, chemical fertilizers, or better seeds; hence, agriculture in the north has remained labor intensive, despite efforts to regroup minifúndios to increase farm size and efficiency.The center (roughly between the Douro and the Tagus River) is bisected by the Mondego River, the land to either side of which is some of the most fertile in Portugal and produces irrigated rice, corn, grapes, and forest goods on medium-sized (about 100 hectares) farms under a mixture of owner-cultivation and sharecropping. Portugal's center contains the Estrela Mountains, where sheep raising is common and wool, milk, and cheese are produced, especially mountain cheese ( Queijo da Serra), similar to French brie. In the valley of the Dão River, a full-bodied, fruity wine much like Burgundy is produced. In the southern part of the center, where the climate is dry and soils are poor, stock raising mixes with cereal crop cultivation. In Estremadura, the area north of Lisbon, better soils and even rainfall support intensive agriculture. The small farms of this area produce lemons, strawberries, pears, quinces, peaches, and vegetables. Estremadura also produces red wine at Colares and white wine at Buçelas.The south (Alentejo and Algarve) is a vast rolling plain with a hot arid climate. It contains about 2.6 million hectares of arable land and produces the bulk of Portugal's wheat and barley. It also produces one of Portugal's chief exports, cork, which is made from bark cut from cork oaks at nine-year intervals. There are vast groves of olive trees around the towns of Elvas, Serpa, and Estremoz that provide Portugal's olives. The warm climate of the Algarve (the most southern region of Portugal) is favorable for the growing of oranges, pomegranates, figs, and carobs. Almonds are also produced. Farms in the south, except for the Algarve, are large estates (typically 1,000 hectares or more in size) known as latifúndios, worked by a landless, wage-earning rural work force. After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, these large estates were taken over by the state and turned into collective farms. During the 1990s, as the radicalism of the Revolution moderated, collectivized agriculture was seen as counterproductive, and the nationalized estates were gradually returned to their original owners in exchange for cash payments or small parcels of land for the collective farm workers.Portugal adopted the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) when it joined the European Union (EU) in 1986. The CAP, which is based on the principles of common pricing, EU preferences, and joint financing, has shifted much of Portugal's agricultural decision making to the EU. Under the CAP, cereals and dairy products have experienced declines in prices because these are in chronic surplus within the EU. Alentejo wheat production has become unprofitable because of poor soils. However, rice, tomatoes, sunflower, and safflower seed and potatoes, as well as Portuguese wines, have competed well under the CAP system. -
103 λαχανίζω
II Lat. lachanizare, = betizare, i.e. languere, Suet.Aug.87.III [voice] Pass., become green, Gal.17(1).343.Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > λαχανίζω
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104 moesgroente
1 greens, green/leaf(y) vegetables -
105 שפע
שָׁפַע(cmp. שָׁפָה II) 1) to be smooth. Gen. R. s. 14 קורה שוֹפַעַת a smooth-trimmed trunk (of a palm-tree, v. שִׁפְעָה I). 2) to incline, slide. Neg. X, 10 השוֹפֵעַוכ׳, v. גַּבַּחַת; Sifra Thazr. Par. 5, ch. X. Tosef.Kel.B. Kam.VI, 15 תנור ששפתיו שוֹפְעוֹת לתוכו (not ששפתות) a stove the rims of which incline towards the inside; שפתיו שופעות לאחוריו if its rims incline towards its outer walls. Ohol. VII, 2 אהל שהוא שופעוכ׳ a tent the top of which goes slanting down, so that the flat roof is only of the size of a finger; a. e. 3) to pour out, run, discharge. Yalk. Lev. 554 כל זמן ששופע לתוכהוכ׳ as long as it (the spring) discharges its overflow into the garden, the vegetables get black (dark green) Nidd.IX, 8 (among the symptoms of approaching menstruation) ושוֹפַעַת and she discharges, expl. ib. 63b top. Bekh.III, 1 בהמה גסה ששָׁפְעָהוכ׳ a large domestic animal that discharged a clod of blood; a. e.Y.Hor.I, 46a top עד שישפע, read: שישמע, v. שָׁמַע. Hif. הִשְׁפִּיעַ 1) to make slanting. Erub.43b משְׁפִּיעַ ועולה משפיע ויורד (not משפיעו) let him make the wall slanting (from the centre) upwards and downwards (so that it should cast no shade). 2) to pour abundantly; to sell in large quantities; trnsf. to give in abundance. Dem. II, 4 כל המַשְׁפִּיעִים במדה גסה (Y. ed. המשופעים, corr. acc.) all wholesale dealers; אלו הן המַשְׁפִּיעִיןוכ׳ these are considered wholesale dealers, v. סִיטוֹן. Ber.32a (ref. to ודי זהב, Deut. 1:1) בשביל … וזהב שהִשְׁפַּעְתָּ להםוכ׳ on account of the silver and gold which thou didst pour upon them, until they said, enough!this was why they made the golden calf; (Yoma 86b שהרבית). Snh.108a דור … בשביל טובה שה׳וכ׳ the generation of the flood became overbearing only on account of the wealth that the Lord bestowed upon them. Ib. בטובה שהִשְׁפַּעְתִּיוכ׳ with the very blessing that I bestowed upon them, do they provoke me to anger; a. fr. 3) to give overmeasure. Tosef.B. Bath.V, 3 מקום שנהגו להַשְׁפִּיעַ משפיעוכ׳ where it is customary to give overmeasure, you must pour as much as is required: as long as the back and the bottom rim of the vessel are not wetted; a. e.Part. pass. מוּשְׁפָּע, v. infra. Pi. שִׁפֵּעַ 1) to make slanting. Part. pass. מְשוּפָּע; f. מְשוּפַּעַת; Pi. מְשופָּעִים, מְשוּפָּעִין; מְשוּפָּעוֹת Sabb.5a כותל מש׳ a slanting wall. Y.Ned.V, beg.39a היה המקום מש׳וכ׳ if the place in his court is sloping … the neighbor may protest (against washing being done in it), for he may say, thou pourest out, and it comes to my ground; a. e.(Yalk. Lev. 571 דרך משופע, v. מְשוּפָּש. 2) to cause to flow. Lam. R. to IV, 15 מהו ושפח וש׳וכ׳ what is vsippaḥ (Is. 3:17)? It means vshippʿa (he caused them to discharge blood), in order that the holy seed be not mixed up &cPart. pass. as ab. abundant, eloquent, verbose. Midr. Till. to Ps. 1:5 ed. Bub. (ref. to Prov. 15:7b) אלו המש׳וכ׳ this refers to those who are extremely fluent, but in whom there is not the sap of the Law; Yalk. Prov. 953 המוּשְׁפָּעִים. Pu. שוּפַּע; 1) to be made slanting; part. מְשוּפָּע, v. supra. 2) to be poured. Gen. R. s. 69 end; Yalk. ib. 120, v. 7, פַּךְ. Hithpa. הִשְׁתַּפֵּעַ to slant. Y.Erub.X, 26b bot. במִשְׁתַּפֵּעַ עשרהוכ׳ when the wall slants at the grade of ten hand-breadths to three. -
106 שָׁפַע
שָׁפַע(cmp. שָׁפָה II) 1) to be smooth. Gen. R. s. 14 קורה שוֹפַעַת a smooth-trimmed trunk (of a palm-tree, v. שִׁפְעָה I). 2) to incline, slide. Neg. X, 10 השוֹפֵעַוכ׳, v. גַּבַּחַת; Sifra Thazr. Par. 5, ch. X. Tosef.Kel.B. Kam.VI, 15 תנור ששפתיו שוֹפְעוֹת לתוכו (not ששפתות) a stove the rims of which incline towards the inside; שפתיו שופעות לאחוריו if its rims incline towards its outer walls. Ohol. VII, 2 אהל שהוא שופעוכ׳ a tent the top of which goes slanting down, so that the flat roof is only of the size of a finger; a. e. 3) to pour out, run, discharge. Yalk. Lev. 554 כל זמן ששופע לתוכהוכ׳ as long as it (the spring) discharges its overflow into the garden, the vegetables get black (dark green) Nidd.IX, 8 (among the symptoms of approaching menstruation) ושוֹפַעַת and she discharges, expl. ib. 63b top. Bekh.III, 1 בהמה גסה ששָׁפְעָהוכ׳ a large domestic animal that discharged a clod of blood; a. e.Y.Hor.I, 46a top עד שישפע, read: שישמע, v. שָׁמַע. Hif. הִשְׁפִּיעַ 1) to make slanting. Erub.43b משְׁפִּיעַ ועולה משפיע ויורד (not משפיעו) let him make the wall slanting (from the centre) upwards and downwards (so that it should cast no shade). 2) to pour abundantly; to sell in large quantities; trnsf. to give in abundance. Dem. II, 4 כל המַשְׁפִּיעִים במדה גסה (Y. ed. המשופעים, corr. acc.) all wholesale dealers; אלו הן המַשְׁפִּיעִיןוכ׳ these are considered wholesale dealers, v. סִיטוֹן. Ber.32a (ref. to ודי זהב, Deut. 1:1) בשביל … וזהב שהִשְׁפַּעְתָּ להםוכ׳ on account of the silver and gold which thou didst pour upon them, until they said, enough!this was why they made the golden calf; (Yoma 86b שהרבית). Snh.108a דור … בשביל טובה שה׳וכ׳ the generation of the flood became overbearing only on account of the wealth that the Lord bestowed upon them. Ib. בטובה שהִשְׁפַּעְתִּיוכ׳ with the very blessing that I bestowed upon them, do they provoke me to anger; a. fr. 3) to give overmeasure. Tosef.B. Bath.V, 3 מקום שנהגו להַשְׁפִּיעַ משפיעוכ׳ where it is customary to give overmeasure, you must pour as much as is required: as long as the back and the bottom rim of the vessel are not wetted; a. e.Part. pass. מוּשְׁפָּע, v. infra. Pi. שִׁפֵּעַ 1) to make slanting. Part. pass. מְשוּפָּע; f. מְשוּפַּעַת; Pi. מְשופָּעִים, מְשוּפָּעִין; מְשוּפָּעוֹת Sabb.5a כותל מש׳ a slanting wall. Y.Ned.V, beg.39a היה המקום מש׳וכ׳ if the place in his court is sloping … the neighbor may protest (against washing being done in it), for he may say, thou pourest out, and it comes to my ground; a. e.(Yalk. Lev. 571 דרך משופע, v. מְשוּפָּש. 2) to cause to flow. Lam. R. to IV, 15 מהו ושפח וש׳וכ׳ what is vsippaḥ (Is. 3:17)? It means vshippʿa (he caused them to discharge blood), in order that the holy seed be not mixed up &cPart. pass. as ab. abundant, eloquent, verbose. Midr. Till. to Ps. 1:5 ed. Bub. (ref. to Prov. 15:7b) אלו המש׳וכ׳ this refers to those who are extremely fluent, but in whom there is not the sap of the Law; Yalk. Prov. 953 המוּשְׁפָּעִים. Pu. שוּפַּע; 1) to be made slanting; part. מְשוּפָּע, v. supra. 2) to be poured. Gen. R. s. 69 end; Yalk. ib. 120, v. 7, פַּךְ. Hithpa. הִשְׁתַּפֵּעַ to slant. Y.Erub.X, 26b bot. במִשְׁתַּפֵּעַ עשרהוכ׳ when the wall slants at the grade of ten hand-breadths to three.
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