-
121 Appert, Nicolas
SUBJECT AREA: Agricultural and food technology[br]b. 1749 Châlons-sur-Marne, France d. 1841[br]French confectioner who invented canning as a method of food preservation.[br]As the son of an inn keeper, Nicolas Appert would have learned about pickling and brewing, but he chose to become a chef and confectioner, establishing himself in the rue des Lombards in Paris in 1780. He prospered there until about 1795, and in that year he began experimenting in ways to preserve foodstuffs, succeeding with soups, vegetables, juices, dairy products, jellies, jams and syrups. His method was to place food in glass jars, seal the jars with cork and sealing wax, then sterilize them by immersion in boiling water for a predetermined time.In 1810 the French Government offered a 12,000 franc award to anyone succeeding in preserving high-quality foodstuffs for its army and navy. Appert won the award and in 1812 used the money to open the world's first food-bottling factory, La Maison Appert, in the town of Massey, near Paris. He established agents in all the major sea ports, recognizing the marine market as his most likely customer, and supplied products to Napoleon's troops in the field. By 1820 Appert's method was in use all over the United States, in spite of the simultaneous development of other containers of tin or other metals by an English merchant, Peter Durand, and the production of canned food products by the Bermondsey firm of Donkin \& Hall, London. The latter had opened the first canning factory in England in 1811.Initially Appert used glass jars and bottles, but in 1822 he changed to tin-plated metal cans. To heat the cans he used an autoclave, which heated the water to a temperature higher than its boiling point. A hammer and chisel were needed to open cans until the invention of a can opener by an Englishman named Yates in 1855. Despite Appert's successes, he received little financial reward and died in poverty; he was buried in a common grave.[br]Bibliography1810, L'Art de conserver pendant plusieurs années toutes les sustenances animales et végétales (the Société d'Encouragement pour l'Industrie Nationale produced a report in its annual bulletin in 1809).Further ReadingEnglish historians have tended to concentrate on Bryan Donkin, who established tin cans as the primary container for long-term food preservation.J.Potin, 1891, Biographie de Nicolas Appert.1960, Canning and Packing 2–5.AP -
122 financing
advance financing авансовое финансирование bridge financing промежуточное финансирование business financing финансирование предприятий car financing получение ссуды на приобретение автомобиля car financing финансирование покупки автомобиля central government financing правительственное финансирование compensatory financing копенсационное финансирование consumer financing финансирование потребителей creative financing гибкое финансирование credit financing кредитное финансирование customer financing финансирование покупателя debt financing погашение долга путем займа deficit financing дефицитное финансирование equity financing финансирование путем выпуска новых акций export financing финансирование экспорта external financing внешнее финансирование extra financing дополнительное финансирование financing финансирование financing by borrowing финансирование путем кредитования financing by commercials финансирование путем размещения коммерческой рекламы financing by mortgage credit loans финансирование путем выдачи ссуды под недвижимость financing of building operations финансирование строительных работ financing of operations финансирование работ financing through allocation of reserves финансирование путем распределения резервов financing through borrowing финансирование путем кредитования financing through liquidated capital финансирование за счет капитала в ликвидной форме import financing финансирование импорта industrial financing промышленное финансирование intermediate financing предварительное финансирование internal financing внутреннее финансирование loan financing кредитное финансирование loan financing ссудное финансирование loan financing финансирование путем получения займов mortgage financing ипотечное финансирование official financing государственное финансирование outside financing внешнее финансирование overall financing полное финансирование own financing самофинансирование sales financing финансирование реализации switch-type financing переход к финансированию более надежного клиента trade financing финансирование торговли -
123 business-to-consumer
- электронная коммерция по схеме "предприятие-покупатель"
- бизнес для клиента
бизнес для клиента
Экономическое взаимодействие между юридическим лицом и физическим лицом, и В2G (business-to-government) — экономическое взаимодействие между юридическим лицом и государственным или муниципальным учреждением. B2C это концепция построения бизнес-процессов предприятия и комплекс Интернет-технологий и инструментов, обеспечивающих повышение прозрачности предприятия и облегчающих его взаимодействие с клиентами.
[ http://navtel.uz/uzb/termin.html]Тематики
- электросвязь, основные понятия
EN
электронная коммерция по схеме "предприятие-покупатель"
Схема розничной торговли, по которой покупки через Интернет осуществляются в основном частными лицами.
Сектор рынка, ориентированный на работу с потребителями товаров или услуг. В сектор В2С входят электронные магазины, организации, торгующие продукцией через Интернет непосредственно для потребителей и др.[http://www.rol.ru/files/dict/internet/#].
[ http://www.morepc.ru/dict/]Тематики
EN
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > business-to-consumer
-
124 В2С
бизнес для клиента
Экономическое взаимодействие между юридическим лицом и физическим лицом, и В2G (business-to-government) — экономическое взаимодействие между юридическим лицом и государственным или муниципальным учреждением. B2C это концепция построения бизнес-процессов предприятия и комплекс Интернет-технологий и инструментов, обеспечивающих повышение прозрачности предприятия и облегчающих его взаимодействие с клиентами.
[ http://navtel.uz/uzb/termin.html]Тематики
- электросвязь, основные понятия
EN
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > В2С
См. также в других словарях:
Government procurement in the United States — is based on many of the same principles as commercial contracting, but is subject to special laws and regulation as described below. Persons entering into commercial contracts are pretty much free to do anything that they can agree on. Each… … Wikipedia
Customer to customer — (C2C) markets are innovative ways to allow customers to interact with each other. While traditional markets require business to customer relationships, in which a customer goes to the business in order to purchase a product or service. In… … Wikipedia
Customer satisfaction — Customer satisfaction, a term frequently used in marketing, is a measure of how products and services supplied by a company meet or surpass customer expectation. Customer satisfaction is defined as the number of customers, or percentage of total… … Wikipedia
Customer relationship management — (CRM) is a widely implemented strategy for managing a company’s interactions with customers, clients and sales prospects. It involves using technology to organize, automate, and synchronize business processes principally sales activities, but… … Wikipedia
Customer Account Data Engine — (CADE) is an update (currently under development) to the IRS e file system, used for filing United States income tax returns. Contents 1 Development 2 Benefits 2.1 Benefits to the Public 2.2 … Wikipedia
customer identification program — ( CIP) A proposed requirement under the Bank Secrecy Act that all financial institutions implement a written, risk based customer identification program, maintain information used to verify identities and compare the names of new customers… … Financial and business terms
Government contract — Contracting with the U.S. Government is based on many of the same principles as commercial contracting andcan be very profitable, but is sufficiently different from commercial contracting to require special care.Persons entering into commercial… … Wikipedia
Customer Service Excellence — The Customer Service Excellence, (previously the Charter Mark ) is an accreditation for organisations and an independent validation of achievement. Contents 1 History 2 Recipients 3 Assessment 4 See also … Wikipedia
Customer — For the British rock band, see The Clientele. A customer (also known as a client, buyer, or purchaser) is usually used to refer to a current or potential buyer or user of the products of an individual or organization, called the supplier, seller … Wikipedia
Information Sharing and Customer Outreach — The United States government s Information Sharing and Customer Outreach office or ISCO was one of five directorates within the office of the Chief Information Officer (CIO) under the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI). ISCO… … Wikipedia
American Customer Satisfaction Index — The American Customer Satisfaction Index (ACSI) is an economic indicator that measures the satisfaction of consumers across the U.S. economy. It is produced by the National Quality Research Center (NQRC) at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor … Wikipedia
