-
1 BEYOND
pella (a postposition in Quenya: Andúnë pella "beyond the West", elenillor pella "from beyond the stars"). Genuine prepositions meaning “beyond” are han, ava (outside) –Nam, MC:222, VT43:14, VT45:6 -
2 BE
Quenya uses forms of ná as the copula used to join adjectives, nouns or pronouns “in statements (or wishes) asserting (or desiring) a thing to have certain quality, or to be the same as another” (VT49:28). It may also denote a position, as in tanomë nauvan “I will be there” (VT49:19). PE17:68 mentions návë “being” as a “general infinitive” form; the gloss would suggest that návë may also be regarded as a gerund. Present tense ná “is” (Nam), pl. nar or nár ”are" (PE15:36, VT49:27, 30), dual nát (VT49:30). Also attested with various pronominal endings: nányë/nanyë “I am”, nalyë or natyë “you (sg.) are” (polite and familiar, respectively), nás “it is”, násë “(s)he is”, nalmë “we are” (VT49:27, 30). Some forms listed in VT49:27 are perhaps intended as aorist forms (nain “I am”, naityë/nailyë “you are”); VT49:30 however lists aorist forms with no intruding i (nanyë *“I am”, nalyë *”thou art”, ná “is”, nassë *”(s)he is”, nalmë *“we are”, nar “are”). Pa.t. nánë or né “was”, pl. náner/nér and dual nét “were” (VT49:6, 10, 27, 30). According to VT49:31, né “was” cannot receive pronominal endings (though nésë “he was” is attested elsewhere, VT49:28-29), and such endings are rather added to the form ane-, e.g. anen “I was”, anel “you were”, anes “(s)he/it was” (VT49:28). Future tense nauva "will be" (VT42:34, VT49:19; alternative form uva only in VT49:30) Perfect anaië “has been” (VT49:27, first written as anáyë). The form na may be used as imperative (na airë "be holy", VT43:14, alcar...na Erun "glory...be to God", VT44:34); this imperative na is apparently incorporated in the word nai "be it that" (misleading translation "maybe" in LotR). This nai can be combined with a verb to express a hope that something will happen (Nam: nai hiruvalyë Valimar, “may you find Valimar”) or if the verb is in the present rather than the future tense, that it is already happening (VT49:39: nai Eru lye mánata “God bless you” or *”may God be blessing you”). According to PE17:58, imperative na is short for á na with the imperative particle included. – Ná "is" appears with a short vowel (na) in some sources, but writers should probably maintain the long vowel to avoid confusion with the imperative na (and with the wholly distinct preposition na "to"). The short form na- may however be usual before pronominal suffixes. By one interpretation, na with a short vowel represents the aorist (VT49:27). – The word ëa is variously translated "is", "exists", "it is", "let it be". It has a more absolute meaning than ná, with reference to existence rather than being a mere copula. It may also be used (with prepositional phrases) to denote a position: i ëa han ëa “[our Father] who is beyond [the universe of] Eä” (VT43:12-14), i Eru i or ilyë mahalmar ëa “the One who is above all thrones” (UT:305). The pa.t. of this verb is engë, VT43:38, perfect engië or rarely éyë, future euva, VT49:29. – Fíriel's Song contains a word ye "is" (compare VT46:22), but its status in LotR-style Quenya is uncertain. – NOT BE, NOT DO: Also attested is the negative copula uin and umin "I do not, am not" (1st pers. aorist), pa.t. úmë. According to VT49:29, forms like ui “it is not”, uin(yë) “I am not”, uil(yë) *“you are not”, *uis *”(s)he is not” and uilmë *”we are not” are cited in a document dating from about 1968, though some of this was struck out. The monosyllable ú is used for “was not” in one text. The negation lá can be inflected for time “when verb is not expressed”. Tense-forms given: (aorist) lanyë “I do not, am not”; the other forms are cited without pronominal suffixes: present laia, past lánë, perfect alaië, future lauva, imperative ala, alá. MAY IT BE SO, see AMEN. –VT49:27-34, Nam/RGEO:67, VT43:34/An Introduction to Elvish:5, VT42:34,Silm:21/391, FS, UGU/UMU, VT49:13 -
3 OUTSIDE
(prepositions:) ara (beside), ava (beyond), (nouns:) ettë, etsë; (prefix:) ar- (e.g. Araman "outside Aman") –AR2; AWA, ET, Silm:428, VT45:13 -
4 OVER
or. With reference to movement over something (hence in effect *“across”), Tolkien considered the form olla “over” (= beyond, of things passed over, as in “I went over a river” or “they went over the hill”) –PE17:65 For "over" in the sense past, see PAST AND OVER. –UT:305
См. также в других словарях:
Beyond Good & Evil — Beyond Good Evil Pour les articles homonymes, voir Beyond Good and Evil. Beyond Good Evil … Wikipédia en Français
Beyond good & evil — Beyond Good Evil Pour les articles homonymes, voir Beyond Good and Evil. Beyond Good Evil … Wikipédia en Français
Beyond Budgeting — Beyond Budgeting[1] (in jüngerer Zeit auch Beta Kodex genannt; deutsch sinngemäß „Budgetierung überwinden“) ist eine 1998 in England initiierte Forschungsinitiative und ein Managementmodell für Organisationen jeder Art jenseits von Weisung und… … Deutsch Wikipedia
Beyond the Sun — Beyond the Sun … Википедия
Beyond Good \x26 Evil — Beyond Good Evil Saltar a navegación, búsqueda Beyond Good and Evil Desarrolladora(s) Ubisoft Montpellier Ubisoft Mil … Wikipedia Español
Beyond My Control (chanson) — Beyond My Control Beyond My Control Single par Mylène Farmer extrait de l’album L autre... Face A Beyond My Control (New Radio Remix) Face B Beyond My Control (Smooth Mix) Sortie Avril 1992 Durée 4:20 … Wikipédia en Français
Beyond my control — Single par Mylène Farmer extrait de l’album L autre... Face A Beyond My Control (New Radio Remix) Face B Beyond My Control (Smooth Mix) Sortie Avril 1992 Durée 4:20 … Wikipédia en Français
Beyond my control (single) — Beyond My Control Beyond My Control Single par Mylène Farmer extrait de l’album L autre... Face A Beyond My Control (New Radio Remix) Face B Beyond My Control (Smooth Mix) Sortie Avril 1992 Durée 4:20 … Wikipédia en Français
Beyond My Control — Single par Mylène Farmer extrait de l’album L autre... Face A Beyond My Control (New Radio Remix) Face B Beyond My Control (Smooth Mix) Sortie Avril 1992 Durée … Wikipédia en Français
Beyond the Fringe — was a British comedy stage revue written and performed by Peter Cook, Dudley Moore, Alan Bennett, and Jonathan Miller. It played in Britain s West End and on New York s Broadway in the early 1960s, and is widely regarded as seminal to the rise of … Wikipedia
Beyond the Invisible — «Beyond the Invisible» … Википедия
