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1 nir-
vb. "press, thrust, force in a given direction" "Though applicable to the pressure of a person on others, by mind and 'will' as well as by physical strength, this verb could also be used of physical pressures exerted by inanimates." Given as a 1st person aorist nirin VT41:17. Pa.t. probably *nindë since the R of nir- was originally D the base is given as NID; compare rer- pa.t. rendë from RED concerning the past tense -
2 airë
1 adj. "holy", \#Airefëa "the Holy Spirit" VT43:37, dative airefëan on the previous page, airetári or Airë Tári "holy queen" a title of Varda, PM:363, genitive aire-tário "holy-queen's" Nam, RGEO:67. However, according to PM:363, airë is the noun "sanctity", while aira is the adjective "holy". VT43:14 refers to an etymological note of "Sept.-Oct. 1957" where airë is said to be a noun "sanctity, holiness", and the adjective "holy" is given as airëa. However, the verb \#airita- "hallow" seems to be formed from an adjective airë, airi- "holy". Evidently airë can function as both adjective "holy" and noun "holiness"; if so airë as adj. could represent a primitive adjective *gaisi, whereas airë as noun may descend from*gaisē. The former but not the latter would have the stem airi- as observed in the derived verb \#airita-, and compounds like airetári rather than *airitári would seem to contain properly the noun "holiness". 2 noun "sea" the form airen is given, intended as a genitive singular when Tolkien wrote this; in LotR-style Quenya it would rather be a dative sg. AYAR/AIR; cf. airon 3 noun "eternity" EY, VT45:13 -
3 lár
1 noun "league", a linear measure, 5000 rangar q.v.. A ranga was approximately 38 inches, so a lár was "5277 yards, two feet and four inches ca. 4826 m, supposing the equivalence to be exact" - close enough to our league of 5280 yards to justify this translation. The basic meaning of lár is "pause";in marches a brief halt was made for each league. UT:285 2 noun "ear" ?. Tolkien's wording is not clear, but ¤lasū is given as an ancient dual form "pair of ears"; Quenya lár could represent the old singular las- LASsup2/sup. In a post-LotR source, Tolkien derives hlas ear dual hlaru from a stem SLAS PE17:62. Initial hl- rather than l- reflects the revised form of the stem LAS becoming SLAS, and in the later version of the phonology, postvocalic -s does not become -r when final. Compare the noun dream, given as olor in the Etymologies LOS, but as olos pl. olori in a later source UT:396 -
4 ces-(Þ)
k, to search for something, to examine something in order to find something; the root meaning is given as enquire of, question, examine something. Cesë parma to look in a book for a passage or information required; here the aorist stem cesë is used as infinitive. Notice that ces- here takes a simple direct object parma not locative *parmassë, despite the translation. Past tense cense Þ given, replacing the phonologically expected form centë also cited. PE17:156 -
5 vanya
1 adj. "fair" FS, "beautiful" BAN, a word referring to beauty that is due to lack of fault, or blemish PE17:150, hence Arda Vanya as an alternative to Arda Alahasta for Arda Unmarred ibid., compare MR:254. Nominal pl. Vanyar "the Fair", the first clan of the Eldar; the original meaning of this stem was "pale, light-coloured, not brown or dark" WJ:382, 383, stem given as WAN, properly = white complexion and blonde hair PE17:154, stem given as GWAN; stems BAN vs. WAN discussed, see PE17:150. -
6 nengwë
stem *nengwi-, given the primitive form ¤neñ-wi noun "nose", pl. nengwi given NEÑ-WI -
7 sindë(þ)
adj. "grey, pale or silvery grey" the Vanyarin dialect preserves the older form þindë WJ:384, THIN; in SA:thind the form given is sinda, cf. also sindanóriello "from a grey country" in Namárië. Sindë and sinda are apparently variants of the same word. Stem sindi-, given the primitive form ¤thindi; cf. Sindicollo q.v. -
8 hyellë
noun "glass" KHYELES, VT45:23; the later source also provides the unglossed form hyelma, which may be a synonym of hyellë; alternatively hyellë could be "glass" as a substance, whereas hyelma rather refers to "a glass" as a drinking vessel. In later sources, cilin or calca is given as the word for "glass". -
9 taltil(taltill-)
pl. taltilli given noun "toe" VT47:10 -
10 mi
prep. "in, within" MI, VT27:20, VT44:18, 34, VT43:30; the latter source also mentions the variant imi; mí "in the" Nam, RGEO:66; CO gives mi; the correct forms should evidently be mi = "in" and mí = mi i "in the"; VT49:35 also has mí with a long vowel, though the gloss is simply in. Used in PE17:71 cf. 70 of people clad in various colours, e.g. mi mísë in grey. Allative minna "to the inside, into" MI, also mina VT43:30. The forms mimmë and mingwë seem to incorporate pronominal suffixes for "us", hence ?"in us", inclusive and exclusive respectively. The pronoun -mmë denoted plural inclusive "we" when this was written, though Tolkien would later make it dual instead see -mmë. Second person forms are also given: mil or milyë *"in you" sg., millë "in you" pl. VT43:36. A special use of mi appears in the phrase Wendë mi Wenderon "Virgin of Virgins" VT44:18; here mi appears superfluous to achieve the desired meaning, but this combination of singular noun + mi + plural genitive noun may be seen as a fixed idiom expressing that the initial noun represents the most prominent member of a class. -
11 fernë
noun "beech-tree" pl. ferni given. Also feren. PHER/PHÉREN -
12 tap-
vb. "stop, block" the form tapë given in the Etymologies is translated "he stops, blocks", evidently the 3rd person sg. aorist. In Etym as printed in LR, a was misprinted as á, cf. VT46:17. Pa.t. tampë TAP -
13 axë
ks noun neck the bony part of the neck, not including throat, pl. axi given. Also sg. acas the alternative form axë is said to be later and seems to be an analogical back-formation from the pl. axi. The word is also used geographically of rock ridges. PE17:92 -
14 mer-
vb. "wish, desire, want" the form merë given in Etym seems to be the 3rd person sg. aorist, *"wishes, desires, wants"; pa.t. mernë MER -
15 lúnë
stem *lúni-, given the primitive form ¤lugni adj. "blue" LUGsup2/sup, LT1:262; later sources rather give luinë, with pl. form luini in Namárië. According to VT45:29, lúnë in the Etymologies was changed by Tolkien from lúna. -
16 ecco
"k" noun "spine". In the Etymologies as printed in LR, entry EK/EKTE, the gloss is given as "spear", but according to VT45:12 this is a misreading of Tolkien's manuscript. -
17 nwalya-
vb. "to pain, torment" ÑGWAL; this must represent earlier *ñwalya = *ngwalya; these forms are not given in Etym, but compare nwalmë above. In Tengwar writing, the initial NW would be represented by the letter nwalmë. -
18 váquet-
vb. 1st pers. aorist váquetin and 1st pers. past tense váquenten are given "to say no" not denying that something is true, but denying to do or to allow something: "to say I will not/do not"; "to refuse", "to forbid" WJ:370, 371 -
19 carpa-
k 2 intransitive vb. talk, speak, use tongue pa.t. carampë given. PE17:126 -
20 venno
noun "husband" cited as **verno in the Etymologies as printed in LR, entry BES, but according to VT45:7, this is a misreading of Tolkien's manuscript. In a later source, the word for husband is given as veru, q.v.
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