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1 GIVE
anta- (pa.t. \#antanë is attested in VT49:14 [antanen “I gave”], though the pa.t. “gave” was ánë in early "Qenya", QL:31; possibly both forms are valid in later Quenya as well). In one text, Tolkien apparently used ana as the imperative "give!", but the text was rewritten and this may have been an ephemeral form (VT44:13). GIVE INSTRUCTIONS TO, see INSTRUCT. GIVER antë (f), anto (m) (the latter word from Etym is probably obsoleted by anto "mouth" in LotR:1157 – an alternative word for "[male] giver" might be *antando). Another fem. word for "giver" is \#ánië, isolated from massánië (see BREAD-GIVER). –ANA, VT44:13, PM:404 -
2 GIVE BIRTH
nosta- (but in later sources, nosta- is glossed "beget", q.v.) –LT1:272 -
3 BEGET
nosta- (glossed "give birth" in earlier sources), onta- (pa.t. ónë or ontanë) (create); BEGETTER \#nostar (see note below), also ontar with gender-specific forms ontaro (m.), ontarë or ontari (f.) (parent). (In LotR, the form nostari "begetters, parents" occurs; sg \#nostar. Nostari was changed from ontari in Tolkien's first draft [see SD:73], so he may have scrapped ontaro, ontarë in favour of \#nostar [or m. *nostaro, f. *nostarë???] Did he also reject the verb onta- in favour of nosta-?) –SD:73, VT44:7, ONO, LotR:1017 cf. Letters:308 -
4 BIRTH, BIRTHDAY
nosta; GIVE BIRTH nosta- (but in later sources, nosta- is glossed "beget", q.v.) –LT1:272 -
5 BREAD
massa ( masta; LIFE-BREAD (= lembas) coimas (either *coimass- or coimast-, cf. massa, masta "bread"), BREAD-GIVER (fem.) massánië (title of the "Lady" or the highest among the elven-women of any people, she having the right to keep or give away lembas bread). –VT43:18, MBAS, Silm:406/429, PM:404 -
6 GREAT
túra (big), hoa (large), (great in size:) alta (large) (The form alat- is used in compounds when the next word has an initial vowel, as in Alatairë. Tolkien's gloss of alta, alat- was actually illegible, and I give the root meaning of the stem ÁLAT. The meaning of the Quenya word cannot differ too widely from it, for Alatairë is said to correspond to "Noldorin" Belegoer [in LotR-style Sindarin Belegaer], The Great Sea.) – An early [TLT] word for "great", velicë, is possibly obsolete in LotR-style Quenya: In LT1:254 velicë is said to correspond to Gnomish beleg, but according to LR:352 the stem from which beleg is derived is "not found in Q[uenya]". In post-LotR material the words velca, velcë briefly turned up, apparently meaning “large, great, big”, but Tolkien rejected these forms as well.) –PE17:115, ÁLAT, cf. BEL, cf. Silm:428, LT1:254 -
7 HE, HIM
(personal 3rd sg. pronoun): As a pronominal suffix, the entire 3rd person singular “he, she, it” is expressed by the ending -s, e.g. caris *“(s)he/it does” (VT49:16, 48). Sometimes a verb with no pronominal ending whatsoever implies a subject “he, she, it”, e.g. nornë “he ran” (PE17:58), fírië “she has breathed forth” (MR:250), tinë “it glints” (TIN). A distinctly masculine ending -ro does occur in early material (antaváro “he will give”, LR:63), but was apparently abandoned by Tolkien. The ending -s may also appear in the “rare” longer form -së (VT49:51, descended from older -sse, VT49:20), perhaps distinctly personal (cf. násë “he [or she] is” vs. nás “it is”, VT49:27, 30). The ending -s is also attested in object position, e.g. melinyes “I love him” (VT49:21; this could also mean *”I love her” or *”I love it”). “He/she” (or even “it”, when some living thing is concerned) does have a distinct form when it appears as an independent pronoun: se (VT49:37), also with a long vowel (sé, VT49:51) when stressed. (Contrast the use of sa for “it” with reference to non-living things.) The independent form may also appear in object position: melin sé, “I love him [/her]” (VT49:21). Case endings may be added, e.g. allative sena or senna “at him [/her]”, “to him/her” (VT49:14, 45-46); se also appears suffixed to a preposition in the word ósë *”with him/her” (VT43:29). A distinct pronoun hé can be used for “he/she” = “the other”, as in a sentence like “I love him (sé) but not him (hé).” Genitive HIS/HER (or ITS, of a living thing) would normally appear as the ending -rya, e.g. coarya “his house” (WJ:369), máryat “her hands” (Nam), the latter with a dual ending following -rya. “His/her” as an independent word could be *senya (compare ninya “my” vs. ni “I”, nin “for me”). – Reflexive pronoun, see HIMSELF. –VT49:16, 51, VT43:29, VT49:15, LotR:1008 -
8 HOME
már (also used of the "home" or native land of peoples). The stem mar- occurs in the phrase hon-maren, q.v. in the Quenya-English wordlist. VT45:33 and VT46:13 give mar "home, dwelling" with stem mard-, but in Fíriel's Song, this is used = "earth" instead (i-mar "the earth", ablative mardello). Short form mar as the final element of compounds: Eldamar "Elvenhome"; the vowel is also short in Mar-nu-falmar, "the Land [lit. Home] under the Waves". – The word ambar, usually translated "world", is also associated with "home, dwelling" in one source. –Silm:408, 428, VT46:13 -
9 INDEED
(interjection) é. Can be prefixed to sentences, as in e man antaváro? "What will he give indeed?" (LR:63); this e would seem to be a short variant of é. –VT45:11, LR:63 -
10 INSTRUCT
(Tolkien’s gloss: “give instructions to”) pëanta- –QL:72 -
11 JERK
(vb) rihta- (give quick twist or move), (noun:) rinca (twitch, trick, sudden move) –RIK(H), VT46:11 cf. RIK(H) -
12 LADY
heri –KHER, LT1:272 (GL:45 has quimellë). A quite different word which Tolkien also translated "Lady" is massánië, literally "breadgiver", the title of the "Lady" or the highest among the elven-women of any people, she having the right to keep or give away lembas bread. See PM:404. -
13 TWITCH
(verb:) rihta- (jerk, give quick twist or move), (noun:) rinca (jerk, trick, sudden move) –RIK(H), VT46:11 cf. RIK(H) -
14 WED
verya-; the verb is intransitive and the person wedded appears in the allative (veryanen senna *”I married him/her”, compare English “get married to”). The word verya- also means “dare”, but since this is transitive and would always be followed by a direct object, the two verbs can be distinguished. – Transitive verta- means “to give in marriage” or “to take as husband or wife” (to oneself). In an earlier source, Tolkien gave the verb “to wed” as vesta-. Noun WEDDING veryanwë (going with verya- and verta-); in an earlier source, Tolkien gave this word as vestalë. Veryanwë is also attested with pronominal suffixes: veryanwesta, genitive veryanwesto “(of) your wedding”, with a dual form of “your”; also veryanweldo with a plural “your”. –VT49:45, BES, WED
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