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  • 61 Stevens

    m.
    1 Stevens, George Stevens.
    2 Stevens, Stanley Smith Stevens.
    3 Stevens, Wallace Stevens.

    Spanish-English dictionary > Stevens

  • 62 win hands down

    выиграть без труда, шутя, легко одержать победу; ≈ в два счёта одолеть [этим. спорт. бросить поводья, так как победа обеспечена (о жокее)]; см. тж. hands down

    And turning to George he said: ‘She's a clipper. She'll win hands down.’ (J. Galsworthy, ‘In Chancery’, part I, ch. II) — И, повернувшись к Джорджу, он сказал: - Лошадка классная. Она возьмет приз без труда.

    Will you and Tiernan come in with me and Edstrom to take over the city and run it during the next two years? If you will, we can win hands down. (Th. Dreiser, ‘The Titan’, ch. XXXV) — Не хотите ли вы с Тирненом присоединиться ко мне и Эдстрому и годика на два забрать город в свои руки? Если мы будем действовать сообща, мы можем победить, даже пальцем не пошевельнув.

    Of course, he told himself savagely, if only Smith hadn't been so damned ladylike in his tactics they'd have won hands down. (A. J. Cronin, ‘The Northern Light’, part II, ch. I) — Конечно, с яростью говорил он себе, если бы Смит так не церемонился, они бы в два счета одолели этого типа.

    Large English-Russian phrasebook > win hands down

  • 63 Beebe, Ford

    1888-1978
       Ford Beebe es, sin duda, uno de los reyes de los seriales. Dirigio un buen punado de ellos a lo largo de su medio siglo de carrera como director, con frecuencia compartiendo realizacion con alguno de sus colegas especialista en ese quehacer. Westerns, peliculas de ciencia ficcion, de misterio, comedias, dramas; todo vale para este profesional, del que se recuerda su Flash Gordon Conquers the Universe (1940), serial en 12 episodios, cuya realizacion compartio con Ray Taylor. Nada es demasiado interesante en la obra de Ford Beebe, aunque cumple su funcion.
        The Vanishing Legion (co-d.: B. Reeves Eason). 1931. 220 minutos. 12 capitulos. Blanco y Negro. Mascot. Harry Carey, Edwina Booth.
        The Last of the Mohicans (El ocaso de los mohicanos) (co-d.: B. Reeves Eason). 1932. 231 minutos. 12 capitulos. Blanco y Negro. Mascot. Harry Carey, Hobarth Bosworth, Edwina Booth.
        Law Beyond the Range (Balas de papel). 1935. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Tim McCoy, Billie Seward, Walter Brennan.
        Man from Guntown. 1935. 61 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Puritan. Tim McCoy, Billie Seward.
        Stampede. 1936. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Finis Barton.
        Wild West Days (co-d.: Clifford Smith). 1937. 268 minutos. 13 capitulos. Blanco y Negro. Universal. Johnny Mack Brown, Lynn Gilbert, George Shelley, Frank Yaconelli, Bob Kortman.
        The Oregon Trail (co-d.: Saul A. Goodkind). 1939. 320 minutos. 15 capitu los. Blanco y Negro. Universal. Johnny Mack Brown, Louise Stanley, Fuzzy Knight.
        Oklahoma Frontier. 1939. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Universal. Johnny Mack Brown, Anne Gwynne, Fuzzy Knight, Bob Baker.
        Winners of the West (co-d.: Ray Taylor). 1940. 247 minutos. 13 episodios. Blanco y Negro. Universal. Dick Foran, Anne Nagel.
        Son of Roaring Dan. 1940. 63 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Universal. Johnny Mack Brown, Nell O’Day, Jeanne Kelly, Fuzzy Knight.
        Riders of Death Valley (Los jinetes de la muerte) (co-d.: Ray Taylor). 1941. 283 minutos. 15 episodios. Blanco y Negro. Universal. Dick Foran, Leo Carrillo, Jeanne Kelly.
        The Masked Rider. 1941. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Universal. Johnny Mack Brown, Nell O’Day, Virginia Carroll, Fuzzy Knight.
        Overland Mail (co-d.: John Rawlins). 1942. 279 minutos. 15 episodios. Blanco y Negro. Universal. Lon Chaney, Jr., Helen Parrish, Don Terry.
        Frontier Badman (co-d.: William McGann).1943. 80 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Universal. Diana Barrymore, Robert Paige.
        Six Gun Serenade. 1947. 54 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Monogram. Jimmy Wakely, Lee “Lasses” White, Kay Morley.
        Courtin’ Trouble. 1948. 56 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Monogram. Jimmy Wakely, Dub Taylor, Virginia Belmont.
        Satan’s Craddle. 1949. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. UA. Duncan Renaldo, Leo Carrillo, Ann Savage.
        The Dalton Gang. 1949. 58 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Lippert. Don Barry, Robert Lowery, Julie Adams.
        Red Desert. 1949. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Lippert. Don Barry, Jack Holt, Margia Dean.
        Wagons West. 1952. 70 minutos. Cinecolor. Monogram. Rod Cameron, Peggie Castle.

    English-Spanish dictionary of western films > Beebe, Ford

  • 64 Friedlander, Louis

    1901-1962 (o Lew Landers)
       Louis Friedlander, o Lew Landers, es un caso notable de fecundidad filmica. Mas de 150 peliculas lo contemplan entre 1934 y 1962, ano de su muerte.
       Dirigio dramas, peliculas de aventuras, comedias, peliculas belicas y de ciencia-ficcion, de ambiente criminal y, por supuesto, westerns. Un buen punado de ellos, sobre todo filmes de serie y un par de seriales. Estamos ante un director competente que hizo todo lo que se podia hacer con el material que se ponia en sus manos. Son justamente famosas El cuervo (The Raven, 1935), con Boris Karloff, basada en el relato de Edgar Allan Poe, Blind Alibi (1938), de ambiente opresivo, y el western Bad Lands, donde hace gala de un uso preciso de los primeros planos. Estas dos ultimas peliculas son productos RKO, productora para la que Friedlander trabajo extensamente, como, por otra parte, para Universal, Columbia, Republic o PRC.
        The Red Rider. 1934. 15 capitulos. Blanco y Negro. Universal. Buck Jones, Grant Whiters, Marion Shilling.
        The Rustlers of Red Dog. 1935. 231 minutos. 12 capitulos. Blanco y Negro. Universal. Johnny Mack Brown, Raymond Hatton, Joyce Compton.
        Stormy (La marca de Cain). 1935. 69 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Universal. Fred Kohler, Jean Rogers.
        Border Cafe. 1937. 69 minutos. Blanco y Negro. RKO. Harry Carey, Armida.
        The Girl and the Gambler. 1939. 63 minutos. Blanco y Negro. RKO. Leo Carrillo, Tim Holt, Steffi Duna.
        Bad Lands. 1939. 70 minutos. Blanco y Negro. RKO. Robert Barrat, Noah Beery, Jr., Guinn Williams, Francis Ford.
        Wagons Westward (La caravana del Oeste). 1940. 70 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Chester Morris, Anita Louise, Buck Jones.
        Ridin’ on a Rainbow. 1941. 79 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Gene Autry, Smiley Burnette, Carol Adams.
        Back in the Saddle. 1941. 73 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Gene Autry, Smiley Burnette, Jacqueline Wells.
        The Singing Hill. 1941. 75 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Gene Autry, Smiley Burnette, Virginia Dale.
        Deerslayer. 193. 67 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Republic. Bruce Kellogg, Jean Parker, Larry Parks.
        Cowboy Canteen. 1944. 72 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Charles Starrett, Jane Frazee, Tex Ritter, Barbara Jo Allen.
        Swing in the Saddle. 1944. 69 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Jane Frazee, Guinn Williams, Slim Summerville.
        Black Arrow (Flecha negra) (co-d.: B. Reeves Eason). 1944. 15 capitulos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Robert Scott, Adele Jergens.
        Death Valley. 1946. 72 minutos. Cinecolor. Screen Guild. Lobert Lowery, Nat Pendleton, Helen Gilbert.
        Thunder Mountain. 1947. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. RKO. Tim Holt, Martha Hyer, Richard Martin.
        Under the Tonto Rim. 1947. 61 minutos. Blanco y Negro. RKO. Tim Holt, Nan Leslie, Richard Martin.
        Adventures of Gallant Bess. 1948. 71 minutos. Cinecolor. Eagle-Lion. Cameron Mitchell, Audrey Long, Fuzzy Knight.
        Stagecoach Kid. 1949. 60 minutos. Blanco y Negro. RKO. Tim Holt, Richard Martin, Carolyn Hugues.
        Law of the Barbary Coast. 1949. 65 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Columbia. Gloria Henry, Stephen Dunne, Adele Jergens.
        Davy Crockett, Indian Scout. 1950. 71 minutos. Blanco y Negro. UA. George Montomery, Ellen Drew, Philip Reed.
        Dynamite Pass. 1950. 61 minutos. Blanco y Negro. RKO. Tim Holt, Richard Martin, Lynne Roberts.
        When the Redskins Rode. 1951. 78 minutos. Supercinecolor. Columbia. Jon Hall, Mary Castle.
        California Conquest (El hidalgo). 1952. 79 minutos. Technicolor. Columbia. Cornel Wilde, Teresa Wright.
        Captain John Smith and Pocahontas. 1953. 75 minutos. Pathecolor. UA. Anthony Dexter, Jody Lawrence, Alan Hale, Jr.

    English-Spanish dictionary of western films > Friedlander, Louis

  • 65 Le Borg, Reginald

    1902-1989
       Vienes de nacimiento, discipulo de Max Reinhardt, llega a Hollywood en la decada de los 30 y no se consolida como realizador hasta 1943, despues de dirigir una veintena de cortometrajes musicales, muchos de ellos de notable calidad, para Universal. A partir de entonces empieza a rodar sobre todo filmes de terror y, de nuevo, musicales, cuyo nivel no alcanza, por lo general, el minimo exigido. Continua con obras de otros generos y entre ellas un punado de westerns honestos que adolecen de falta de medios y poca elaboracion de los guiones. Hasta 1974, saca adelante como puede casi cincuenta largometrajes, que no le hacen conseguir una posicion distinguida dentro del cine clasico de Hollywood.
        The Adventures of Don Coyote. 1947. 65 minutos. Cinecolor. UA. Frances Rafferty, Richard Martin.
        Young Daniel Boone. 1950. 71 minutos. Cinecolor. Monogram. David Bruce, Kristine Miller.
        Wyoming Mail (El correo de la muerte). 1950. 87 minutos. Technicolor. Universal. Stephen McNally, Alexis Smith. Howard De Silva.
        The Great Jesse James Raid. 1953. 73 minutos. Anscocolor. Lippert. Willard Parker, Barbara Payton, Tom Neal.
        War Drums. 1957. 75 minutos. Color DeLuxe. Bel-Air (UA). Lex Barker, Joan Taylor, Ben Johnson.
        The Dalton Girls. 1957. 71 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Bel-Air (UA). Penny Edwards, Sue George, Merry Anders, Lisa Davis.

    English-Spanish dictionary of western films > Le Borg, Reginald

  • 66 Miner, Allen H.

    1917-2004
       Nacido en Filadelfia, estudio en la Universidad de Yale. La filmografia de Allen H. Miner la forman siete largometrajes, mas un amplio numero de realizaciones para la television. De los siete largometrajes, tres son westerns, rodados al principio de su carrera y razonablemente bien construidos. La pelicula mas personal de Miner es, sin ningun genero de dudas, el documental The Naked Sea (1955), que produjo, dirigio, monto y fotografio.
        Ghost Town. 1956. 75 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Bel-Air (UA). Kent Taylor, John Smith, Marian Carr.
        The Ride Back (El retorno del forajido). 1957. 79 minutos. Blanco y Negro. The Associates and Aldrich Company (UA). William Conrad, Anthony Quinn, Lita Milan.
        Black Patch. 1957. 83 minutos. Blanco y Negro. Montgomery Productions (WB). George Montgomery, Diane Brewster.

    English-Spanish dictionary of western films > Miner, Allen H.

  • 67 Использованная литература

       ■ Achtemeier, Paul J., ed. Harper's Bible Dictionary. New York: Harper & Row, 1985. Angeles, Peter A. Dictionary of Christian Theology. San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1985. Atkinson, David J., David F. Field,
       ■ Arthur Holmes, Oliver О'Donovan, eds. New Dictionary of Christian Ethics and Pastoral Theology. Downers Grove, 111.: Inter Varsity Press, 1994. Bowden, John. Who s Who in Theology. New York: Crossroad, 1991.
       ■ Brauer, Jerald C, ed. The Westminster Dictionary of Church History. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1971.
       ■ Buttrick, George A., ed. Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible. 4 vols. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1962.
       ■ Childress, James F., and John Macquarrie, eds. The Westminster Dictionary of Christian Ethics. Rev. ed. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1986.
       ■ Coggins, R. J., and J. L. Houlden, eds. A Dictionary of Biblical Interpretation. Philadelphia: Trinity Press International, 1990.
       ■ Crim, Keith, ed. Interpreter s Dictionary of the Bible, Supplement. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1976.
       ■ Cross, Frank L., and E. A. Livingstone, eds. Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. 2d ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1974.
       ■ Davies, J. G., ed. The New Westminster Dictionary of Liturgy and Worship. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1986.
       ■ Douglas, J. D., ed. The New International Dictionary of the Christian Church. Rev. ed. Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House, 1974.
       ■ Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge. 2d ed. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1991.
       ■ Douglas, J. D., Walter A. Elwell, and Peter Toon, eds. Concise Dictionary of the Christian Tradition. Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House, 1989.
       ■ Edwards, Paul, ed. The Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 4 vols. New York: Free Press, 1973.
       ■ Elwell, Walter A., ed. Evangelical Dictionary of Theology. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1984.
       ■ Erickson, Millard J. Concise Dictionary of Christian Theology. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1986.
       ■ Ferguson, Sinclair, David F Wright, and J. I. Packer, eds. New Dictionary of Theology. Downers Grove, ill.: InterVarsity Press, 1988.
       ■ Freedman, David Noel, et al., eds. The Anchor Bible Dictionary. 6 vols. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Co., 1992.
       ■ Gehman, Henry Snyder, ed. The New Westminster Dictionary of tile Bible. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1970.
       ■ Harvey, Van A. A Handbook of Theological Terms. New York: MacmillanCo., 1964.
       ■ Hauck, F., and G. Schwinge. Theologisches Fach- und Fremdwôrterbuch. Gôttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1987.
       ■ Hexham, Irving. Concise Dictionary of Religion. Downers Grove, ill.: InterVarsity Press, 1993.
       ■ Kauffman, Donald T. The Dictionary of Religious Terms. Westwood, N.J.: Fleming H. Revell Co., 1967.
       ■ Kelly, Joseph F The Concise Dictionary of Early Christianity. Collegeville, Minn.: Liturgical Press, 1992.
       ■ Komonchak, Joseph, et al., eds. The New Dictionary of Theology. Collegeville, Minn.: Liturgical Press, 1990.
       ■ Lewis, Charlton T., and Charles A. Short. A Latin Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1879.
       ■ MacGregor, Geddes. Dictionary of Religion and Philosophy. New York: Paragon House, 1989. McBrien, Richard P. Catholicism. Rev. ed. San Francisco: Harper San-Francisco, 1995.
       ■ McKim, Donald K., ed. Encyclopedia of the Reformed Faith. Louisville, Ky.: Westminster/John Knox Press, 1992.
       ■ Muller, Richard A. Dictionary of Latin and Greek Theological Terms. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1985.
       ■ Musser, Donald W., and Joseph L. Price, eds. A New Handbook of Christian Theology. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1992.
       ■ Pfatteicher, Philip H. A Dictionary of Liturgical Terms. Philadelphia: Trinity Press International, 1991.
       ■ Rahner, Karl, ed. Encyclopedia of Theology: Tlie Concise Sacra-mentum Mundi. Rev. abr. ed. New York: Crossroad, 1975.
       ■ Ramm, Bernard. Handbook of Contemporary Theology. Grand Rapids: Wm, B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1966.
       ■ Reid, Daniel G., et al., eds. Dictionary of Christianity in America: A Comprehensive Resource on the Religious Impulse That Shaped a Continent. Downers Grove, ill.: InterVarsity Press, 1990.
       ■ Richardson, Alan. Theological Word Book of the Bible. New York: MacmillanCo., 1951.
       ■ Richardson, Alan, and John Bowden, eds. The Westminster Dictionary of Christian Theology. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1983.
       ■ Russell, Letty M., and J. Shannon Clarkson, eds. Dictionary of Feminist Theologies. Louisville, Ky.: Westminster John Knox Press, 1996.
       ■ Smith, Jonathan Z., and William Scott Green, eds. The HarperCollins Dictionary of Religion. San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1995.
       ■ Wakefield, Gordon S., ed. The Westminster Dictionary of Christian Spirituality. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1983.
       ■ Ziefle, Helmut W. Dictionary of Modern Theological German. 2d ed. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1992.

    Westminster dictionary of theological terms > Использованная литература

  • 68 Cotchett, Thomas

    SUBJECT AREA: Textiles
    [br]
    fl. 1700s
    [br]
    English engineer who set up the first water-powered textile mill in Britain at Derby.
    [br]
    At the beginning of the eighteenth century, silk weaving was one of the most prosperous trades in Britain, but it depended upon raw silk worked up on hand twisting or throwing machines. In 1702 Thomas Cotchett set up a mill for twisting silk by water-power at the northern end of an island in the river Derwent at Derby; this would probably have been to produce organzine, the hard twisted thread used for the warp when weaving silk fabrics. Such mills had been established in Italy beginning with the earliest in Bologna in 1272, but it would appear that Cotchett used Dutch silk-throwing machinery that was driven by a water wheel that was 13½ ft (4.1 m) in diameter and built by the local engineer, George Sorocold. The enterprise soon failed, but it was quickly revived and extended by Thomas and John Lombe with machinery based on that being used successfully in Italy.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    D.M.Smith, 1965, Industrial Archaeology of the East Midlands, Newton Abbot (provides an account of Cotchett's mill).
    W.H.Chaloner, 1963, "Sir Thomas Lombe (1685–1739) and the British silk industry", History Today (Nov.).
    R.L.Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester (a brief coverage of the development of early silk throwing mills).
    Technology, Part 9, Textile Technology: spinning and reeling, Cambridge (covers the diffusion of the techniques of the mechanization of the silk-throwing industry from China to the West).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Cotchett, Thomas

  • 69 Electricity

    [br]
    Thomson, Sir William

    Biographical history of technology > Electricity

  • 70 Forrester, Jay Wright

    [br]
    b. 14 July 1918 Anselmo, Nebraska, USA
    [br]
    American electrical engineer and management expert who invented the magnetic-core random access memory used in most early digital computers.
    [br]
    Born on a cattle ranch, Forrester obtained a BSc in electrical engineering at the University of Nebraska in 1939 and his MSc at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, Massachusetts, where he remained to teach and carry out research. Becoming interested in computing, he established the Digital Computer Laboratory at MIT in 1945 and became involved in the construction of Whirlwind I, an early general-purpose computer completed in March 1951 and used for flight-simulation by the US Army Air Force. Finding the linear memories then available for storing data a major limiting factor in the speed at which computers were able to operate, he developed a three-dimensional store based on the binary switching of the state of small magnetic cores that could be addressed and switched by a matrix of wires carrying pulses of current. The machine used parallel synchronous fixed-point computing, with fifteen binary digits and a plus sign, i.e. 16 bits in all, and contained 5,000 vacuum tubes, eleven semiconductors and a 2 MHz clock for the arithmetic logic unit. It occupied a two-storey building and consumed 150kW of electricity. From his experience with the development and use of computers, he came to realize their great potential for the simulation and modelling of real situations and hence for the solution of a variety of management problems, using data communications and the technique now known as interactive graphics. His later career was therefore in this field, first at the MIT Lincoln Laboratory in Lexington, Massachusetts (1951) and subsequently (from 1956) as Professor at the Sloan School of Management at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    National Academy of Engineering 1967. George Washington University Inventor of the Year 1968. Danish Academy of Science Valdemar Poulsen Gold Medal 1969. Systems, Man and Cybernetics Society Award for Outstanding Accomplishments 1972. Computer Society Pioneer Award 1972. Institution of Electrical Engineers Medal of Honour 1972. National Inventors Hall of Fame 1979. Magnetics Society Information Storage Award 1988. Honorary DEng Nebraska 1954, Newark College of Engineering 1971, Notre Dame University 1974. Honorary DSc Boston 1969, Union College 1973. Honorary DPolSci Mannheim University, Germany. Honorary DHumLett, State University of New York 1988.
    Bibliography
    1951, "Data storage in three dimensions using magnetic cores", Journal of Applied Physics 20: 44 (his first description of the core store).
    Publications on management include: 1961, Industrial Dynamics, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press; 1968, Principles of Systems, 1971, Urban Dynamics, 1980, with A.A.Legasto \& J.M.Lyneis, System Dynamics, North Holland. 1975, Collected Papers, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT.
    Further Reading
    K.C.Redmond \& T.M.Smith, Project Whirlwind, the History of a Pioneer Computer (provides details of the Whirlwind computer).
    H.H.Goldstine, 1993, The Computer from Pascal to von Neumann, Princeton University Press (for more general background to the development of computers).
    Serrell et al., 1962, "Evolution of computing machines", Proceedings of the Institute of
    Radio Engineers 1,047.
    M.R.Williams, 1975, History of Computing Technology, London: Prentice-Hall.
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Forrester, Jay Wright

  • 71 Hedley, William

    [br]
    b. 13 July 1779 Newburn, Northumberland, England
    d. 9 January 1843 Lanchester, Co. Durham, England
    [br]
    English coal-mine manager, pioneer in the construction and use of steam locomotives.
    [br]
    The Wylam wagonway passed Newburn, and Hedley, who went to school at Wylam, must have been familiar with this wagonway from childhood. It had been built c.1748 to carry coal from Wylam Colliery to the navigable limit of the Tyne at Lemington. In 1805 Hedley was appointed viewer, or manager, of Wylam Colliery by Christopher Blackett, who had inherited the colliery and wagonway in 1800. Unlike most Tyneside wagonways, the gradient of the Wylam line was insufficient for loaded wagons to run down by gravity and they had to be hauled by horses. Blackett had a locomotive, of the type designed by Richard Trevithick, built at Gateshead as early as 1804 but did not take delivery, probably because his wooden track was not strong enough. In 1808 Blackett and Hedley relaid the wagonway with plate rails of the type promoted by Benjamin Outram, and in 1812, following successful introduction of locomotives at Middleton by John Blenkinsop, Blackett asked Hedley to investigate the feasibility of locomotives at Wylam. The expense of re-laying with rack rails was unwelcome, and Hedley experimented to find out the relationship between the weight of a locomotive and the load it could move relying on its adhesion weight alone. He used first a model test carriage, which survives at the Science Museum, London, and then used a full-sized test carriage laden with weights in varying quantities and propelled by men turning handles. Having apparently satisfied himself on this point, he had a locomotive incorporating the frames and wheels of the test carriage built. The work was done at Wylam by Thomas Waters, who was familiar with the 1804 locomotive, Timothy Hackworth, foreman smith, and Jonathan Forster, enginewright. This locomotive, with cast-iron boiler and single cylinder, was unsatisfactory: Hackworth and Forster then built another locomotive to Hedley's design, with a wrought-iron return-tube boiler, two vertical external cylinders and drive via overhead beams through pinions to the two axles. This locomotive probably came into use in the spring of 1814: it performed well and further examples of the type were built. Their axle loading, however, was too great for the track and from about 1815 each locomotive was mounted on two four-wheeled bogies, the bogie having recently been invented by William Chapman. Hedley eventually left Wylam in 1827 to devote himself to other colliery interests. He supported the construction of the Clarence Railway, opened in 1833, and sent his coal over it in trains hauled by his own locomotives. Two of his Wylam locomotives survive— Puffing Billy at the Science Museum, London, and Wylam Dilly at the Royal Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh—though how much of these is original and how much dates from the period 1827–32, when the Wylam line was re-laid with edge rails and the locomotives reverted to four wheels (with flanges), is a matter of mild controversy.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    P.R.B.Brooks, 1980, William Hedley Locomotive Pioneer, Newcastle upon Tyne: Tyne \& Wear Industrial Monuments Trust (a good recent short biography of Hedley, with bibliography).
    R.Young, 1975, Timothy Hackworth and the Locomotive, Shildon: Shildon "Stockton \& Darlington Railway" Silver Jubilee Committee; orig. pub. 1923, London.
    C.R.Warn, 1976, Waggonways and Early Railways of Northumberland, Newcastle upon Tyne: Frank Graham.
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Hedley, William

  • 72 Kirkaldy, David

    [br]
    b. 4 April 1820 Mayfield, Dundee, Scotland
    d. 25 January 1897 London, England
    [br]
    Scottish engineer and pioneer in materials testing.
    [br]
    The son of a merchant of Dundee, Kirkaldy was educated there, then at Merchiston Castle School, Edinburgh, and at Edinburgh University. For a while he worked in his father's office, but with a preference for engineering, in 1843 he commenced an apprenticeship at the Glasgow works of Robert Napier. After four years in the shops he was transferred to the drawing office and in a very few years rose to become Chief. Here Kirkaldy demonstrated a remarkable talent both for the meticulous recording of observations and data and for technical drawing. His work also had an aesthetic appeal and four of his drawings of Napier steamships were shown at the Paris Exhibition of 1855, earning both Napier and Kirkaldy a medal. His "as fitted" set of drawings of the Cunard Liner Persia, which had been built in 1855, is now in the possession of the National Maritime Museum at Greenwich, London; it is regarded as one of the finest examples of its kind in the world, and has even been exhibited at the Royal Academy in London.
    With the impending order for the Royal Naval Ironclad Black Prince (sister ship to HMS Warrior, now preserved at Portsmouth) and for some high-pressure marine boilers and engines, there was need for a close scientific analysis of the physical properties of iron and steel. Kirkaldy, now designated Chief Draughtsman and Calculator, was placed in charge of this work, which included comparisons of puddled steel and wrought iron, using a simple lever-arm testing machine. The tests lasted some three years and resulted in Kirkaldy's most important publication, Experiments on Wrought Iron and Steel (1862, London), which gained him wide recognition for his careful and thorough work. Napier's did not encourage him to continue testing; but realizing the growing importance of materials testing, Kirkaldy resigned from the shipyard in 1861. For the next two and a half years Kirkaldy worked on the design of a massive testing machine that was manufactured in Leeds and installed in premises in London, at The Grove, Southwark.
    The works was open for trade in January 1866 and engineers soon began to bring him specimens for testing on the great machine: Joseph Cubitt (son of William Cubitt) brought him samples of the materials for the new Blackfriars Bridge, which was then under construction. Soon The Grove became too cramped and Kirkaldy moved to 99 Southwark Street, reopening in January 1874. In the years that followed, Kirkaldy gained a worldwide reputation for rigorous and meticulous testing and recording of results, coupled with the highest integrity. He numbered the most distinguished engineers of the time among his clients.
    After Kirkaldy's death, his son William George, whom he had taken into partnership, carried on the business. When the son died in 1914, his widow took charge until her death in 1938, when the grandson David became proprietor. He sold out to Treharne \& Davies, chemical consultants, in 1965, but the works finally closed in 1974. The future of the premises and the testing machine at first seemed threatened, but that has now been secured and the machine is once more in working order. Over almost one hundred years of trading in South London, the company was involved in many famous enquiries, including the analysis of the iron from the ill-fated Tay Bridge (see Bouch, Sir Thomas).
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland Gold Medal 1864.
    Bibliography
    1862, Results of an Experimental Inquiry into the Tensile Strength and Other Properties of Wrought Iron and Steel (originally presented as a paper to the 1860–1 session of the Scottish Shipbuilders' Association).
    Further Reading
    D.P.Smith, 1981, "David Kirkaldy (1820–97) and engineering materials testing", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 52:49–65 (a clear and well-documented account).
    LRD / FMW

    Biographical history of technology > Kirkaldy, David

  • 73 Medical technology

    [br]
    Chamberlen, Peter (the elder)
    Fabricius, Hieronymus
    Lister, Joseph
    Marton, Ladislaus

    Biographical history of technology > Medical technology

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