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61 near cash
!гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:"consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;" "the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;" "strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and"the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:"the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and"the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)"Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and"Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.More information about DEL and AME is set out below.In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets."Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest."Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:"Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and"The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:"provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;" "enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;" "introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and"not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:"an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;" "an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;" "to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with"further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.This document was updated on 19 December 2005.Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money————————————————————————————————————————"GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money"————————————————————————————————————————GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money————————————————————————————————————————GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.———————————————————————————————————————— -
62 advertising
сущ.1) рекл. реклама (совокупность каких-л. рекламных объявлений; обычно употребляется с указанием места, где размещается данная реклама)Over 60 percent of alcohol advertising [on television\] is shown during sports programming
Asian governments have attempted to limit excessive consumptions by instituting strict control over the content and amount of advertising in the media.
Advertising [on buses\] is one of the important advertising means to which companies and establishments attach great importance because this type of advertisement is a mobile one seen by all.
two-thirds of the food and drink advertising for children under 12 — две трети всей рекламы продуктов питания для детей младше 12-ти лет
Last month, 10 companies that produce almost two-thirds of the food and drink advertising [for children\] under 12 agreed to start cutting back on advertising junk foods.
No person shall within the city distribute [printed\] advertising by placing it within or upon parked automobiles.
2) рекл. реклама, рекламирование (процесс осуществления рекламы; как правило, употребляется с указанием рекламируемого продукта)Alcohol advertising is the promotion of alcoholic beverages by alcohol producers through a variety of media.
the control of medicines advertising in the UK — контроль за рекламой лекарств в Соединенном Королевстве
ATTRIBUTES: accessory 2. 1), advance 3. 2), aerial 3. 1), agricultural, air 2. 1),
alternative 2. 3), ambient 1. 1), audiovisual, auxiliary 2. 1), block 1. 4) а), boastful, broadcast 2. 1), n1, classified 1. 1), commercial 1. 4) а), comparative, competing 1. 1) а), competitive 1. 2) а), concept 1. 2) а), consumer 1. 1) а), continuity 1. 1) а), controversial 1. 1) а), cooperative 2. 1), n2, coordinated, corporate 1. 2) а), б, corrective 1. 1), creative, deceptive, demographic, denigratory, dissipative, domestic 1. 2) а),
foreign 1) б), global, professional 1. 3) б), regional, repeat 3. 3) б), strategic, superior 3. 1) б), test 3. 3) б), traditional
Syn:See:accessory advertising, advance advertising, advocacy advertising, aerial advertising, agricultural advertising, air advertising, aisle advertising, alternative advertising, ambient advertising, analogy advertising, association advertising, audiovisual advertising, auxiliary advertising, bait advertising, bait and switch advertising, bait-and-switch advertising, bank advertising, banner advertising, bargain advertising, bargain-basement advertising, block advertising, boastful advertising, brand advertising, brand image advertising, brand name advertising, breakthrough advertising, broadcast advertising, burst advertising, business advertising, business paper advertising, business publication advertising, business-to-business advertising, car-card advertising, cause advertising, challenged advertising, charity advertising, children's advertising, cinema advertising, classified advertising, combative advertising, commercial advertising, comparative advertising, comparison advertising, competing advertising, competitive advertising, concept advertising, consumer advertising, continuity advertising, controversial advertising, co-op advertising, cooperative advertising, coordinated advertising, corporate advertising, corporate image advertising, corrective advertising, counter advertising, counteradvertising, coupon advertising, creative advertising, deceptive advertising, demographic advertising, demonstration advertising, denigratory advertising, direct advertising, direct response advertising, direct-action advertising, direct mail advertising, direct-mail advertising, directory advertising, display advertising, dissipative advertising, domestic advertising, door-to-door advertising, educational advertising, electric advertising, electrical advertising, e-mail based advertising, entertaining advertising, ethical advertising, export advertising, eye-catching advertising, factual advertising, false advertising, farm advertising, fashion advertising, film advertising, financial advertising, flexform advertising, follow-up advertising, foreign advertising, fraudulent advertising, full-page advertising, gender advertising, general advertising, generic advertising, global advertising, goodwill advertising, group advertising, hard-sell advertising, hard-selling advertising, heavy advertising, help wanted advertising, high-pressure advertising, house advertising, house-to-house advertising, idea advertising, illuminated advertising, image advertising, impact advertising, indirect action advertising, indirect-action advertising, individual advertising, indoor advertising, industrial advertising, information advertising, informational advertising, informative advertising, in-house advertising, initial advertising, innovative advertising, institutional advertising, in-store advertising, insurance advertising, international advertising, interstate advertising, introductory advertising, intrusive advertising, issue advertising, joint advertising, large-scale advertising, launch advertising, legal advertising, local advertising, mail advertising, mail-order advertising, mass advertising, mass-media advertising, media advertising, military advertising, misleading advertising, mobile advertising, mood advertising, movie theatre advertising, multimedia advertising, multinational advertising, national advertising, non-business advertising, non-commercial advertising, novelty advertising, obtrusive advertising, offbeat advertising, off-season advertising, on-line advertising, on-target advertising, opinion advertising, oral advertising, outdoor advertising, out-of-home advertising, package advertising, periodical advertising, personality advertising, persuasive advertising, point-of-purchase advertising, point-of-sale advertising, political advertising, postal advertising, postcard advertising, poster advertising, postmark advertising, pre-launch advertising, premium advertising, press advertising, prestige advertising, price advertising, primary advertising, print advertising, private sector advertising, problem-solution advertising, procurement advertising, producer advertising, product advertising, product-comparison advertising, professional advertising, promotional advertising, public relations advertising, public sector advertising, public service advertising, public-affairs advertising, public interest advertising, public-issue advertising, public-service advertising, radio advertising, railway advertising, reason-why advertising, recruitment advertising, regional advertising, reinforcement advertising, remembrance advertising, reminder advertising, repeat advertising, retail advertising, retentive advertising, saturation advertising, scented advertising, screen advertising, seasonal advertising, selective advertising, self-advertising, semi-display advertising, show-window advertising, sky advertising, slide advertising, social advertising, social cause advertising, soft-sell advertising, specialty advertising, split-run advertising, spot advertising, store advertising, strategic advertising, street advertising, strip advertising, subliminal advertising, sustaining advertising, switch advertising, tactical advertising, target advertising, taxi top advertising, teaser advertising, television advertising, test advertising, testimonial advertising, tie-in advertising, tombstone advertising, total advertising, trade advertising, trademark advertising, traditional advertising, transformational advertising, transit advertising, transportation advertising, truthful advertising, truth-in-advertising, two-step formal advertising, unacceptable advertising, unfair advertising, untruthful advertising, visual advertising, vocational advertising, wall advertising, word-of-mouth advertising, written advertising, yellow pages advertising, advertising abuse, advertising action, advertising aids, advertising analysis а), advertising appeal, advertising approach, advertising audience, advertising awareness, advertising balance, advertising band, advertising believability, advertising break, advertising brochure, advertising catalogue, advertising circular, advertising claim 1) а), advertising clutter, advertising column, advertising communication, advertising competition 2) а), advertising copy, advertising coupon, advertising credibility, advertising cue, advertising decay, advertising deception, advertising device, advertising emphasis, advertising exaggeration, advertising exposure 2) а), advertising factor а), advertising film, advertising folder, advertising frequency, advertising gift, advertising gimmick, advertising handbill, advertising hoarding, advertising image, advertising impact, advertising impression, advertising influence, advertising insert, advertising intensity, advertising jingle, advertising label, advertising leaflet, advertising letter, advertising literature 1) а), advertising location, advertising magazine, advertising material, advertising matter, advertising media, advertising medium, advertising novelty, advertising operation 2) а), advertising page, advertising pamphlet, advertising panel, advertising penetration, advertising perception, advertising personality, advertising playback, advertising point, advertising posttest, advertising pretest, advertising puffery, advertising pylon, advertising race, advertising readership, advertising recall, advertising response, advertising retention, advertising sample, advertising section 2) а), advertising site, advertising slogan, advertising space, advertising specialty, advertising sponsorship, advertising spoof, advertising spot, advertising standards, advertising structure, advertising supplement, advertising test, advertising testing, advertising text, advertising threshold, advertising time, advertising vehicle, advertising wearout, advertising wedge, Canadian Code of Advertising Standards, Code of Advertising Practice, Defining Advertising goals for Measured Advertising Results, Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act, ICC Guidelines / Code on Advertising and Marketing on the Internet, ICC International Code of Advertising Practice, ICC International Code of Environmental Advertising, ICC International Codes of Marketing and Advertising Practices, Standard Advertising Register, Standard Directory of Advertising Agencies, Standards of Practice of the American Association of Advertising Agencies, Advertising Association, Advertising Association of the West, Advertising Checking Bureau, Advertising Club of New York, Advertising Council, Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc. 2), Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc., Advertising Council, Inc.3) рекл. рекламное дело, рекламная деятельность, рекламный бизнес (реклама как вид деятельности безотносительно каких-л. конкретных продуктов; реклама как одна из функций организации)advertising counsellor [consultant\] — рекламный консультант, консультант по рекламе
advertising expert — рекламный эксперт, эксперт по рекламе
Syn:See:above-the-line advertising, below-the-line advertising, flat fee advertising, investment advertising, per inquiry advertising, advertising account, advertising activity, advertising agency, advertising agent, advertising agreement, advertising allowance, advertising analysis б), advertising appropriation, advertising assistant, advertising audit, advertising brief, advertising broker, advertising budget, advertising business, advertising campaign, advertising canvasser, advertising claim 2) б), advertising club, advertising code, advertising community, advertising company, advertising competition 1) б), advertising contract, advertising contractor, advertising control, advertising cooperative, advertising copywriting, advertising cost, advertising coverage, advertising customer, advertising department, advertising director, advertising directory, advertising drive, advertising effect, advertising effectiveness, advertising efficiency, advertising environment, advertising ethics, advertising exchange, advertising executive, advertising expenditures, advertising expenses, advertising exposure 1) б), &3, advertising factor б), advertising firm, advertising guide, advertising industry, advertising injury, advertising landscape, advertising legislation, advertising leverage, advertising liability, advertising linage, advertising literature 2) б), advertising man, advertising management, advertising manager, advertising method, advertising mix, advertising monopoly, advertising network, advertising objective, advertising office, advertising operation 1) б), advertising order, advertising outcome, advertising outlay, advertising output, advertising people, advertising performance, advertising personnel, advertising plan, advertising planner, advertising planning, advertising portfolio, advertising practice, advertising practitioner, advertising professional, advertising programme, advertising purpose, advertising rate, advertising register, advertising representative, advertising research, advertising restrictions, advertising sales agents, advertising schedule, advertising section 1) б), advertising self-regulation, advertising services, advertising specialist, advertising spending, advertising statistics, advertising strategy, advertising substantiation, advertising support, advertising talent, advertising theory, advertising value, advertising variable, advertising weight, media buy, copywriting, advertology
* * *
реклама, рекламирование: использование печатных, теле-, радио- и иных посланий, оплаченных рекламодателем, для благоприятного воздействия на потенциальных покупателей товара или клиентов.* * *размещение объявлений; размещение рекламы; рекламирование. . Словарь экономических терминов .* * *эмоционально окрашенная информация об основных характеристиках отдельных видов страхования и страховых операций с целью формирования устойчивого спроса на страховые услуги-----средство распространения информации и убеждения людей через прессу, телевидение, радиовещание, объявления, плакаты и другим образом -
63 DCS
1) Компьютерная техника: Data Converting System, Desktop Color System, Digital Command Signal, Distributed Computing Suite, digital cross-connect system2) Авиация: Departure Control System, автоматизированная система контроля отправки пассажиров, Disignated Certification Specialist, double channel simplex, система управления отправками3) Военный термин: Defence Communications System, Defense Communications System, Defense Construction Service, Defense Courier Service, Deputy Chief of Staff, Aviation, Deputy Chief of Staff, Manpower, Digital Cell Site, Director, Comptroller Systems, Division Cavalry Squadron, Dynamic Coordinate System, data collection system, data communications system, data control system, data conversion system, deputy chief of staff, design change summary, destruct command system, digital command system, digital communications system, digital control system, direction center, standby, division clearing station, drone control system, Department of Combat Support (U. S. Army Command and General Staff College)4) Техника: Defense communications service, data conditioning system, data gathering system, deflection coil set, diagnostic control store, differential cross-section, digital access and cross connect system, digital countdown system, direct couple system, direct-current sensor, director comptroller system, document control system, double-channel-simplex, double-cotton single-silk insulation, РСУ (распределенная система управления), АСУ ТП5) Химия: Распределенная система управления, РСУ (Distributed control systems (DCS) are used in industrial and civil engineering applications to monitor and control distributed equipment with remote human intervention.)6) Религия: Divorce Care And Support7) Грубое выражение: Damn Chicken Spies9) Полиграфия: (desktop color separation) формат представления изображения, включающий четыре цветоделенных PostScript-файла в CMYK10) Политика: Democratic Clinton Supporter11) Телекоммуникации: Digital Cellular System, Digital Cross Connect, цифровая сотовая связь12) Сокращение: Data Collection Site (MODS report abbreviation), Defence Communications System (USA), Defense Construction Service (Denmark), Defense Courier Service (USA), Depot Computer System, Digital Camera System, Digital Computer System, Direct Commercial Sales, Direct Connect System (transports letters from the AFCS directly to a DBCS/OSS - planned for year 2004)13) Университет: Department Of Campus Safety14) Электроника: Dichlorosilane, Digitally Controlled Squelch15) Вычислительная техника: desktop color separation, digital color separation, distributed computer system, Digital Colour System (Adobe, Photoshop), Digital Cross-connect System (DEC), Defense Communications System (Mil., USA), Digital Cellular System (Mobile-Systems), Data sharing Control System (NEC), Digital Control System (NEC)17) Связь: Digital Communications Standard/System18) Фирменный знак: Diamond Computer Systems19) Экология: система сбора данных, система сбора информации20) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: РСК (Distributed Control System), распределительная система контроля (Distributed Control System)21) Производство: (Distributed Control System) Распределенная система управления22) Сетевые технологии: Digital Crosspoint Switch, data communication system, distributed computing system, distributed control system, распределённая система управления, сигнал цифровой команды, система передачи данных, устройство передачи данных23) Автоматика: diagnostic communication system, display control system24) Телефония: Data Collaboration Server25) Сахалин Р: Design Contract Specific, Distribution Control System26) Сахалин А: automated drilling process control system, data. collection system27) Химическое оружие: Data Collection Sheet28) Авиационная медицина: decompression sickness29) Макаров: differential cross section30) Безопасность: Device Control String, Disaster Control Squad31) Расширение файла: Desktop Color Separation file, Direct Coupled System, Quark Desktop Color Separation EPS file Bitmap graphics, Datafile (ACT! Activity Files)32) Энергосистемы: (ПТК - программно-технический комплекс), распределенная система контроля33) Нефть и газ: УБТ34) Карачаганак: direct control system35) Общественная организация: Downriver Community Services36) Чат: Database Connection Services37) NYSE. Doncasters, P. L. C.39) Хобби: Doll Collectors Society40) Федеральное бюро расследований: Domestic Contact Service of the CIA -
64 DCs
1) Компьютерная техника: Data Converting System, Desktop Color System, Digital Command Signal, Distributed Computing Suite, digital cross-connect system2) Авиация: Departure Control System, автоматизированная система контроля отправки пассажиров, Disignated Certification Specialist, double channel simplex, система управления отправками3) Военный термин: Defence Communications System, Defense Communications System, Defense Construction Service, Defense Courier Service, Deputy Chief of Staff, Aviation, Deputy Chief of Staff, Manpower, Digital Cell Site, Director, Comptroller Systems, Division Cavalry Squadron, Dynamic Coordinate System, data collection system, data communications system, data control system, data conversion system, deputy chief of staff, design change summary, destruct command system, digital command system, digital communications system, digital control system, direction center, standby, division clearing station, drone control system, Department of Combat Support (U. S. Army Command and General Staff College)4) Техника: Defense communications service, data conditioning system, data gathering system, deflection coil set, diagnostic control store, differential cross-section, digital access and cross connect system, digital countdown system, direct couple system, direct-current sensor, director comptroller system, document control system, double-channel-simplex, double-cotton single-silk insulation, РСУ (распределенная система управления), АСУ ТП5) Химия: Распределенная система управления, РСУ (Distributed control systems (DCS) are used in industrial and civil engineering applications to monitor and control distributed equipment with remote human intervention.)6) Религия: Divorce Care And Support7) Грубое выражение: Damn Chicken Spies9) Полиграфия: (desktop color separation) формат представления изображения, включающий четыре цветоделенных PostScript-файла в CMYK10) Политика: Democratic Clinton Supporter11) Телекоммуникации: Digital Cellular System, Digital Cross Connect, цифровая сотовая связь12) Сокращение: Data Collection Site (MODS report abbreviation), Defence Communications System (USA), Defense Construction Service (Denmark), Defense Courier Service (USA), Depot Computer System, Digital Camera System, Digital Computer System, Direct Commercial Sales, Direct Connect System (transports letters from the AFCS directly to a DBCS/OSS - planned for year 2004)13) Университет: Department Of Campus Safety14) Электроника: Dichlorosilane, Digitally Controlled Squelch15) Вычислительная техника: desktop color separation, digital color separation, distributed computer system, Digital Colour System (Adobe, Photoshop), Digital Cross-connect System (DEC), Defense Communications System (Mil., USA), Digital Cellular System (Mobile-Systems), Data sharing Control System (NEC), Digital Control System (NEC)17) Связь: Digital Communications Standard/System18) Фирменный знак: Diamond Computer Systems19) Экология: система сбора данных, система сбора информации20) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: РСК (Distributed Control System), распределительная система контроля (Distributed Control System)21) Производство: (Distributed Control System) Распределенная система управления22) Сетевые технологии: Digital Crosspoint Switch, data communication system, distributed computing system, distributed control system, распределённая система управления, сигнал цифровой команды, система передачи данных, устройство передачи данных23) Автоматика: diagnostic communication system, display control system24) Телефония: Data Collaboration Server25) Сахалин Р: Design Contract Specific, Distribution Control System26) Сахалин А: automated drilling process control system, data. collection system27) Химическое оружие: Data Collection Sheet28) Авиационная медицина: decompression sickness29) Макаров: differential cross section30) Безопасность: Device Control String, Disaster Control Squad31) Расширение файла: Desktop Color Separation file, Direct Coupled System, Quark Desktop Color Separation EPS file Bitmap graphics, Datafile (ACT! Activity Files)32) Энергосистемы: (ПТК - программно-технический комплекс), распределенная система контроля33) Нефть и газ: УБТ34) Карачаганак: direct control system35) Общественная организация: Downriver Community Services36) Чат: Database Connection Services37) NYSE. Doncasters, P. L. C.39) Хобби: Doll Collectors Society40) Федеральное бюро расследований: Domestic Contact Service of the CIA -
65 G1
1) Военный термин: Personnel and Administration Staff at Corps and Division, Assistant Chief of Staff, G1 (Personnel), personnel section (officer)2) Сокращение: General Staff, Personnel (British Army)3) Военно-политический термин: Personnel Administration Section4) Ebay. First Generation (or 2G / G2 for Second Generation, and so on) -
66 steel
сталь || стальной- abrasion-resistant steel
- acid Bessemer steel
- acid electric steel
- acid open-hearth steel
- acid steel
- acid-resisting steel
- age-hardenable steel
- ageing steel
- aircraft structural steel
- air-hardened steel
- air-hardening steel
- air-melted steel
- alkaliproof steel
- alkali-resistant steel
- alloy steel
- alloy tool steel
- alloyed steel
- alphatized steel
- aluminized steel
- aluminum grain-refined steel
- aluminum steel
- aluminum-coated steel
- aluminum-nickel steel
- aluminum-stabilized steel
- anchor steel
- angle steel
- annealed steel
- anticorrosion steel
- arc-furnace steel
- armco steel
- ausaging steel
- ausforming steel
- austenitic manganese steel
- austenitic Ni-Cr stainless steel
- austenitic stainless steel
- austenitic steel
- austenitic-carbidic steel
- austenitic-intermetallic steel
- automatic steel
- automobile steel
- axle steel
- bainitically heat-treated steel
- balanced steel
- ball bearing steel
- banding steel
- bandsaw steel
- bar steel
- basic Bessemer steel
- basic converter steel
- basic open-hearth steel
- basic oxygen steel
- bearing steel
- bearing-grade steel
- beaten steel
- beryllium steel
- Bessemer steel
- blanking steel
- blister steel
- blue steel
- boiler steel
- boron steel
- bottle-top steel
- bottom-run steel
- bright drawing steel
- bright steel
- bright-drawn steel
- bright-finished steel
- bronze steel
- bulb steel
- bulb-angle steel
- burned steel
- capped steel
- carbon nitrided steel
- carbon steel
- carbon tool steel
- carbonized steel
- carbon-martensite steel
- carbon-molybdenum steel
- carbon-vacuum deoxidized steel
- carburized steel
- carburizing steel
- case-hardened steel
- case-hardening steel
- cast steel
- cemented steel
- chain steel
- chilled steel
- chisel steel
- chrome steel
- chrome-manganese steel
- chrome-molybdenum steel
- chrome-nickel steel
- chrome-nickel-alloy steel
- chrome-nickel-molibdenum steel
- chrome-plated steel
- chrome-tungsten steel
- chrome-vanadium steel
- chromium steel
- chromium tool steel
- chromium-aluminum steel
- chromium-cobalt steel
- chromium-copper steel
- chromium-manganese steel
- chromium-molibdenum steel
- chromium-nickel steel
- chromium-nickel-molybdenum steel
- chromium-silicon steel
- chromium-tungsten steel
- chromium-tungsten-vanadium steel
- chromized steel
- clad steel
- cobalt steel
- cobalt-nickel steel
- coiled steel
- cold work steel
- cold-drawn steel
- cold-heading steel
- cold-rolled steel
- columbium-stabilized steel
- commercial forging steel
- commercial quality steel
- commercial steel
- common steel
- composite steel
- compound steel
- concrete-prestressing steel
- concrete-reinforcing steel
- constructional steel
- consumable electrode vacuum-melted steel
- controlled rimming steel
- converted steel
- converter steel
- copper steel
- copper-bearing steel
- copper-chromium steel
- copperclad steel
- copper-nickel steel
- copper-plated steel
- corrosion-resistant steel
- corrosion-resisting steel
- corrugated sheet steel
- CQ steel
- creep-resisting steel
- crucible steel
- crude steel
- cutlery-type stainless steel
- cyanided steel
- damascus steel
- damask steel
- DDQ steel
- dead-hard steel
- dead-melted steel
- dead-soft steel
- deep drawing quality steel
- deep drawing steel
- deep-hardening steel
- degasified steel
- deoxidized steel
- diamond tread steel
- die steel
- direct-process steel
- dirty steel
- dopped steel
- double-reduced steel
- double-refined steel
- double-shear steel
- drawn steel
- drill steel
- duplex steel
- dynamo sheet steel
- dynamo steel
- easily deformable steel
- EDD steel
- effervescent steel
- electric furnace steel
- electric steel
- electric tool steel
- electrical furnace steel
- emergency steel
- eutectoid steel
- exotic steel
- exposed quality steel
- extra deep drawing steel
- extrafine steel
- extrahard steel
- extrahigh tensile steel
- extrasoft steel
- face-hardened steel
- fagoted steel
- fashioned steel
- fast-finishing steel
- fast-machine steel
- faulty steel
- ferrite steel
- ferritic stainless steel
- ferritic steel
- fiery steel
- figured steel
- file steel
- fine steel
- fine-grained steel
- finished steel
- first quality steel
- flange steel
- flat steel
- flat-bulb steel
- flat-rolled steel
- forge steel
- forged steel
- forging die steel
- forging steel
- free-cutting steel
- free-machining steel
- fully deoxidized steel
- fully finished steel
- galvanized steel
- gear steel
- general purpose steel
- glass-hard steel
- grade steel
- graphitic steel
- graphitizable steel
- gun barrels steel
- gun steel
- Hadfield steel
- half-hard steel
- Halvan tool steel
- hammered steel
- hard cast steel
- hard steel
- hard-chrome steel
- hardened steel
- hard-grain steel
- heat-resistant steel
- heat-treated steel
- heavily alloyed steel
- heavy-fagoted steel
- heavy-melting steel
- hexagonal steel
- high-alloy steel
- high-carbon steel
- high-chromium steel
- high-cobalt steel
- high-creep strength steel
- high-ductility steel
- high-elastic limit steel
- higher-carbon steel
- high-grade steel
- high-hardenability core steel
- high-hardenability steel
- high-manganese steel
- high-nickel steel
- high-permeability steel
- high-quality steel
- high-resistance steel
- high-speed steel
- high-strength low alloy steel
- high-strength steel
- high-sulphur steel
- high-temperature steel
- high-tensile steel
- hollow drill steel
- hot die steel
- hot-brittle steel
- hot-rolled steel
- hot-work steel
- hot-working die steel
- hot-working steel
- HSLA steel
- H-steel
- hypereutectoid steel
- hyperpearlitic steel
- hypoeutectoid steel
- hypopearlitic steel
- Indian steel
- induction furnace steel
- induction vacuum melted steel
- ingot steel
- intermediate-alloy steel
- iron-chromium stainless steel
- irreversible steel
- killed steel
- knife steel
- knife-blade steel
- lead-coated steel
- leaded steel
- lean alloy steel
- ledeburitic steel
- light gage steel
- liquid-compressed steel
- loman steel
- low earing steel
- low-alloy steel
- low-alloyed steel
- low-carbon steel
- low-ductility steel
- low-expansion steel
- low-hardenability steel
- low-hardening steel
- low-manganese steel
- low-nickel steel
- low-phosphorus steel
- low-texture steel
- machine-tool steel
- magnet steel
- mandrel steel
- manganese steel
- manganese-killed steel
- manganese-silicon steel
- maraging steel
- martempering steel
- martensitic steel
- mechanically capped steel
- medium alloy steel
- medium-carbon steel
- medium-hard steel
- medium-strength steel
- medium-temper steel
- merchant steel
- mild steel
- milling steel
- mixed steel
- molybdenum steel
- needled steel
- nickel steel
- nickel-chrome steel
- nickel-chrome-molybdenum steel
- nickel-chromium steel
- nickel-chromium-molybdenum steel
- nickel-clad steel
- nickel-molybdenum steel
- nitrided steel
- nonaging steel
- noncorrosive steel
- nondeforming steel
- nonhardening steel
- nonmagnetic steel
- nonpiping steel
- nonrustic steel
- nonshrinking steel
- nonstrain-aging steel
- normal steel
- octagon steel
- oil-hardening steel
- open-hearth steel
- open-poured steel
- ordinary steel
- oriented steel
- overblown steel
- overheated steel
- over-reduced steel
- oxidation-resisting steel
- paragon steel
- pearlitic steel
- perished steel
- permanent-magnet steel
- PH steel
- piled steel
- pipe steel
- piped steel
- plain carbon steel
- plain steel
- planished sheet steel
- planished steel
- plate steel
- plow steel
- pneumatic steel
- polished sheet steel
- polished steel
- pot steel
- powder metallurgical compacted steel
- powdered metal high-speed steel
- precipitation-hardening steel
- precision steel
- pressure vessel steel
- primary steel
- puddle steel
- puddled steel
- punching steel
- purified steel
- PV steel
- QT steel
- quality steel
- quenched-and-tempered steel
- quick-cutting steel
- quick-speed steel
- rail steel
- railway structural steel
- rapid machining steel
- rapid steel
- raw steel
- red-hard steel
- refined steel
- refining steel
- refractory steel
- reinforcing steel
- rephosphorized steel
- resilient steel
- resulphurized steel
- rimmed steel
- rimming steel
- rising steel
- rivet steel
- rolled section steel
- rolled steel
- roller-bearing steel
- rose steel
- round steel
- rustless steel
- rust-resisting steel
- saw steel
- scrap steel
- screw steel
- secondary steel
- section steel
- selenium steel
- self-hardening steel
- semideoxidized steel
- semifinished steel
- semikilled steel
- shallow-hardening steel
- shape steel
- shear steel
- shearing steel
- sheet steel
- shock-resisting steel
- Siemens-Martin steel
- silchrome steel
- silicon steel
- silicon-killed steel
- silicon-manganese steel
- silver steel
- simple steel
- skelp steel
- slowly cooled steel
- soft steel
- special steel
- special treatment steel
- spheroidized steel
- spotty steel
- spring steel
- stabilized steel
- stainless clad steel
- stainless steel
- standard steel
- stock steel
- strain-aged steel
- stress-relieved annealed steel
- strip steel
- strong steel
- structural steel
- super-corrosion-resistant stainless steel
- superduty steel
- surface-hardening steel
- surgical steel
- tap steel
- tapped-on-carbon steel
- T-bulb steel
- tee-bulb steel
- tempered steel
- tensile strength steel
- ternary steel
- thermostrengthened steel
- Thomas steel
- through-hardening steel
- titanium steel
- titanium-stabilized steel
- tool steel
- Tor steel
- transformation induced plasticity steel
- transformer steel
- treated steel
- TRIP steel
- tube steel
- tungsten steel
- turbohearth steel
- two-ply steel
- tyre steel
- ultrastrong steel
- unkilled steel
- unsound steel
- vacuum carbon deoxidized steel
- vacuum degased steel
- vacuum-cast steel
- vacuum-induction melted steel
- vacuum-remelted steel
- valve steel
- vanadium steel
- water-hardening steel
- wear-resisting alloy steel
- weathering steel
- weld steel
- weldable steel
- welding steel
- wild steel
- wire rope steel
- Wootz steel
- wrought steelEnglish-Russian dictionary of mechanical engineering and automation > steel
-
67 clause
1. n статья, пункт, условие; оговорка, клаузулаwarehouse clause — условие страхования «со склада на склад»
2. n грам. предложениеthen clause — придаточное предложение, вводимое словом n
if clause — условное предложение; условный оператор
3. v разделить на статьиopening clause — вводная статья; вводная формула
4. v изложить постатейноСинонимический ряд:1. provision (noun) codicil; condition; limitation; paragraph; provision; requirement; sentence; ultimatum2. section (noun) article; chapter; item; portion; proviso; section; stipulation -
68 heading
1. n заглавие, заголовок2. n рубрика; разделthe article comes under the heading of Sporting News — статья помещена под рубрикой «Спортивные новости»
3. n удар головой по мячу4. n направление, курс5. n верх6. n перёд7. n крышка8. n горн. главный штрек; штольня9. n горн. грудь забоя10. n горн. тех. высадка головок11. n горн. широкая клёпка для выделки днищheading sword — меч палача, меч для обезглавливания
12. n горн. гидр. головные сооружения13. n с. -х. колошение, выколашивание14. n с. -х. завивание головок, образование кочановСинонимический ряд:1. course (noun) bearing; course; vector2. title (noun) band; banner; banner head; caption; head; header; headline; inscription; legend; section head; subtitle; title; underline3. bearing (verb) bearing; lighting out; making; setting out; striking out; taking off4. beheading (verb) beheading; decapitating; decollating; guillotining; necking5. directing (verb) addressing; aiming; casting; directing; inclining; laying; leveling or levelling; levelling; pointing; presenting; setting; training; turning; zero in; zeroing in6. going (verb) going; heading; set out; strike out7. running (verb) administering; administrating; governing; managing; running; superintending8. springing (verb) arising; coming from; deriving from; emanating; flowing; issuing; originating; proceeding; rising; springing; stemming -
69 protection à portée réduite et à télédéclenchement
защита ЛЭП с сокращенной зоной и сигналом телеотключения
-
[В.А.Семенов. Англо-русский словарь по релейной защите]
защита с сокращенной зоной и сигналом телеотключения
Система защиты, использующая телеканал связи, обычно состоящая из дистанционных защит с сокращенной зоной, установленных на каждом конце защищаемого участка, в которой сигнал передается в случае, если одна из указанных защит обнаружит повреждение. Получение сигнала на другом конце обеспечивает отключение независимо от состояния местной защиты. См. Рисунок 42.
[Разработка типовых структурных схем микропроцессорных устройств РЗА на объектах ОАО "ФКС ЕЭС". Пояснительная записка. Новосибирск 2006 г.]EN
intertripping underreach protection
IUP (abbreviation)
direct underreaching transfer trip protection (US)
DUTT (US) (abbreviation)
protection, generally distance protection, using telecommunication, with underreach protection at each section end and in which a signal is transmitted when a fault is detected by the underreach protection. Receipt of the signal at the other end initiates tripping independent of the local protection
See figure 448-6.
[IEV ref 448-15-12]FR
protection à portée réduite et à télédéclenchement
protection, en général une protection de distance, à liaison de transmission, avec une protection à portée réduite à chaque extrémité de la section, et dans laquelle un signal est transmis lors de la détection d'un défaut par la protection à portée réduite. A l'autre extrémité, la réception de ce signal commande le déclenchement indépendamment de la protection locale
Voir figure 448-6.
[IEV ref 448-15-12]Тематики
Синонимы
EN
DE
- Selektivschutz mit Unterreichweite und unmittelbarer Fernauslösung, m
FR
Франко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > protection à portée réduite et à télédéclenchement
-
70 protection à portée étendue et à verrouillage
- защита с блокировкой с зоной действия, превышающей длину защищаемой линии
защита с блокировкой с зоной действия, превышающей длину защищаемой линии
Защита (обычно - дистанционная), в которой на каждом конце линии установлена зона действия, превышающая длину защищаемой линии, использующая канал передачи информации для посылки сигналов в случае, когда обнаружено внешнее КЗ. Прием сигнала на противоположном конце блокирует действие на отключение местного комплекта защиты.
[ http://docs.cntd.ru/document/1200069370]EN
blocking overreach protection
BOP (abbreviation)
blocking directional comparison protection (US)
protection, generally distance protection, using telecommunication, with overreach protection at each section end and in which a signal is transmitted when a reverse external fault is detected. Receipt of the signal at the other end blocks the overreach protection at that end from initiating tripping
See figure 448-8.
[IEV ref 448-15-14]FR
protection à portée étendue et à verrouillage
protection, en général une protection de distance, à liaison de transmission, avec une protection à portée étendue à chaque extrémité de la section, et dans laquelle un signal est transmis lors de la détection d'un défaut externe dans le sens opposé. A l'autre extrémité, la réception de ce signal empêche la protection à portée étendue située à cette extrémité de commander le déclenchement
Voir figure 448-8.
[IEV ref 448-15-14]Тематики
EN
DE
- Selektivschutz mit Überreichweite und Sperrung, m
FR
Франко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > protection à portée étendue et à verrouillage
-
71 protection à portée réduite et à autorisation
защита с сокращенной зоной и разрешающим сигналом
-
[В.А.Семенов. Англо-русский словарь по релейной защите]
защита с сокращенной зоной и разрешающим сигналом
Система защиты, использующая телеканал связи, обычно состоящая из дистанционных защит с сокращенной зоной, установленных на каждом конце защищаемого участка, в которой сигнал передается в случае, если одна из указанных защит обнаружит повреждение. Получение сигнала на другом конце обеспечивает отключение, если местная защита с разрешающим сигналом обнаружила повреждение. См.Рисунок 41.
[Разработка типовых структурных схем микропроцессорных устройств РЗА на объектах ОАО "ФКС ЕЭС". Пояснительная записка. Новосибирск 2006 г.]EN
permissive underreach protection
PUP (abbreviation)
permissive underreaching transfer trip protection (US)
PUTT (US) (abbreviation)
protection, generally distance protection, using telecommunication, with underreach protection at each section end and in which a signal is transmitted when a fault is detected by the underreach protection. Receipt of the signal at the other end initiates tripping if other local permissive protection at the other end has detected the fault
See figure 448-5.
[ IEV ref 448-15-11]FR
protection à portée réduite et à autorisation
protection, en général une protection de distance, à liaison de transmission, avec une protection à portée réduite à chaque extrémité de la section, et dans laquelle un signal est transmis lors de la détection d'un défaut par la protection à portée réduite. A l'autre extrémité, la réception de ce signal commande le déclenchement si une autre protection locale à autorisation a détecté le défaut
Voir figure 448-5.
[ IEV ref 448-15-11]Тематики
EN
DE
- Selektivschutz mit Unterreichweite und Fernauslösung mit Freigabe, m
FR
Франко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > protection à portée réduite et à autorisation
-
72 zone de discrimination
зона избирательного действия
Селективная часть многозонной защиты шин, обычно контролирующая ток, входящий в одну секцию сборных шин и выходящий из нее.
[Разработка типовых структурных схем микропроцессорных устройств РЗА на объектах ОАО "ФКС ЕЭС". Пояснительная записка. Новосибирск 2006 г.]EN
discriminating zone
the selective part of a multi-zone busbar protection, generally supervising current flow into and out of a single section of busbar
[IEV ref 448-14-24]FR
zone de discrimination
partie sélective d'une protection de jeu de barres à zones multiples, surveillant en général la circulation des courants à l'entrée et à la sortie d'une seule section de jeu de barres
[IEV ref 448-14-24]Тематики
EN
DE
- abschnittsbezogene Sammelschienenschutz-Messschaltung, f
FR
Франко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > zone de discrimination
-
73 portée étendue
расширенная область действия
расширенная зона
Состояние защиты, обычно дистанционной, при котором уставка наиболее короткой зоны соответствует области действия большей, чем защищаемый участок.
[Разработка типовых структурных схем микропроцессорных устройств РЗА на объектах ОАО "ФКС ЕЭС". Пояснительная записка. Новосибирск 2006 г.]
полный охват защищаемой зоны
увеличенная зона
Режим работы дистанционной защиты, когда уставки наиболее быстродействующей ступени дистанционной защиты больше (полный охват защищаемой зоны), чем длина защищаемого участка
[Циглер Г. Цифровая дистанционная защита: принципы и применение. М.: Энергоиздат. 2005]
расширение области действия защиты
-
[В.А.Семенов. Англо-русский словарь по релейной защите]EN
overreach
overreaching protection (US)
the condition of a protection, generally distance protection, when the shortest zone setting corresponds to a reach longer than the protected section
[IEV ref 448-14-07]FR
portée étendue
situation d'une protection, en général une protection de distance, dont le réglage de la zone la plus courte correspond à une portée plus longue que la section protégée
[IEV ref 448-14-07]Тематики
Синонимы
EN
DE
- Überreichweite, f
FR
Франко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > portée étendue
-
74 courroie synchrone
синхронный ремень
Ремень, прямое сечение которого имеет форму прямоугольника, на внутренней стороне которого расположены на равном расстоянии друг от друга поперечные зубья трапециевидного профиля
[ ГОСТ 28500-90( ИСО 5288-82)]EN
synchronous belt
A belt, the cross section of which is in the general form of a rectangle, but with transverse teeth extending from the lower base at regularly spaced intervals
[ ГОСТ 28500-90( ИСО 5288-82)]FR
courroie synchrone
Courroie dont la section droite à la forme générale d'un rectangle mais qui comporte à des intervalles réguliers des dents transversales sous sa face intérieure
[ ГОСТ 28500-90( ИСО 5288-82)]Тематики
EN
FR
Франко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > courroie synchrone
-
75 Selektivschutz mit Unterreichweite und unmittelbarer Fernauslösung, m
защита ЛЭП с сокращенной зоной и сигналом телеотключения
-
[В.А.Семенов. Англо-русский словарь по релейной защите]
защита с сокращенной зоной и сигналом телеотключения
Система защиты, использующая телеканал связи, обычно состоящая из дистанционных защит с сокращенной зоной, установленных на каждом конце защищаемого участка, в которой сигнал передается в случае, если одна из указанных защит обнаружит повреждение. Получение сигнала на другом конце обеспечивает отключение независимо от состояния местной защиты. См. Рисунок 42.
[Разработка типовых структурных схем микропроцессорных устройств РЗА на объектах ОАО "ФКС ЕЭС". Пояснительная записка. Новосибирск 2006 г.]EN
intertripping underreach protection
IUP (abbreviation)
direct underreaching transfer trip protection (US)
DUTT (US) (abbreviation)
protection, generally distance protection, using telecommunication, with underreach protection at each section end and in which a signal is transmitted when a fault is detected by the underreach protection. Receipt of the signal at the other end initiates tripping independent of the local protection
See figure 448-6.
[IEV ref 448-15-12]FR
protection à portée réduite et à télédéclenchement
protection, en général une protection de distance, à liaison de transmission, avec une protection à portée réduite à chaque extrémité de la section, et dans laquelle un signal est transmis lors de la détection d'un défaut par la protection à portée réduite. A l'autre extrémité, la réception de ce signal commande le déclenchement indépendamment de la protection locale
Voir figure 448-6.
[IEV ref 448-15-12]Тематики
Синонимы
EN
DE
- Selektivschutz mit Unterreichweite und unmittelbarer Fernauslösung, m
FR
Немецко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > Selektivschutz mit Unterreichweite und unmittelbarer Fernauslösung, m
-
76 Selektivschutz mit Überreichweite und Sperrung, m
- защита с блокировкой с зоной действия, превышающей длину защищаемой линии
защита с блокировкой с зоной действия, превышающей длину защищаемой линии
Защита (обычно - дистанционная), в которой на каждом конце линии установлена зона действия, превышающая длину защищаемой линии, использующая канал передачи информации для посылки сигналов в случае, когда обнаружено внешнее КЗ. Прием сигнала на противоположном конце блокирует действие на отключение местного комплекта защиты.
[ http://docs.cntd.ru/document/1200069370]EN
blocking overreach protection
BOP (abbreviation)
blocking directional comparison protection (US)
protection, generally distance protection, using telecommunication, with overreach protection at each section end and in which a signal is transmitted when a reverse external fault is detected. Receipt of the signal at the other end blocks the overreach protection at that end from initiating tripping
See figure 448-8.
[IEV ref 448-15-14]FR
protection à portée étendue et à verrouillage
protection, en général une protection de distance, à liaison de transmission, avec une protection à portée étendue à chaque extrémité de la section, et dans laquelle un signal est transmis lors de la détection d'un défaut externe dans le sens opposé. A l'autre extrémité, la réception de ce signal empêche la protection à portée étendue située à cette extrémité de commander le déclenchement
Voir figure 448-8.
[IEV ref 448-15-14]Тематики
EN
DE
- Selektivschutz mit Überreichweite und Sperrung, m
FR
Немецко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > Selektivschutz mit Überreichweite und Sperrung, m
-
77 Selektivschutz mit Unterreichweite und Fernauslösung mit Freigabe, m
защита с сокращенной зоной и разрешающим сигналом
-
[В.А.Семенов. Англо-русский словарь по релейной защите]
защита с сокращенной зоной и разрешающим сигналом
Система защиты, использующая телеканал связи, обычно состоящая из дистанционных защит с сокращенной зоной, установленных на каждом конце защищаемого участка, в которой сигнал передается в случае, если одна из указанных защит обнаружит повреждение. Получение сигнала на другом конце обеспечивает отключение, если местная защита с разрешающим сигналом обнаружила повреждение. См.Рисунок 41.
[Разработка типовых структурных схем микропроцессорных устройств РЗА на объектах ОАО "ФКС ЕЭС". Пояснительная записка. Новосибирск 2006 г.]EN
permissive underreach protection
PUP (abbreviation)
permissive underreaching transfer trip protection (US)
PUTT (US) (abbreviation)
protection, generally distance protection, using telecommunication, with underreach protection at each section end and in which a signal is transmitted when a fault is detected by the underreach protection. Receipt of the signal at the other end initiates tripping if other local permissive protection at the other end has detected the fault
See figure 448-5.
[ IEV ref 448-15-11]FR
protection à portée réduite et à autorisation
protection, en général une protection de distance, à liaison de transmission, avec une protection à portée réduite à chaque extrémité de la section, et dans laquelle un signal est transmis lors de la détection d'un défaut par la protection à portée réduite. A l'autre extrémité, la réception de ce signal commande le déclenchement si une autre protection locale à autorisation a détecté le défaut
Voir figure 448-5.
[ IEV ref 448-15-11]Тематики
EN
DE
- Selektivschutz mit Unterreichweite und Fernauslösung mit Freigabe, m
FR
Немецко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > Selektivschutz mit Unterreichweite und Fernauslösung mit Freigabe, m
-
78 abschnittsbezogene Sammelschienenschutz-Messschaltung, f
зона избирательного действия
Селективная часть многозонной защиты шин, обычно контролирующая ток, входящий в одну секцию сборных шин и выходящий из нее.
[Разработка типовых структурных схем микропроцессорных устройств РЗА на объектах ОАО "ФКС ЕЭС". Пояснительная записка. Новосибирск 2006 г.]EN
discriminating zone
the selective part of a multi-zone busbar protection, generally supervising current flow into and out of a single section of busbar
[IEV ref 448-14-24]FR
zone de discrimination
partie sélective d'une protection de jeu de barres à zones multiples, surveillant en général la circulation des courants à l'entrée et à la sortie d'une seule section de jeu de barres
[IEV ref 448-14-24]Тематики
EN
DE
- abschnittsbezogene Sammelschienenschutz-Messschaltung, f
FR
Немецко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > abschnittsbezogene Sammelschienenschutz-Messschaltung, f
-
79 Überreichweite, f
расширенная область действия
расширенная зона
Состояние защиты, обычно дистанционной, при котором уставка наиболее короткой зоны соответствует области действия большей, чем защищаемый участок.
[Разработка типовых структурных схем микропроцессорных устройств РЗА на объектах ОАО "ФКС ЕЭС". Пояснительная записка. Новосибирск 2006 г.]
полный охват защищаемой зоны
увеличенная зона
Режим работы дистанционной защиты, когда уставки наиболее быстродействующей ступени дистанционной защиты больше (полный охват защищаемой зоны), чем длина защищаемого участка
[Циглер Г. Цифровая дистанционная защита: принципы и применение. М.: Энергоиздат. 2005]
расширение области действия защиты
-
[В.А.Семенов. Англо-русский словарь по релейной защите]EN
overreach
overreaching protection (US)
the condition of a protection, generally distance protection, when the shortest zone setting corresponds to a reach longer than the protected section
[IEV ref 448-14-07]FR
portée étendue
situation d'une protection, en général une protection de distance, dont le réglage de la zone la plus courte correspond à une portée plus longue que la section protégée
[IEV ref 448-14-07]Тематики
Синонимы
EN
DE
- Überreichweite, f
FR
Немецко-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > Überreichweite, f
-
80 blocking overreach protection
- защита с блокировкой с зоной действия, превышающей длину защищаемой линии
- блокировка защиты, имеющей уставку, охватывающую шины противоположной подстанции
блокировка защиты, имеющей уставку, охватывающую шины противоположной подстанции
-
[В.А.Семенов. Англо-русский словарь по релейной защите]Тематики
EN
защита с блокировкой с зоной действия, превышающей длину защищаемой линии
Защита (обычно - дистанционная), в которой на каждом конце линии установлена зона действия, превышающая длину защищаемой линии, использующая канал передачи информации для посылки сигналов в случае, когда обнаружено внешнее КЗ. Прием сигнала на противоположном конце блокирует действие на отключение местного комплекта защиты.
[ http://docs.cntd.ru/document/1200069370]EN
blocking overreach protection
BOP (abbreviation)
blocking directional comparison protection (US)
protection, generally distance protection, using telecommunication, with overreach protection at each section end and in which a signal is transmitted when a reverse external fault is detected. Receipt of the signal at the other end blocks the overreach protection at that end from initiating tripping
See figure 448-8.
[IEV ref 448-15-14]FR
protection à portée étendue et à verrouillage
protection, en général une protection de distance, à liaison de transmission, avec une protection à portée étendue à chaque extrémité de la section, et dans laquelle un signal est transmis lors de la détection d'un défaut externe dans le sens opposé. A l'autre extrémité, la réception de ce signal empêche la protection à portée étendue située à cette extrémité de commander le déclenchement
Voir figure 448-8.
[IEV ref 448-15-14]Тематики
EN
DE
- Selektivschutz mit Überreichweite und Sperrung, m
FR
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > blocking overreach protection
См. также в других словарях:
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