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furnace+life

  • 41 возникать

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    An earthquake is generated (or develops, or occurs) when two blocks...

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    The potential appearing across the output terminal is...

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    These forces arise from the displacement of the aileron.

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    The methylamines are widely distributed in nature where they arise probably as the result of decomposition of...

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    The strains that are brought about in steel during the hardening process...

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    Planets may come into being (or existence, or may result) when small planetesimals fall together.

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    Above 1000°F another process is coming into play.

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    Under such conditions, it is possible that a crack may develop in a furnace.

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    Under these conditions a bias will be developed because of the flow of electrons from grid to ground.

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    Problems invariably occur which call for...

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    A wave originating at point can reach any of the several detectors.

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    A model of this type can be changed many times during the construction as new problems present themselves.

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    Chemistry grew out of the black magic of the dark ages and the alchemy of the middle ages.

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    This definition came about because it simplified the study of control systems.

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    A dispute which ensued between the two groups...

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    These forces are generated in the earth's interior.

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    Shear is produced in columns by () variation in...

    II
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    Ultimately, a molecule similar to modern catalase came into existence.

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    Brain tumours are not likely to arise from a mature neuron.

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    Planets may result [or come into being (or existence)] when small planetesimals fall together.

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    As a result there occurs what is known as the Cerenkov effect.

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    These craters date back to a period of...

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    Interest in developing... goes back to the 1950s.

    III
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    Such forces occur when...

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    In our galaxy, supernovae occur once every 30 years or so.

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    Three questions might come to mind about the properties of...

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > возникать

  • 42 стойкость футеровки кислородного конвертера

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > стойкость футеровки кислородного конвертера

  • 43 Zug

    m; -(e)s, Züge
    1. EISENB. train; im Zug on the train; mit dem Zug by train; wann geht mein Zug? when ( oder what time) does my train go?, when ( oder what time) is my train?; jemanden zum Zug bringen take s.o. to the station (Am. to the train [station]); bis zum Zug begleiten: see s.o. off at the station (Am. the train [station]); auf den fahrenden Zug aufspringen jump onto the moving train; fig. jump on the bandwagon; im falschen Zug sitzen fig. be barking up the wrong tree; der Zug ist abgefahren fig. you’ve ( oder we’ve, he’s etc.) missed the boat
    2. Gruppe: (Festzug) procession; (Kolonne) column; von Fahrzeugen: convoy; von Vögeln: flight; von Fischen: shoal; (Gespann) team; MIL. platoon; (Abteilung) section; der Feuerwehr: watch
    3. nur Sg.; Bewegung: procession; (Marsch) march; von Zugvögeln, Völkern etc.: migration; von Wolken: movement, drift(ing); Hannibals Zug über die Alpen Hannibal’s crossing of the Alps; einen Zug durch die Gemeinde machen umg., fig. go on a pub crawl, Am. go bar-hopping; im Zuge fig. (im Verlauf) in the course (+ Gen of); des Fortschritts etc.: on the tide (of); (im Gang) sein: in progress; im besten Zuge sein fig., Sache: be well under way, be in full swing; Person: be going strong
    4. (das Ziehen) an Leine etc.: pull (an + Dat on); heftig: tug; ruckartig: jerk; PHYS. tension, pull; Zug ausüben auf (+ Akk) exert traction on; dem Zug seines Herzens folgen fig. follow (the dictates of) one’s heart; einen Zug ins Brutale etc. haben fig. (einen Hang zu) have a brutal etc. streak
    5. beim Schwimmen: stroke; beim Rudern: pull; sie schwamm mit kräftigen Zügen she was swimming strongly
    6. an der Zigarette: drag, puff ( beide: an + Dat of, at); beim Trinken: gulp, swig umg., förm. draught, Am. draft ( alle aus from); (Atemzug) breath; einen Zug machen an Zigarette: take a drag ( oder puff); einen Zug aus der Pfeife nehmen (take a) puff at one’s pipe; einen tüchtigen Zug aus der Flasche nehmen umg. take a good swig from the bottle; sein Glas auf einen Zug leeren empty one’s glass in one go; er hat einen guten Zug umg. he can really down the stuff ( oder knock it back); in den letzten Zügen liegen umg. be breathing one’s last, be at death’s door; fig., Sache: be on its last legs; in vollen Zügen genießen fig. enjoy to the full, make the most of; in großen oder groben Zügen fig. in broad outline, roughly
    7. fig. und Schach etc.: move; wer ist am Zug? whose move ( oder turn) is it?; ein geschickter Zug a clever move; jetzt ist er am Zug it’s his move, the ball is in his court; ( nicht) zum Zuge kommen Person: (never) get a chance ( oder a look-in umg.); im Gespräch: (not) get a word in; Strategie etc.: (not) get ( oder be given) a chance; Zug um Zug nacheinander: step by step; (ohne Pause) without delay; in einem Zug(e) tun, lesen, Aufsatz etc. schreiben: in one go; Namen etc. schreiben: with a single stroke (of the pen)
    8. nur Sg.; (Luftzug) draught, Am. draft; ich habe Zug bekommen I must have been sitting in a draught (Am. draft)
    9. des Gesichts: feature; um den Mund etc.: line(s Pl.); einen bitteren / energischen Zug um den Mund haben have bitterness / firmness in the lines of one’s mouth
    10. des Wesens: trait, characteristic, feature ( alle an + Dat of); bes. pej. streak; einen leichtsinnigen Zug haben have a careless streak; das war ein / kein schöner Zug von ihm that was nice / not very nice of him; das Bild hat impressionistische Züge fig. the picture has certain Impressionistic features, there are things about the picture that remind one of the Impressionists
    11. Vorrichtung, an Glocke, Rollladen etc.: pull; zum Hochhieven: hoist; (Flaschenzug) pulley; an Orgel: stop; an Posaune: slide
    12. (Gummizug) elastic band; (Riemen) strap; am Beutel etc.: drawstring
    13. (Abzug) Ofen: den Zug öffnen / schließen open / close the damper; der Ofen hat keinen Zug the stove isn’t drawing
    14. PÄD. (Zweig) stream, Am. track; der neusprachliche Zug des Gymnasiums the modern languages side of the grammar school
    * * *
    der Zug
    (Fahrzeug) train;
    (Festzug) procession; parade;
    (Luftzug) draught; draft;
    (Merkmal) feature;
    (Ziehen) tug; pull; hitch;
    (Zigarette) whiff;
    (Zugkraft) traction; tension; pull
    * * *
    I [tsuːk]
    m -(e)s, -e
    ['tsyːgə]
    1) no pl (= Ziehen)(an +dat on, at) pull, tug; (= Zugkraft, Spannung) tension
    2) no pl (=Fortziehen von Zugvögeln, Menschen) migration; (der Wolken) drifting

    einen Zúg durch die Kneipen machen — to do the rounds of the pubs (esp Brit) or bars

    das ist der Zúg der Zeit, das liegt im Zúg der Zeit — it's a sign of the times, that's the way things are today

    dem Zúg seines Herzens folgen — to follow the dictates of one's heart

    3) (= Luftzug) draught (Brit), draft (US); (= Atemzug) breath; (an Zigarette, Pfeife) puff, drag; (= Schluck) gulp, mouthful, swig (inf)

    einen Zúg machen (an Zigarette etc) — to take a drag

    das Glas in einem Zúg leeren — to empty the glass with one gulp or in one go, to down the glass in one (inf)

    in den letzten Zügen liegen (inf) — to be at one's last gasp (inf), to be on one's last legs (inf)

    er hat einen guten Zúg (inf) — he can really put it away (inf)

    er hat Zúg abbekommen or gekriegt (inf) — he got a stiff neck etc from sitting in a draught (Brit) or draft (US)

    4) (beim Schwimmen) stroke; (beim Rudern) pull (mit at); (= Federzug) stroke (of the pen); (bei Brettspiel) move

    einen Zúg machen (beim Schwimmen) — to do a stroke; (bei Brettspiel) to make a move

    Zúg um Zúg (fig) — step by step, stage by stage

    (nicht) zum Zúge kommen (inf) — (not) to get a look-in (inf)

    du bist am Zúg (bei Brettspiel, fig) — it's your move or turn

    etw in großen Zügen darstellen/umreißen — to outline sth, to describe/outline sth in broad or general terms

    das war kein schöner Zúg von dir — that wasn't nice of you

    5) (= Zugvorrichtung) (= Klingelzug) bell pull; (bei Feuerwaffen) groove; (= Orgelzug) stop
    6) (= Gruppe) (von Fischen) shoal; (= Gespann von Ochsen etc) team; (von Vögeln) flock, flight; (von Menschen) procession; (MIL) platoon; (= Abteilung) section
    7) (= Feldzug) expedition, campaign; (= Fischzug) catch, haul
    II
    m -(e)s, -e
    (= Eisenbahnzug) train; (= Lastzug) truck and trailer

    mit dem Zúg fahren — to go by train

    jdn zum Zúg bringen — to take sb to the station or train, to see sb off at the station

    im falschen Zúg sitzen (fig inf) — to be on the wrong track, to be barking up the wrong tree (inf)

    auf den fahrenden Zúg aufspringen (fig) — to jump on the bandwagon (inf)

    See:
    III
    m -(e)s, -e
    (= Gesichtszug) feature; (= Charakterzug auch) characteristic, trait; (sadistisch, brutal etc) streak; (= Anflug) touch

    das ist ein schöner Zúg von ihm — that's one of the nice things about him

    das ist kein schöner Zúg von ihm —

    die Sache hat einen Zúg ins Lächerliche (fig) — the affair has something (of the) ridiculous about it, the affair verges on the ridiculous

    IV
    nt -s
    (Kanton) Zug
    * * *
    der
    1) (an act of drawing in smoke from a cigarette etc: He took a long drag at his cigarette.) drag
    2) (a movement of air, especially one which causes discomfort in a room or which helps a fire to burn: We increase the heat in the furnace by increasing the draught; There's a dreadful draught in this room!) draught
    3) (a quantity of liquid drunk at once without stopping: He took a long draught of beer.) draught
    4) ((in board games) an act of moving a piece: You can win this game in three moves.) move
    6) (a section of a company of soldiers.) platoon
    7) (an act of pulling: I felt a pull at my sleeve; He took a pull at his beer/pipe.) pull
    8) (a railway engine with its carriages and/or trucks: I caught the train to London.) train
    * * *
    Zug1
    <-[e]s, Züge>
    [tsu:k, pl ˈtsy:gə]
    m
    1. (Bahn) train
    2. AUTO (Lastzug) truck [or BRIT a. lorry] and [or with] trailer + sing vb
    3.
    ▶ der \Zug ist abgefahren (fam) you've missed the boat
    ▶ auf den fahrenden \Zug [auf]springen to jump [or climb] [or get] on the bandwagon
    Zug2
    <-[e]s, Züge>
    [tsu:k, pl ˈtsy:gə]
    m
    1. (inhalierte Menge) puff (an + dat on/at), drag fam (an + dat of/on)
    einen \Zug machen to have a puff, to take a drag fam
    2. (Schluck) gulp, swig fam
    in [o mit] einem [o auf einen] \Zug in one gulp
    sein Bier/seinen Schnaps in einem \Zug austrinken to down one's beer/schnapps in one [go], to knock back sep one's beer/schnapps fam
    3. kein pl (Luftzug) draught BRIT, draft AM
    einem \Zug ausgesetzt sein to be sitting in a draught
    4. kein pl PHYS (Zugkraft) tension no art, no pl
    5. (Spielzug) move
    am \Zug sein to be sb's move
    einen \Zug machen to make a move
    7. (Streifzug) tour
    einen \Zug durch etw akk machen to go on a tour of sth
    8. (lange Kolonne) procession
    9. (Gesichtszug) feature
    sie hat einen bitteren \Zug um den Mund she has a bitter expression about her mouth
    10. (Charakterzug) characteristic, trait
    ein bestimmter Zug von [o an] jdm sein to be a certain characteristic of sb
    ▪ \Zug um \Zug systematically; (schrittweise) step by step, stage by stage
    ▪ in einem \Zug in one stroke
    in großen [o groben] Zügen in broad [or general] terms
    etw in großen Zügen darstellen/umreißen to outline sth, to describe/outline sth in broad [or general] terms
    ▪ im \Zuge einer S. gen in the course of sth
    16. kein pl (Kamin) flue
    17.
    ▶ im falschen \Zug sitzen to be on the wrong track [or fam barking up the wrong tree]
    ▶ [mit etw dat] [bei jdm] zum \Zuge/nicht zum \Zuge kommen (fam) to get somewhere/to not get anywhere [with sb] [with sth]
    ▶ in den letzten Zügen liegen (fam) to be on one's last legs fam
    ▶ etw in vollen Zügen genießen to enjoy sth to the full
    Zug3
    <-s>
    [tsu:k]
    nt Zug
    * * *
    der; Zug[e]s, Züge
    1) (Bahn) train

    ich nehme lieber den Zug od. fahre lieber mit dem Zug — I prefer to go by train or rail

    jemanden vom Zug abholen/zum Zug bringen — meet somebody off/take somebody to the train

    2) (Kolonne) column; (Umzug) procession; (DemonstrationsZug) march
    3) (das Ziehen) pull; traction (Phys.)

    das ist der Zug der Zeit — (fig.) this is the modern trend or the way things are going

    4) (Wanderung) migration; (StreifZug, BeuteZug, DiebesZug) expedition

    zum Zuge kommen — (fig.) get a chance

    6) (Schluck) swig (coll.); mouthful; (großer Schluck) gulp

    das Glas auf einen od. in einem Zug leeren — empty the glass at one go

    einen Roman in einem Zug durchlesen — (fig.) read a novel at one sitting

    er hat einen guten Zug — (ugs.) he can really knock it back (coll.)

    etwas in vollen Zügen genießen — (fig.) enjoy something to the full

    7) (beim Rauchen) pull; puff; drag (coll.)
    8) (AtemZug) breath

    in tiefen od. vollen Zügen — in deep breaths

    in den letzten Zügen liegen — (ugs.) be at death's door; (fig. scherzh.) <car, engine, machine> be at its last gasp; <project etc.> be on the last lap

    9) o. Pl. (Zugluft; beim Ofen) draught
    10) (GesichtsZug) feature; trait; (WesensZug) characteristic; trait
    11) (landsch.): (Schublade) drawer
    12) (Bewegung eines Schwimmers od. Ruderers) stroke
    13) (Milit.): (Einheit) platoon
    14) (Schulw.): (Zweig) side
    15) (HöhenZug) range; chain
    * * *
    Zug m; -(e)s, Züge
    1. BAHN train;
    im Zug on the train;
    mit dem Zug by train;
    wann geht mein Zug? when ( oder what time) does my train go?, when ( oder what time) is my train?;
    jemanden zum Zug bringen take sb to the station (US to the train [station]); bis zum Zug begleiten: see sb off at the station (US the train [station]);
    auf den fahrenden Zug aufspringen jump onto the moving train; fig jump on the bandwagon;
    im falschen Zug sitzen fig be barking up the wrong tree;
    der Zug ist abgefahren fig you’ve ( oder we’ve, he’s etc) missed the boat
    2. Gruppe: (Festzug) procession; (Kolonne) column; von Fahrzeugen: convoy; von Vögeln: flight; von Fischen: shoal; (Gespann) team; MIL platoon; (Abteilung) section; der Feuerwehr: watch
    3. nur sg; Bewegung: procession; (Marsch) march; von Zugvögeln, Völkern etc: migration; von Wolken: movement, drift(ing);
    Hannibals Zug über die Alpen Hannibal’s crossing of the Alps;
    einen Zug durch die Gemeinde machen umg, fig go on a pub crawl, US go bar-hopping;
    im Zuge fig (im Verlauf) in the course (+gen of); des Fortschritts etc: on the tide (of); (im Gang) sein: in progress;
    im besten Zuge sein fig, Sache: be well under way, be in full swing; Person: be going strong
    4. (das Ziehen) an Leine etc: pull (
    an +dat on); heftig: tug; ruckartig: jerk; PHYS tension, pull;
    Zug ausüben auf (+akk) exert traction on;
    dem Zug seines Herzens folgen fig follow (the dictates of) one’s heart;
    haben fig (einen Hang zu) have a brutal etc streak
    5. beim Schwimmen: stroke; beim Rudern: pull;
    sie schwamm mit kräftigen Zügen she was swimming strongly
    6. an der Zigarette: drag, puff ( beide:
    an +dat of, at); beim Trinken: gulp, swig umg, form draught, US draft ( alle
    aus from); (Atemzug) breath;
    einen Zug machen an Zigarette: take a drag ( oder puff);
    einen Zug aus der Pfeife nehmen (take a) puff at one’s pipe;
    einen tüchtigen Zug aus der Flasche nehmen umg take a good swig from the bottle;
    sein Glas auf einen Zug leeren empty one’s glass in one go;
    er hat einen guten Zug umg he can really down the stuff ( oder knock it back);
    in den letzten Zügen liegen umg be breathing one’s last, be at death’s door; fig, Sache: be on its last legs;
    in vollen Zügen genießen fig enjoy to the full, make the most of;
    groben Zügen fig in broad outline, roughly
    7. fig und Schach etc: move;
    wer ist am Zug? whose move ( oder turn) is it?;
    ein geschickter Zug a clever move;
    jetzt ist er am Zug it’s his move, the ball is in his court;
    (nicht) zum Zuge kommen Person: (never) get a chance ( oder a look-in umg); im Gespräch: (not) get a word in; Strategie etc: (not) get ( oder be given) a chance;
    Zug um Zug nacheinander: step by step; (ohne Pause) without delay;
    in einem Zug(e) tun, lesen, Aufsatz etc schreiben: in one go; Namen etc schreiben: with a single stroke (of the pen)
    8. nur sg; (Luftzug) draught, US draft;
    ich habe Zug bekommen I must have been sitting in a draught (US draft)
    9. des Gesichts: feature; um den Mund etc: line(s pl);
    einen bitteren/energischen Zug um den Mund haben have bitterness/firmness in the lines of one’s mouth
    10. des Wesens: trait, characteristic, feature ( alle
    an +dat of); besonders pej streak;
    einen leichtsinnigen Zug haben have a careless streak;
    das war ein/kein schöner Zug von ihm that was nice/not very nice of him;
    das Bild hat impressionistische Züge fig the picture has certain Impressionistic features, there are things about the picture that remind one of the Impressionists
    11. Vorrichtung, an Glocke, Rollladen etc: pull; zum Hochhieven: hoist; (Flaschenzug) pulley; an Orgel: stop; an Posaune: slide
    12. (Gummizug) elastic band; (Riemen) strap; am Beutel etc: drawstring
    den Zug öffnen/schließen open/close the damper;
    der Ofen hat keinen Zug the stove isn’t drawing
    14. SCHULE (Zweig) stream, US track;
    der neusprachliche Zug des Gymnasiums the modern languages side of the grammar school
    * * *
    der; Zug[e]s, Züge
    1) (Bahn) train

    ich nehme lieber den Zug od. fahre lieber mit dem Zug — I prefer to go by train or rail

    jemanden vom Zug abholen/zum Zug bringen — meet somebody off/take somebody to the train

    2) (Kolonne) column; (Umzug) procession; (DemonstrationsZug) march
    3) (das Ziehen) pull; traction (Phys.)

    das ist der Zug der Zeit — (fig.) this is the modern trend or the way things are going

    4) (Wanderung) migration; (StreifZug, BeuteZug, DiebesZug) expedition

    zum Zuge kommen — (fig.) get a chance

    6) (Schluck) swig (coll.); mouthful; (großer Schluck) gulp

    das Glas auf einen od. in einem Zug leeren — empty the glass at one go

    einen Roman in einem Zug durchlesen — (fig.) read a novel at one sitting

    er hat einen guten Zug — (ugs.) he can really knock it back (coll.)

    etwas in vollen Zügen genießen — (fig.) enjoy something to the full

    7) (beim Rauchen) pull; puff; drag (coll.)
    8) (AtemZug) breath

    in tiefen od. vollen Zügen — in deep breaths

    in den letzten Zügen liegen — (ugs.) be at death's door; (fig. scherzh.) <car, engine, machine> be at its last gasp; <project etc.> be on the last lap

    9) o. Pl. (Zugluft; beim Ofen) draught
    10) (GesichtsZug) feature; trait; (WesensZug) characteristic; trait
    11) (landsch.): (Schublade) drawer
    12) (Bewegung eines Schwimmers od. Ruderers) stroke
    13) (Milit.): (Einheit) platoon
    14) (Schulw.): (Zweig) side
    15) (HöhenZug) range; chain
    * * *
    ¨-e (Schornstein) m.
    draft (US) n.
    draught n. ¨-e m.
    draught n.
    lineament n.
    strain n.
    traction n.
    tractive n.
    train n.
    trait n.
    tug n.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > Zug

  • 44 paleta1

    1 = paddle, pallet, pallet, trowel, bat.
    Ex. The stuff was diluted there with water to the appearance and consistency of liquid porridge; it was kept tepid with a small charcoal furnace let into the side of the vat, and it was stirred up occasionally with a paddle.
    Ex. The production machinery is interlinked by automatic handling devices (such as robots), automatic transfer systems (such as guided pallets) and communication lines.
    Ex. The most usual tools (which were generally made of brass, set in wooden handles like chisels) were simple design units such as lines set on curved rockers ( pallets).
    Ex. Because the shoulder blade resembles the blade of a trowel, the word 'scapula' is thought to have come from the Greek "skaptein" meaning 'to dig'.
    Ex. Sometimes no matter what your self motivation is, or how hard you try it seems life is beating you with a bat.
    ----
    * barco de vapor con paletas = paddle-steamer.
    * paleta de colores = palette, palette of colours.
    * paleta de cricket = cricket bat.

    Spanish-English dictionary > paleta1

  • 45 paleta

    f.
    1 small shovel, small spade (pala pequeña).
    2 lollipop. (Andean Spanish (Bolivia, Chilean Spanish, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru), Central American Spanish, Mexican Spanish)
    3 trowel, mason's trowel.
    4 shoulder.
    5 palette, painter's palette, palette board.
    6 spatula.
    7 Popsicle, lolly, ice lolly.
    8 paddle, paddle of a waterwheel, blade of wheel.
    9 vane, blade of a turbine, blade, vane of a turbine.
    10 pallet.
    * * *
    1 (de pintor) palette
    2 (de albañil) trowel
    3 (de cocina) slice
    5 familiar (diente) front tooth
    6 DEPORTE bat
    7 (pala) small shovel
    8 familiar (mujer)→ link=paleto paleto,-a
    * * *
    1. SF
    1) [para cavar] small shovel, small spade; [de albañil] trowel; (Culin) [con ranuras] fish slice; (=plana) spatula; [para el fuego] fire shovel
    2) (Arte) palette
    3) (Téc) [de turbina] blade; [de noria] paddle, bucket; (=plataforma) pallet
    4) (Anat) shoulder blade
    5) LAm (=polo) ice lolly, popsicle (EEUU)
    6) LAm (=pala) wooden paddle for beating clothes
    7) LAm (Culin) topside of beef
    2.
    SM * (=albañil) building worker, brickie *
    paleto
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( de pintor) palette
    b) ( de cocina) spatula
    c) ( de albañil) trowel
    d) (Dep) ( de ping-pong) paddle, bat (BrE)
    2) (fam) ( diente) front tooth
    3) (Coc) shoulder; (Anat, Zool) (Andes) shoulder blade
    4) (Tec) ( de noria) paddle, blade; ( de ventilador) vane, blade
    5) (AmL) (Jueg) beach tennis
    6)
    a) (Andes, Méx) ( helado) Popsicle® (AmE), ice lolly (BrE)
    b) (Méx) ( dulce) lollipop
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( de pintor) palette
    b) ( de cocina) spatula
    c) ( de albañil) trowel
    d) (Dep) ( de ping-pong) paddle, bat (BrE)
    2) (fam) ( diente) front tooth
    3) (Coc) shoulder; (Anat, Zool) (Andes) shoulder blade
    4) (Tec) ( de noria) paddle, blade; ( de ventilador) vane, blade
    5) (AmL) (Jueg) beach tennis
    6)
    a) (Andes, Méx) ( helado) Popsicle® (AmE), ice lolly (BrE)
    b) (Méx) ( dulce) lollipop
    * * *
    paleta1
    1 = paddle, pallet, pallet, trowel, bat.

    Ex: The stuff was diluted there with water to the appearance and consistency of liquid porridge; it was kept tepid with a small charcoal furnace let into the side of the vat, and it was stirred up occasionally with a paddle.

    Ex: The production machinery is interlinked by automatic handling devices (such as robots), automatic transfer systems (such as guided pallets) and communication lines.
    Ex: The most usual tools (which were generally made of brass, set in wooden handles like chisels) were simple design units such as lines set on curved rockers ( pallets).
    Ex: Because the shoulder blade resembles the blade of a trowel, the word 'scapula' is thought to have come from the Greek "skaptein" meaning 'to dig'.
    Ex: Sometimes no matter what your self motivation is, or how hard you try it seems life is beating you with a bat.
    * barco de vapor con paletas = paddle-steamer.
    * paleta de colores = palette, palette of colours.
    * paleta de cricket = cricket bat.

    paleta2

    Ex: Your canine teeth are the pointy ones next to your front teeth.

    * * *
    ( Chi fam) helpful, obliging
    A
    1 (de pintor) palette
    2 (de cocina) spatula
    3 (de albañil) trowel
    4 ( Dep) (de ping-pong) paddle, bat ( BrE)
    5 ( RPl) (matamoscas) fly swat
    B ( fam) (diente) front tooth
    C ( Coc) shoulder
    D ( Tec) (de una noria) paddle, blade; (de un ventilador) vane, blade
    E ( AmL) ( Jueg) beach tennis
    F (Col, CS) (omóplato) shoulder blade
    G
    (Andes, Méx) (helado) Popsicle® ( AmE), ice lolly ( BrE)
    H ( Méx) (dulce) lollipop
    * * *

     

    paleta sustantivo femenino
    1

    ( de cocina) spatula;
    ( de ventilador) blade;
    ( de albañil) trowel
    b) (Dep) ( de ping-pong) paddle, bat (BrE);

    (Jueg) (AmL) beach tennis
    2 (fam) ( diente) front tooth
    3 (Coc) shoulder;
    (Anat, Zool) (Andes) shoulder blade
    4
    a) (Andes, Méx) ( helado) Popsicle® (AmE), ice lolly (BrE)

    b) (Méx) ( dulce) lollipop

    paleto,-a
    I adj fam pey (comentario) uncouth, ignorant
    (comportamiento) unsophisticated
    (gusto) tasteless
    II m,f fam pey peasant, country bumpkin
    paleta sustantivo femenino
    1 (de albañilería) trowel
    2 (de artista) palette: es un pintor con una paleta muy colorista, he's a painter who uses a lot of bright colours
    3 Dep (de pimpón) bat
    ' paleta' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    espátula
    - matamoscas
    English:
    palette
    - bat
    - blade
    - ice
    - lollipop
    - lolly
    - Popsicle
    - trowel
    * * *
    paleta1 nf
    1. [pala pequeña] small shovel, small spade;
    [de albañil] trowel
    2. [en máquina] blade, vane
    3. [de pintor] palette;
    la paleta clara de los impresionistas the light palette of the impressionists
    4. [de frontón, ping-pong] bat, US paddle;
    jugar a las paletas [en la playa] to play beach tennis
    5. [para servir] fish slice
    6. [de remo, hélice] blade
    7. [diente] (upper) front tooth
    8. Informát palette
    paleta flotante floating palette;
    9. Andes, CAm, Méx [pirulí] lollipop;
    Bol, Col, Perú [polo] Br ice lolly, US Popsicle®
    10. CSur [omóplato] [de persona] shoulder blade;
    CSur, Ven [de vaca] shoulder
    ♦ adj
    Chile helpful
    ♦ nmf
    1. RP [carabina]
    es un paleta he's always tagging along where he's not wanted;
    estar o [m5] ir de paleta to play chaperone o Br gooseberry
    2. Chile [persona servicial] helpful person
    * * *
    f
    1 PINT palette
    2 TÉC trowel
    3 Méx: polo popsicle®, Br
    ice lolly
    fam
    I adj hick atr fam, provincial
    II m, paleta f hick F, Br
    yokel fam
    * * *
    paleta nf
    1) : palette
    2) : trowel
    3) : spatula
    4) : blade, vane
    5) : paddle
    6) CA, Mex : lollipop, Popsicle
    * * *
    1. (de pintor) palette
    3. (de albañil) trowel

    Spanish-English dictionary > paleta

  • 46 VERÐA

    (verð; varð, urðum; orðinn, vorðinn), v.
    1) to happen, come to pass;
    ætluðu allir, at þeir myndi tala um mál sitt, en þat varð ekki, but it came not to pass, it was not so;
    þá varð óp mikit at lögbergi, then there arose a great shout at the Lawhill;
    2) verða e-m, to happen to, befall one (slikt verðr opt ungum mönnum);
    þat varð Skarphéðni, at stökk í sundr skóþvengr hans, it happened to S. that his shoe-string snapped asunder;
    sjaldan verðr víti vörum, the wary man will seldom make a slip;
    e-m verðr þörf e-s, one comes to be in need of;
    3) to happen to be, occur;
    í lœk þann, er þar verðr, in the brook that happens to be there;
    varð fyrir þeim fjörðr, they came on a fjord;
    verða á leið e-s, to be on one’s path, happen to one;
    4) verða brottu, to leave, absent oneself (þeir sá þann sinn kost líkastan at verða á brottu);
    verða úti, to go away (verð úti ok drag ongan spott at oss);
    to perish in a storm from cold (sumir urðu úti);
    þeim þótti honum seint heim verða, they thought that he was long in coming home;
    5) with acc. to lose;
    kváðust okkr hafa orðit bæði, said that they had lost us both;
    6) followed by a noun, a., pp., adv., as predicate, to become;
    þá verðr þat þinn bani, it will be thy death;
    verða glaðr, hryggr, reiðr, to become glad, sad, angry;
    verða dauðr to die (áðr Haraldr inn hárfagri yrði dauðr) with participles;
    ok varð ekki eptir honum gengit, he was not pursued;
    verða þeir ekki fundnir, they could not be found;
    blóð hans varð ekki stöðvat, the blood could not be staunched;
    þeim varð litit til hafs, they happened to look seaward;
    impers., e-m verðr bilt, one is amazed;
    Kolbeini varð ekki fyrir, K. lost his head, was paralysed;
    with adverbs; hann varð vel við skaða sinn, he bore his loss well, like a man;
    jarl varð illa við þetta, the earl was vexed by this;
    7) with infin., denoting necessity, one must, needs, is forced, obliged to do;
    þat verðr hverr at vinna, er ætlat er, every one must do the work that is set before him;
    þar er bera verðr til grjót, where stones have to be carried;
    verð ek nú flýja, now I must flee;
    8) with preps., verða af e-u, to come to pass (var um rœtt, at hann skyldi leita fara, en eigi varð af);
    varð ekki af ferðinni, the journey came to nought was given up;
    verðr þetta af, at hann tekr við sveinunum, the end was that at last he took the boys;
    starf ok kostnaðr varð af þessu, trouble and expenses arose from this;
    livat verðr af e-u, what becomes of;
    hvat varð af húnum mínum, what has become of my cubs?;
    verða at e-u, to become (verða at undri, undrsjónum);
    veiztu, hvat þér mun verða at bana, knowest thou what will be the cause of thy death?;
    verða at engu, to come to nothing;
    verða á, to come on, happen;
    þvat sem á yrði síðan, whatever might happen later on;
    e-m verðr á, one makes a blunder, mistake (þótti þér ekki á verða fyrir honum, er hann náði eigi fénu?);
    verða eptir, to be left (honum varð þar eptir geit ok hafr);
    verða fyrir e-u, to meet with (verða fyrir goða reiði);
    to forebode (verða fyrir stórfundum);
    verða fyrir e-m, to be in one’s way, as a hindrance (því meira sem oss verðr fyrir, því harðara skulu þér niðr koma);
    verða í, to happen (tókust nú upp leikar sem ekki hefði í orðit);
    verða til e-s, to come forth to do a thing, be ready to;
    en sá er nefndr Hermóðr, er til þeirar farar varð, who undertook this journey;
    verða við e-m, to respond to (bið ek þik, at þú verðir við mér, þó at engi sé verðleiki til).
    * * *
    pres. verð, verðr, verð; pret. varð, vart (mod. varðst), varð; pl. urðu; subj. yrði: imperat. verð; part. orðinn; pl. orðnir, spelt phonetically ornir, Niðrst. 6: in later vellums occur freq. the forms vurðu, vyrði, vorðinn, see Introd.; but the old poets use it for alliteration as if it began with a vowel: with neg. suff. verðr-at, Fm. 6; varð-at, Vþm. 38; urðu-a it, Gh. 3; urðu-t. Lex. Poët.: [Ulf. wairþan = γίγνεσθαι, ἔσεσθαι; A. S. weorðan; Old Engl. worth, as in the phrase ‘woe worth the day!’ Germ. werden; Dan. vorde; Swed. varda.]
    A. To become, happen, come to pass; sá atburðr varð, at …, Ó. H. 196; varð hitt at lyktum, at …, 191; ef svá verðr, at …, Al. 20; ef svá verðr ( if it so happen), at ek deyja, Eg. 34; fundr þeirra varð á Rogalandi, 32; mörg dæmi hafa orðit í forneskju, Ó. H. 73; varð þar hin snarpasta orrosta. Eg. 297; at því sem nú er orðit, Blas. 46; þá varð ( arose) hlátr mikill, id.; varð óp mikit, Nj.; þat varð um síðir, and so they did at last, 240; er þetta allvel orðit, well done, well happened, 187; þau tíðendi eru hér vorðin, Fms. iv. 309 (orðin, Ó. H. 139, l. c.); þat varð ekki, but it came not to pass, Nj.
    2. adding dat. to happen, to befall one; þat varð mér, it befell me, Ísl. ii. (in a verse); varð þeim af in mesta deila, Nj. 189; Eyjólfi varð orðfall, speechlessness befell E., he faltered, 225; þat varð Skarphéðni at stökk í sundr skóþvengr hans, 145; urðu þeim þegar in sömu undr, 21.
    3. to blunder, make a slip; þat varð þinni konu, at hón átti mög við mér, Ls. 40; sjaldan verðr viti vörum, Hm. 6; þat verðr mörgum manni at um myrkvan staf villisk, Eg. (in a verse); skalat honum þat verða optarr enn um sinn … ef eigi verðr þeim optarr enn um sinn, Grág. (Kb.) i. 55; e-m verðr Þorf e-s, to come in need of, Hm. 149; ef þeim verðr nökkut er honum hefir fylgt, if anything should befall them, Hom. 65; annat man þér verða (another fate, death, will be thine), enn þú sprongir, Sturl. iii. 225; cp. verða úti, to perish in a storm from cold, Fms. vii. 122; sumir urðu úti, Bs. i. 71; verða til, to perish.
    4. to happen to be, to occur, or the like; í læk þann er þar verðr, in the brook that happens to be there, Eg. 163; holt þat er þar verðr, 746; varð þá enn brátt á er þvers varð fyrir þeim, þá kölluðu þeir þverá, 132; varð fyrir þeim fjörðr, they came on a fiord, 130; verða á leið e-s, to be in one’s path, happen to one, Ó. H. 181; taka þat sem á leið hans verðr, Grág. ii. 346; verða á fætr, to fall on one’s, feet, Fb. iii. 301; verða ek á fitjum, Vkv. 27; þeim þótti honum seint heim verða, Fbr. 8 new Ed.: verða brottu, to leave, absent oneself; þeir sá þann sinn kost líkastan at verða á brottu, Fms. vii. 204; verð í brottu í stað, begone, Fs. 64: verða úti, id., Nj. 16.
    II. followed by a noun, adjective, participle, adverb, as predicate; þá verðr þat þinn bani, Nj. 94; hann varð tveggja manna bani, he became the bane of, i. e. slew, two men, 97; hann mun verða engi jafnaðar-maðr, Ld. 24; ef hann vyrði konungr, Fms. i. 20; verða biskup, prestr …, Bs. i. passim; ok verðr eigi gjöf, ef …, it becomes not a gift, if …, Grág. (Kb.) i. 130; verða þær málalyktir, at …, the end was that …, Nj. 88: verða alls hálft annat hundrat, the whole amount becomes, Rb. 88; honum varð vísa á munni, Fms. xi. 144; varð henni þá ljóð á munni, Fb. i. 525; þat varð henni á munni er hón sá þetta, Sd. 139: hví henni yrði þat at munni, Fms. xi. 149; þá er í meðal verðr, when there is an interval, leisure, Skálda (Thorodd): cp. the mod. phrase, þegar í milli veiðr fyrir honum, of the empty hour; varð Skarpheðinn þar í millum ok gaflhlaðsins, S. was jammed in between, Nj. 203; prob. ellipt. = verða fastr.
    2. with adjectives, to become so and so:
    α. verða glaðr, feginn, hryggr, to become glad, fain, sad, Fms. i. 21, viii. 19, passim; verða langlífr, to be long-lived, Bs. i. 640; verða gamall, to become old, Nj. 85; verða sjúkr, veykr, to become sick; verða sjónlauss, blindr, to become blind, Eg. 759; verða ungr í annat sinn, Fms. i. 20; verða varr, to become aware (see varr); verða víss, Nj. 268; verða sekr, to become outlawed; verða vátr, to become wet, 15; verða missáttr við e-n, Landn. 150 (and so in endless instances): in the phrase, verða dauðr, to die; dauðr varð inn Húnski, Am. 98; áðr Haraldr inn Hárfagri yrði dauðr, Íb. 6; síðan Njáll var(ð) dauðr, Nj. 238, and a few more instances, very freq. on Runic stones, but now obsolete.
    β. with participles; verða búinn, to be ready, Fms. vii. 121; verða þeir ekki fundnir, they could not be found, Gísl. 56; verða staddr við e-t, to be present, Eg. 744; in mod. usage with a notion of futurity, e. g. eg verð búinn á morgun, I shall be ready to-morrow; eg verð farinn um það. I shall be gone then: with neut, part., járn er nýtekit verðr ór afli, just taken out of the furnace, Sks. 209 B; varð ekki eptir honum gengit, he was not pursued, Nj. 270; þeim varð litið til hafs, they happened to look, 125; honum varð litið upp til hlíðarinnar, 112; blóð varð eigi stöðvat, the blood could not be stopped, Fms. i. 46, Nj. 210.
    γ. phrases, e-m verðr bilt, to be amazed, Edda 29, Korm. 40, Nj. 169; verða felmt, 105; verða íllt við, hverft við, id.; Kolbeini varð ekki fyrir, K. lost his head, was paralysed, as if stunned, Sturl. iii. 285.
    3. with adverbs or adverbial phrases; ef þat bíðr at verða vet, Hm.; ma þetta verða vel þótt hitt yrði ílla, Nj.; verða verr enn til er stýrt, Róm. 321; hann varð vel við skaða sinn, bore it well, like a man, Eg. 76, Nj. 75; faðir hans varð ílla við þetta ( disliked it), ok kvað hann taka stein um megn sér, Fær. 58; jarl varð ílla við þetta, was much vexed by it, Fms. ix. 341; varð hann údrengiliga við sitt líflát, Ld. 234; hvernig varð hann við þá er þér rudduð skipið, Ó. H. 116; hversu Gunnarr varð við, how G. bore it, Nj. 82; verra verðr mér við, enn ek ætla at gott muni af leiða, 109; mér hefir orðit vel við þik í vetr, I have been pleased with thee this winter, Fms. vii. 112; eigi vildi ek svá við verða blóðlátið, fiskbleikr sem þú ert—Ek ætla, segir hinn, at þá myndir verr við verða ok ódrengiligar, 269; þar varð ílla með þeim, things went ill with them, they became enemies, Nj. 39: to behave, varð engum jafnvel til mín sem þessum, Fms. vii. 158; hann lætr sér verða á alla vega sem bezt til Áka, xi. 76; hann lét henni hafa orðit stórmannliga, Hkr. iii. 372.
    III. with prepp., verða af; hvat er orðit af e-u, what is come of it? where is it? of a thing lost; segðu mér þat, hvat varð af húnum mínum, Vkv. 30; hvat af motrinum er orðit, Ld. 208; nú hverfr Óspakr á brott svá at eigi vitu menn hvat af honum verðr, Band. 5; varð ekki af atlögu búanda, Ó. H. 184; ekki mun af sættum verða, Fb. i. 126: to come to pass, varð ekki af eptir-för, it came to naught; varð því ekki af ferðinni, Ísl. ii. 247; Símon kvað þá ekki mundu af því verða, S. said that could not be, Fms. vii. 250; ok verðr þetta af, at hann tekr við sveinunum, the end was that at last he took the boys, Fær. 36; eigi mun þér þann veg af verða, Karl. 197:—verða at e-u, to come to; hvat þér mun verða at bana, what will be the cause of thy death, Nj. 85; verða at flugu, Fas. i. 353 (see ‘at’ C. I. α); verða at undri, skömm, honum varð ekki at því kaupi, the bargain came to naught for him, Al. 7; cp. the mod. honum varð ekki að því, it failed for him:—e-m verðr á (cp. á-virðing), to make a blunder, mistake; kölluðu þat mjök hafa vorðit á fyrir föður sínum, at hann tók hann til sín, Fs. 35; þótti þér ekki á verða fyrir honum er hann náði eigi fénu, Nj. 33; Þorkell settisk þá niðr, ok hafði hvárki orðit á fyrir honum áðr né síðan, 185; aldri varð á um höfðingskap hans, 33:—verða eptir, to be left, Rb. 126, Stj. 124, 595; honum varð þar eptir geit ok hafr, Hrafn. 1:—verða fyrir e-u, to be hit, be the object of; fyrir víginu hefir orðit Svartr, S. is the person killed, Nj. 53; verða fyrir öfund, görningum, to be the victim of, Lex. Poët.: e-m verðr lítið fyrir e-u, it costs one small effort (see fyrir):—verða til e-s, to come forth to do a thing, volunteer, or the like; en sá er nefndr Hermóðr er til þeirrar farar varð, Edda 37; til þess hefir engi orðit fyrr en þú, at skora mér á hólm, Ísl. ii. 225; en engi varð til þess, no one volunteered, Nj. 86; einn maðr varð til at spyrja, 82; þá verðr til ok svarar máli konungs sá maðr, er …, Odd. 12; hverr sem til verðr um síðir at koma þeim á réttan veg, Fb. i. 273: fengu þeir ekki samit, því at þeim varð mart til, many things happened, i. e. so as to bring discord, Sturl. ii. 17 C; mundi okkr Einari eigi annat smátt til orðit, Hrafn. 9; eigi varð verri maðr til, there was no worse man, Stj. 482:—verða við, to respond to; bið ek þik at þú verðir við mér þó at engi sé verðleiki til, Barl. 59; at hann beiddi Snorra ásjá, en ef hann yrði eigi við bað hann Gretti fara vestr, Grett. 112 new Ed.; verða við bæn e-s, to grant one’s request, passim.
    IV. with infin., denoting necessity, one must, needs, one is forced, obliged to do; þat verðr hverr at vinna er ætlað er, Nj. 10; varð ek þá at selja Hrafni sjálfdæmi, Ísl. ii. 245; eða yrði þeir út at hafa þann ómaga, Grág. (Kb.) ii. 21; þat munu þér þá reyna verða, you must try, Fbr. 23 new Ed.; þar er bera verðr til grjót, where stones have to be carried, Grág. (Kb.) ii. 90; lágu hestarnir í kafi svá at draga varð upp, Eg. 546; en vita verð ek ( I must know) hvar til þetta heyrir, Fms. ii. 146; munu þér því verða annars-staðar á leita, Nj. 223; at hann man verða sækja á ókunn lönd, Fms. viii. 19; ok verðr af því líða yfir þat, it must be passed by, Post.; maðr verðr eptir mann lifa, a saying, Fas. ii. 552; verð ek nú flýja, Ó. H. 188; urðu þeir at taka við Kristni, 105; vér höfum orðit til at hætta lífi ok sálu, hefir margr saklauss orðit at láta, sumir féit ok sumir fjörit, 31, 32; vér munum verða lifa við öðrum veiði-mat, Hým. 16; verða at skiljask við e-n, Skv. 1. 24: the same verb twice, þá varð ek verða hapta, then came I to become a prisoner, Gkv. 1. 9; eg verð að verða eptir, I must stay behind.
    B. Peculiar isolated phrases, in some of which ‘verða’ is probably a different word, viz. = varða (q. v.), having been confounded with verða; thus, verða, verðr (= varða, varðar), to be liable, are frequent occurrences as a law phrase in the Grág.; svá fremi verðr beitin, ii. 226; þeim manni verðr fjörbaugs-garðr, er …, 212.
    2. the phrase, eigi verðr (= varðar) einn eiðr alla, see eiðr; also ymsar verðr sá er margar ferr, in many warfares there will be some defeats, Eg. 182.
    3. to forfeit, lose, prop. of paying a fine or penalty; heit ek á þann félaga er mik lætr eigi slíkt verða, Vápn. 11; æti þik ormar, yrða ek þik, kykvan, that snakes ate thee alive, and that I lost thee, Am. 22; fullhuginu sá er varð dróttinn, the brave man bereft of his master, Sighvat (Ó. H. 236); ek hefi orðinn þann guðföður, er …, I have lost a godfather who …, Hallfred (Js. 210); hér skaltú lífit verða, here shall thou forfeit life, i. e. die, Sturl. iii. (in a verse).
    4. the law phrase, verða síns, to suffer a loss; leiglendingr bæti honum allt þat er hann verðr síns fyrir lands-drottni (i. e. verðr missa), whatever he has to lose, whatever damage, Gþl. 362; þræll skal ekki verða síns um, N. G. L. i. 85; allt þat er hann verðr síns í, þá skal hinn bæta honum, Jb. 207 A; hann kvað þá ekki skyldu síns í verða (varða Ed.) um þetta mál, they should lose nothing, Rd. 253: vildi hann (viz. Herode) eigi verða heit sitt (= fyrir verða?), he would not forfeit, break his vow, Hom. 106.
    C. Reflex.; at þær ræður skyldi eigi með tjónum verðask, to be lost, forgotten, Sks. 561 B.
    2. recipr.; bræðr munu berjask ok at bönum verðask, Vsp. (Hb.); þá er bræðr tveir at bönum urðusk, Ýt. 11.
    3. part.; eptir orðna þrimu geira, Ód.; hluti orðna ok úorðna, past and future, MS. 623. 13; kvenna fegrst ok bezt at sér orðin, Nj. 268; þeir vóru svó vorðnir sik (so shapen, Germ. beschaffen), at þeir höfðu …, Stj. 7; þeir eru svá vorðnir sik, at þeir hafa eitt auga í miðju enninu, 68.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > VERÐA

  • 47 πῦρ,-ός

    + τό N 3 107-83-146-100-104=540 Gn 11,3; 15,17; 19,24; 22,6.7
    fire 4 Mc 15,15; id. (of a furnace) Gn 11,3; offering by fire 1 Sm 2,28; (destructive punishing) fire Am 1,4; fire (as punishment of the individual at the end of his life) 4 Mc 12,12; fire (ac-companying the Lord’s presence) Ex 3,2
    καὶ ἔσται ὁ οἶκος Ιακωβ πῦρ and the house of Jacob shall be (a) fire, and the house of Jacob shall act like fire Ob 18; ἰσόπεδον πυρὶ καὶ δόρατι θήσεσθαι to level with fire and sword 3 Mc 5,43, see also Est 8,12x
    *Nm 21,30 πῦρ ἐπί a fire against-על שׁא or-עד שׁא fire (spread) to for MT עד רשׁא which is in the neighbourhood of; *Jer 6,23 ὡς πῦρ as a fire-שׁכא for MT שׁכאי as a man (as a man of war, as a warrior), see also Jer 27(50),42; Mi 6,10; *Am 4,10 ἐν πυρί in fire-שֵׁא/בְּ for MT שׁאֹבְּ stench; *Ps 57(58),9 ἐπέπεσε πῦρ fire has fallen-שׁא נָָפל for MT תשׁא נֵֶפל miscarriage, aborted child of a woman
    Cf. DORIVAL 1994 410-411(Nm 21,30); LE BOULLUEC 1989 134.249; WALTERS 1973, 124-125;
    →NIDNTT; TWNT

    Lust (λαγνεία) > πῦρ,-ός

  • 48 Bedson, George

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy
    [br]
    b. 3 November 1820 Sutton Coldfield, Warwickshire, England
    d. 12 December 1884 Manchester (?), England
    [br]
    English metallurgist, inventor of the continuous rolling mill.
    [br]
    He acquired a considerable knowledge of wire-making in his father's works before he took a position in 1839 at the works of James Edleston at Warrington. From there, in 1851, he went to Manchester as Manager of Richard Johnson \& Sons' wire mill, where he remained for the rest of his life. It was there that he initiated several important improvements in the manufacture of wire. These included a system of circulating puddling furnace water bottoms and sides, and a galvanizing process. His most important innovation, however, was the continuous mill for producing iron rod for wiredrawing. Previously the red-hot iron billets had to be handled repeatedly through a stand or set of rolls to reduce the billet to the required shape, with time and heat being lost at each handling. In Bedson's continuous mill, the billet entered the first of a succession of stands placed as closely to each other as possible and emerged from the final one as rod suitable for wiredrawing, without any intermediate handling. A second novel feature was that alternate rolls were arranged vertically to save turning the piece manually through a right angle. That improved the quality as well as the speed of production. Bedson's first continuous mill was erected in Manchester in 1862 and had sixteen stands in tandem. A mill on this principle had been patented the previous year by Charles While of Pontypridd, South Wales, but it was Bedson who made it work and brought it into use commercially. A difficult problem to overcome was that as the piece being rolled lengthened, its speed increased, so that each pair of rolls had to increase correspondingly. The only source of power was a steam engine working a single drive shaft, but Bedson achieved the greater speeds by using successively larger gear-wheels at each stand.
    Bedson's first mill was highly successful, and a second one was erected at the Manchester works; however, its application was limited to the production of small bars, rods and sections. Nevertheless, Bedson's mill established an important principle of rolling-mill design that was to have wider applications in later years.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    Obituary, 1884, Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute 27:539–40. W.K.V.Gale, 1969, Iron and Steel, London: Longmans, pp. 81–2.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Bedson, George

  • 49 Guinand, Pierre Louis

    [br]
    b. 20 April 1748 Brenets, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
    d. 13 February 1824 Brenets, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
    [br]
    Swiss optical glassmaker.
    [br]
    Guinand received little formal education and followed his father's trade of joiner. He specialized in making clock cases, but after learning how to cast metals he took up the more lucrative work of making watch cases. When he was about 20 years old, in a customer's house he caught sight of an English telescope, a rarity in a Swiss mountain village. Intrigued, he obtained permission to examine it. This aroused his interest in optical matters and he began making spectacles and small telescopes.
    Achromatic lenses were becoming known, their use being to remove the defect of chromatic aberration or coloured optical images, but there remained defects due to imperfections in the glass itself. Stimulated by offers of prizes by scientific bodies, including the Royal Society of London, for removing these defects, Guinand set out to remedy them. He embarked in 1784 on a long and arduous series of experiments, varying the materials and techniques for making glass. The even more lucrative trade of making bells for repeaters provided the funds for a furnace capable of holding 2 cwt (102 kg) of molten glass. By 1798 or so he had succeeded in making discs of homogeneous glass. He impressed the famous Parisian astronomer de Lalande with them and his glass became well enough known for scientists to visit him. In 1805 Fraunhofer persuaded Guinand to join his optical-instrument works at Benediktheurn, in Bavaria, to make lenses. After nine years, Guinand returned to Brenets with a pension, on condition he made no more glass and disclosed no details of his methods. After two years these conditions had become irksome and he relinquished the pension. On 19 February 1823 Guinand described his discoveries in his classic "Memoir on the making of optical glass, more particularly of glass of high refractive index for use in the production of achromatic lenses", presented to the Société de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle de Genève. This gives details of his experiments and investigations and discusses a suitable pot-clay stirrer and stirring mechanism for the molten glass, with temperature control, to overcome optical-glass defects such as bubbles, seeds, cords and colours. Guinand was hailed as the man in Europe who had achieved this and has thus rightly been called the founder of the era of optical glassmaking.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    The fullest account in English of Guinand's life and work is 'Some account of the late M. Guinand and of the discovery made by him in the manufacture of flint glass for large telescopes by F.R., extracted from the Bibliothèque Universelle des Sciences, trans.
    C.F.de B.', Quart.J.Sci.Roy.Instn.Lond. (1825) 19: 244–58.
    M.von Rohr, 1924, "Pierre Louis Guinand", Zeitschrift für Instr., 46:121, 139, with an English summary in J.Glass. Tech., (1926) 10: abs. 150–1.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Guinand, Pierre Louis

  • 50 Macintosh, Charles

    [br]
    b. 29 December 1766 Glasgow, Scotland
    d. 25 July 1843 Dunchattan, near Glasgow, Scotland
    [br]
    Scottish inventor of rubberized waterproof clothing.
    [br]
    As the son of the well-known and inventive dyer George Macintosh, Charles had an early interest in chemistry. At the age of 19 he gave up his work as a clerk with a Glasgow merchant to manufacture sal ammoniac (ammonium chloride) and developed new processes in dyeing. In 1797 he started the first Scottish alum works, finding the alum in waste shale from coal mines. His first works was at Hurlet, Renfrewshire, and was followed later by others. He then formed a partnership with Charles Tennant, the proprietor of a chemical works at St Rollox, near Glasgow, and sold "lime bleaching liquor" made with chlorine and milk of lime from their bleach works at Darnley. A year later the use of dry lime to make bleaching powder, a process worked out by Macintosh, was patented. Macintosh remained associated with Tennant's St Rollox chemical works until 1814. During this time, in 1809, he had set up a yeast factory, but it failed because of opposition from the London brewers.
    There was a steady demand for the ammonia that gas works produced, but the tar was often looked upon as an inconvenient waste product. Macintosh bought all the ammonia and tar that the Glasgow works produced, using the ammonia in his establishment to produce cudbear, a dyestuff extracted from various lichens. Cudbear could be used with appropriate mordants to make shades from pink to blue. The tar could be distilled to produce naphtha, which was used as a flare. Macintosh also became interested in ironmaking. In 1825 he took out a patent for converting malleable iron into steel by taking it to white heat in a current of gas with a carbon content, such as coal gas. However, the process was not commercially successful because of the difficulty keeping the furnace gas-tight. In 1828 he assisted J.B. Neilson in bringing hot blast into use in blast furnaces; Neilson assigned Macintosh a share in the patent, which was of dubious benefit as it involved him in the tortuous litigation that surrounded the patent until 1843.
    In June 1823, as a result of experiments into the possible uses of naphtha obtained as a by-product of the distillation of coal tar, Macintosh patented his process for waterproofing fabric. This comprised dissolving rubber in naphtha and applying the solution to two pieces of cloth which were afterwards pressed together to form an impermeable compound fabric. After an experimental period in Glasgow, Macintosh commenced manufacture in Manchester, where he formed a partnership with H.H.Birley, B.Kirk and R.W.Barton. Birley was a cotton spinner and weaver and was looking for ways to extend the output of his cloth. He was amongst the first to light his mills with gas, so he shared a common interest with Macintosh.
    New buildings were erected for the production of waterproof cloth in 1824–5, but there were considerable teething troubles with the process, particularly in the spreading of the rubber solution onto the cloth. Peter Ewart helped to install the machinery, including a steam engine supplied by Boulton \& Watt, and the naphtha was supplied from Macintosh's works in Glasgow. It seems that the process was still giving difficulties when Thomas Hancock, the foremost rubber technologist of that time, became involved in 1830 and was made a partner in 1834. By 1836 the waterproof coat was being called a "mackintosh" [sic] and was gaining such popularity that the Manchester business was expanded with additional premises. Macintosh's business was gradually enlarged to include many other kinds of indiarubber products, such as rubber shoes and cushions.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1823.
    Further Reading
    G.Macintosh, 1847, Memoir of Charles Macintosh, London (the fullest account of Charles Macintosh's life).
    H.Schurer, 1953, "The macintosh: the paternity of an invention", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 28:77–87 (an account of the invention of the mackintosh).
    RLH / LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Macintosh, Charles

  • 51 Ransome, Frederick

    [br]
    b. 18 June 1818 Rushmere, Suffolk, England
    d. 19 April 1893 London, England
    [br]
    English engineer and inventor of a type of artificial stone.
    [br]
    Frederick Ransome was the son of James Ransome (1782–1849) and grandson of Robert Ransome, founder of the well-known Ipswich firm of engineers. He did not become a partner in the family firm, but devoted his life to experiments to develop an artificial stone. These experiments were recorded in a paper which he presented to the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1848 and in a long series of over thirty patents dating from 1844. The material so formed was a sandstone, the particles of which were bonded together by a silicate of lime. It could be moulded into any required form while in its initial soft state, and when hard was suitable for surface-dressing or carving. It was used for many public buildings, but time proved it unsuitable for outside work. Ransome also used his artificial stone to make grinding wheels by incorporating emery powder in the mixture. These were found to be much superior to those made of natural stone. Another use of the artificial stone was in a porous form which could be used as a filter. In later years Ransome turned his attention to the manufacture of Portland cement and of a cheaper substitute incorporating blast-furnace slag. He also invented a rotary kiln for burning the cement, the first of these being built in 1887. It was 26 ft (7.9 m) long and 5 ft (1.5 m) in diameter; although reasonably successful, the development of such kilns of much greater length was carried out in America rather than England. Ransome was elected an Associate of the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1848 and served as an Associate of
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1848, "On the manufacture of artificial stone with a silica base", Minutes of the Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers 7:57.
    RTS

    Biographical history of technology > Ransome, Frederick

  • 52 Stephenson, Robert

    [br]
    b. 16 October 1803 Willington Quay, Northumberland, England
    d. 12 October 1859 London, England
    [br]
    English engineer who built the locomotive Rocket and constructed many important early trunk railways.
    [br]
    Robert Stephenson's father was George Stephenson, who ensured that his son was educated to obtain the theoretical knowledge he lacked himself. In 1821 Robert Stephenson assisted his father in his survey of the Stockton \& Darlington Railway and in 1822 he assisted William James in the first survey of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway. He then went to Edinburgh University for six months, and the following year Robert Stephenson \& Co. was named after him as Managing Partner when it was formed by himself, his father and others. The firm was to build stationary engines, locomotives and railway rolling stock; in its early years it also built paper-making machinery and did general engineering.
    In 1824, however, Robert Stephenson accepted, perhaps in reaction to an excess of parental control, an invitation by a group of London speculators called the Colombian Mining Association to lead an expedition to South America to use steam power to reopen gold and silver mines. He subsequently visited North America before returning to England in 1827 to rejoin his father as an equal and again take charge of Robert Stephenson \& Co. There he set about altering the design of steam locomotives to improve both their riding and their steam-generating capacity. Lancashire Witch, completed in July 1828, was the first locomotive mounted on steel springs and had twin furnace tubes through the boiler to produce a large heating surface. Later that year Robert Stephenson \& Co. supplied the Stockton \& Darlington Railway with a wagon, mounted for the first time on springs and with outside bearings. It was to be the prototype of the standard British railway wagon. Between April and September 1829 Robert Stephenson built, not without difficulty, a multi-tubular boiler, as suggested by Henry Booth to George Stephenson, and incorporated it into the locomotive Rocket which the three men entered in the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway's Rainhill Trials in October. Rocket, was outstandingly successful and demonstrated that the long-distance steam railway was practicable.
    Robert Stephenson continued to develop the locomotive. Northumbrian, built in 1830, had for the first time, a smokebox at the front of the boiler and also the firebox built integrally with the rear of the boiler. Then in Planet, built later the same year, he adopted a layout for the working parts used earlier by steam road-coach pioneer Goldsworthy Gurney, placing the cylinders, for the first time, in a nearly horizontal position beneath the smokebox, with the connecting rods driving a cranked axle. He had evolved the definitive form for the steam locomotive.
    Also in 1830, Robert Stephenson surveyed the London \& Birmingham Railway, which was authorized by Act of Parliament in 1833. Stephenson became Engineer for construction of the 112-mile (180 km) railway, probably at that date the greatest task ever undertaken in of civil engineering. In this he was greatly assisted by G.P.Bidder, who as a child prodigy had been known as "The Calculating Boy", and the two men were to be associated in many subsequent projects. On the London \& Birmingham Railway there were long and deep cuttings to be excavated and difficult tunnels to be bored, notoriously at Kilsby. The line was opened in 1838.
    In 1837 Stephenson provided facilities for W.F. Cooke to make an experimental electrictelegraph installation at London Euston. The directors of the London \& Birmingham Railway company, however, did not accept his recommendation that they should adopt the electric telegraph and it was left to I.K. Brunel to instigate the first permanent installation, alongside the Great Western Railway. After Cooke formed the Electric Telegraph Company, Stephenson became a shareholder and was Chairman during 1857–8.
    Earlier, in the 1830s, Robert Stephenson assisted his father in advising on railways in Belgium and came to be increasingly in demand as a consultant. In 1840, however, he was almost ruined financially as a result of the collapse of the Stanhope \& Tyne Rail Road; in return for acting as Engineer-in-Chief he had unwisely accepted shares, with unlimited liability, instead of a fee.
    During the late 1840s Stephenson's greatest achievements were the design and construction of four great bridges, as part of railways for which he was responsible. The High Level Bridge over the Tyne at Newcastle and the Royal Border Bridge over the Tweed at Berwick were the links needed to complete the East Coast Route from London to Scotland. For the Chester \& Holyhead Railway to cross the Menai Strait, a bridge with spans as long-as 460 ft (140 m) was needed: Stephenson designed them as wrought-iron tubes of rectangular cross-section, through which the trains would pass, and eventually joined the spans together into a tube 1,511 ft (460 m) long from shore to shore. Extensive testing was done beforehand by shipbuilder William Fairbairn to prove the method, and as a preliminary it was first used for a 400 ft (122 m) span bridge at Conway.
    In 1847 Robert Stephenson was elected MP for Whitby, a position he held until his death, and he was one of the exhibition commissioners for the Great Exhibition of 1851. In the early 1850s he was Engineer-in-Chief for the Norwegian Trunk Railway, the first railway in Norway, and he also built the Alexandria \& Cairo Railway, the first railway in Africa. This included two tubular bridges with the railway running on top of the tubes. The railway was extended to Suez in 1858 and for several years provided a link in the route from Britain to India, until superseded by the Suez Canal, which Stephenson had opposed in Parliament. The greatest of all his tubular bridges was the Victoria Bridge across the River St Lawrence at Montreal: after inspecting the site in 1852 he was appointed Engineer-in-Chief for the bridge, which was 1 1/2 miles (2 km) long and was designed in his London offices. Sadly he, like Brunel, died young from self-imposed overwork, before the bridge was completed in 1859.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1849. President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1849. President, Institution of Civil Engineers 1856. Order of St Olaf (Norway). Order of Leopold (Belgium). Like his father, Robert Stephenson refused a knighthood.
    Further Reading
    L.T.C.Rolt, 1960, George and Robert Stephenson, London: Longman (a good modern biography).
    J.C.Jeaffreson, 1864, The Life of Robert Stephenson, London: Longman (the standard nine-teenth-century biography).
    M.R.Bailey, 1979, "Robert Stephenson \& Co. 1823–1829", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 50 (provides details of the early products of that company).
    J.Kieve, 1973, The Electric Telegraph, Newton Abbot: David \& Charles.
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Stephenson, Robert

  • 53 Trevithick, Richard

    [br]
    b. 13 April 1771 Illogan, Cornwall, England
    d. 22 April 1833 Dartford, Kent, England
    [br]
    English engineer, pioneer of non-condensing steam-engines; designed and built the first locomotives.
    [br]
    Trevithick's father was a tin-mine manager, and Trevithick himself, after limited formal education, developed his immense engineering talent among local mining machinery and steam-engines and found employment as a mining engineer. Tall, strong and high-spirited, he was the eternal optimist.
    About 1797 it occurred to him that the separate condenser patent of James Watt could be avoided by employing "strong steam", that is steam at pressures substantially greater than atmospheric, to drive steam-engines: after use, steam could be exhausted to the atmosphere and the condenser eliminated. His first winding engine on this principle came into use in 1799, and subsequently such engines were widely used. To produce high-pressure steam, a stronger boiler was needed than the boilers then in use, in which the pressure vessel was mounted upon masonry above the fire: Trevithick designed the cylindrical boiler, with furnace tube within, from which the Cornish and later the Lancashire boilers evolved.
    Simultaneously he realized that high-pressure steam enabled a compact steam-engine/boiler unit to be built: typically, the Trevithick engine comprised a cylindrical boiler with return firetube, and a cylinder recessed into the boiler. No beam intervened between connecting rod and crank. A master patent was taken out.
    Such an engine was well suited to driving vehicles. Trevithick built his first steam-carriage in 1801, but after a few days' use it overturned on a rough Cornish road and was damaged beyond repair by fire. Nevertheless, it had been the first self-propelled vehicle successfully to carry passengers. His second steam-carriage was driven about the streets of London in 1803, even more successfully; however, it aroused no commercial interest. Meanwhile the Coalbrookdale Company had started to build a locomotive incorporating a Trevithick engine for its tramroads, though little is known of the outcome; however, Samuel Homfray's ironworks at Penydarren, South Wales, was already building engines to Trevithick's design, and in 1804 Trevithick built one there as a locomotive for the Penydarren Tramroad. In this, and in the London steam-carriage, exhaust steam was turned up the chimney to draw the fire. On 21 February the locomotive hauled five wagons with 10 tons of iron and seventy men for 9 miles (14 km): it was the first successful railway locomotive.
    Again, there was no commercial interest, although Trevithick now had nearly fifty stationary engines completed or being built to his design under licence. He experimented with one to power a barge on the Severn and used one to power a dredger on the Thames. He became Engineer to a project to drive a tunnel beneath the Thames at Rotherhithe and was only narrowly defeated, by quicksands. Trevithick then set up, in 1808, a circular tramroad track in London and upon it demonstrated to the admission-fee-paying public the locomotive Catch me who can, built to his design by John Hazledine and J.U. Rastrick.
    In 1809, by which date Trevithick had sold all his interest in the steam-engine patent, he and Robert Dickinson, in partnership, obtained a patent for iron tanks to hold liquid cargo in ships, replacing the wooden casks then used, and started to manufacture them. In 1810, however, he was taken seriously ill with typhus for six months and had to return to Cornwall, and early in 1811 the partners were bankrupt; Trevithick was discharged from bankruptcy only in 1814.
    In the meantime he continued as a steam engineer and produced a single-acting steam engine in which the cut-off could be varied to work the engine expansively by way of a three-way cock actuated by a cam. Then, in 1813, Trevithick was approached by a representative of a company set up to drain the rich but flooded silver-mines at Cerro de Pasco, Peru, at an altitude of 14,000 ft (4,300 m). Low-pressure steam engines, dependent largely upon atmospheric pressure, would not work at such an altitude, but Trevithick's high-pressure engines would. Nine engines and much other mining plant were built by Hazledine and Rastrick and despatched to Peru in 1814, and Trevithick himself followed two years later. However, the war of independence was taking place in Peru, then a Spanish colony, and no sooner had Trevithick, after immense difficulties, put everything in order at the mines then rebels arrived and broke up the machinery, for they saw the mines as a source of supply for the Spanish forces. It was only after innumerable further adventures, during which he encountered and was assisted financially by Robert Stephenson, that Trevithick eventually arrived home in Cornwall in 1827, penniless.
    He petitioned Parliament for a grant in recognition of his improvements to steam-engines and boilers, without success. He was as inventive as ever though: he proposed a hydraulic power transmission system; he was consulted over steam engines for land drainage in Holland; and he suggested a 1,000 ft (305 m) high tower of gilded cast iron to commemorate the Reform Act of 1832. While working on steam propulsion of ships in 1833, he caught pneumonia, from which he died.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    Trevithick took out fourteen patents, solely or in partnership, of which the most important are: 1802, Construction of Steam Engines, British patent no. 2,599. 1808, Stowing Ships' Cargoes, British patent no. 3,172.
    Further Reading
    H.W.Dickinson and A.Titley, 1934, Richard Trevithick. The Engineer and the Man, Cambridge; F.Trevithick, 1872, Life of Richard Trevithick, London (these two are the principal biographies).
    E.A.Forward, 1952, "Links in the history of the locomotive", The Engineer (22 February), 226 (considers the case for the Coalbrookdale locomotive of 1802).
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Trevithick, Richard

  • 54 Wedgwood, Josiah

    [br]
    baptized 12 July 1730 Burslem, Staffordshire, England
    d. 3 January 1795 Etruria Hall, Staffordshire, England
    [br]
    English potter and man of science.
    [br]
    Wedgwood came from prolific farming stock who, in the seventeenth century, had turned to pot-making. At the age of 9 his education was brought to an end by his father's death and he was set to work in one of the family potteries. Two years later an attack of smallpox left him with a weakness in his right knee which prevented him from working the potter's wheel. This forced his attention to other aspects of the process, such as design and modelling. He was apprenticed to his brother Thomas in 1744, and in 1752 was in partnership with Thomas Whieldon, a leading Staffordshire potter, until probably the first half of 1759, when he became a master potter and set up in business on his own account at Ivy House Works in Burslem.
    Wedgwood was then able to exercise to the full his determination to improve the quality of his ware. This he achieved by careful attention to all aspects of the work: artistic judgement of form and decoration; chemical study of the materials; and intelligent management of manufacturing processes. For example, to achieve greater control over firing conditions, he invented a pyrometer, a temperature-measuring device by which the shrinkage of prepared clay cylinders in the furnace gave an indication of the temperature. Wedgwood was the first potter to employ steam power, installing a Boulton \& Watt engine for crushing and other operations in 1782. Beyond the confines of his works, Wedgwood concerned himself in local issues such as improvements to the road and canal systems to facilitate transport of raw materials and products.
    During the first ten years, Wedgwood steadily improved the quality of his cream ware, known as "Queen's ware" after a set of ware was presented to Queen Charlotte in 1762. The business prospered and his reputation grew. In 1766 he was able to purchase an estate on which he built new works, a mansion and a village to which he gave the name Etruria. Four years after the Etruria works were opened in 1769, Wedgwood began experimenting with a barium compound combined in a fine-textured base allied to a true porcelain. The result was Wedgwood's most original and distinctive ware similar to jasper, made in a wide variety of forms.
    Wedgwood had many followers and imitators but the merit of initiating and carrying through a large-scale technical and artistic development of English pottery belongs to Wedgwood.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1783.
    Bibliography
    Wedgwood contributed five papers to the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, two in 1783 and 1790 on chemical subjects and three in 1782, 1784 and 1786 on his pyrometer.
    Further Reading
    Meteyard, 1865, Life of Josiah Wedgwood, London (biography).
    A.Burton, 1976, Josiah Wedgwood: Biography, London: André Deutsch (a very readable account).
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Wedgwood, Josiah

  • 55 площадка пода

    Русско-английский новый политехнический словарь > площадка пода

  • 56 срок службы пода

    Русско-английский новый политехнический словарь > срок службы пода

  • 57 נצל

    נָצַל(b. h.; cmp. אצל) to remove, set aside. Pi. נִצֵּל to empty, ransack. Esth. R. to III, 9 עד שנִצְּלוּ את מצרים so that they ransacked Egypt. Nif. נִצַּל, נִיצַּל, נִיצּוֹל 1) to be fit for throwing away (as נֵצֶל), to be decayed. Y.Naz.VII, 56b bot. בסר המת שנִצַּל Ar. (Ar. ed. Rome שמצול; ed. שנתוק), v. נֵצֶל. 2) (b. h.) to be rescued, saved. Midr. Till. to Ps. 1 לא נִצַּלְתִּי מידו I did not escape his power; Yalk. Num. 750 נוצלתי (read: נִיצַּ׳; ed. Liv. נִצּוֹלְתִּי). Yoma 86b כגון שבאת … ונ׳ הימנה when an opportunity to sin offered itself to him once and again, and he escaped it; Kidd.39b. Esth. R. to II, 7 עתידין לִינָּצֵלוכ׳ are destined to be saved through me; עתידין להִנָּצֵל על ידיה be saved through her. B. Bath. 164b שלש … אין אדם ניצול מהןוכ׳ there are three sins which man cannot escape ; a. fr. Hif. הִצִּיל to save, rescue. Num. R. s. 18 אשתו הִצִּילָתֹו his wife saved him. Ib. משה … הַצִּילֵנוּ O Moses …, save us! Sabb.XVI, 1 מַצִּילִין אותןוכ׳ we must save them from fire (on the Sabbath). Snh.VIII, 7 שמצילין אותן בנפשן whom we must save (prevent from committing a crime) even at the risk of their lives. Ib. 73a ניתן להַצִּילָהּ בנפשו it is a duty to save her (from rape) at the expense of the assailants life; a. fr.Trnsf. (in ritual and levitical law) to protect. Ḥull.55b כל … מַצִּיל בגלודה every part of the skin (which has remained unaffected) protects a flayed animal from being declared ṭrefah. Ib. מהו שיַצִּילוכ׳ does it form a protection from ? Ohol. V, 3 מַצֶּלֶת על הכל protects everything in it from uncleanness; a. v. fr. Hof. הוּצַּל to be saved. Esth. R. to V, 3 כבר הוּצְּלוּ חנניהוכ׳ Hananiah and his colleagues have long ere this been delivered from the furnace; a. e.

    Jewish literature > נצל

  • 58 נָצַל

    נָצַל(b. h.; cmp. אצל) to remove, set aside. Pi. נִצֵּל to empty, ransack. Esth. R. to III, 9 עד שנִצְּלוּ את מצרים so that they ransacked Egypt. Nif. נִצַּל, נִיצַּל, נִיצּוֹל 1) to be fit for throwing away (as נֵצֶל), to be decayed. Y.Naz.VII, 56b bot. בסר המת שנִצַּל Ar. (Ar. ed. Rome שמצול; ed. שנתוק), v. נֵצֶל. 2) (b. h.) to be rescued, saved. Midr. Till. to Ps. 1 לא נִצַּלְתִּי מידו I did not escape his power; Yalk. Num. 750 נוצלתי (read: נִיצַּ׳; ed. Liv. נִצּוֹלְתִּי). Yoma 86b כגון שבאת … ונ׳ הימנה when an opportunity to sin offered itself to him once and again, and he escaped it; Kidd.39b. Esth. R. to II, 7 עתידין לִינָּצֵלוכ׳ are destined to be saved through me; עתידין להִנָּצֵל על ידיה be saved through her. B. Bath. 164b שלש … אין אדם ניצול מהןוכ׳ there are three sins which man cannot escape ; a. fr. Hif. הִצִּיל to save, rescue. Num. R. s. 18 אשתו הִצִּילָתֹו his wife saved him. Ib. משה … הַצִּילֵנוּ O Moses …, save us! Sabb.XVI, 1 מַצִּילִין אותןוכ׳ we must save them from fire (on the Sabbath). Snh.VIII, 7 שמצילין אותן בנפשן whom we must save (prevent from committing a crime) even at the risk of their lives. Ib. 73a ניתן להַצִּילָהּ בנפשו it is a duty to save her (from rape) at the expense of the assailants life; a. fr.Trnsf. (in ritual and levitical law) to protect. Ḥull.55b כל … מַצִּיל בגלודה every part of the skin (which has remained unaffected) protects a flayed animal from being declared ṭrefah. Ib. מהו שיַצִּילוכ׳ does it form a protection from ? Ohol. V, 3 מַצֶּלֶת על הכל protects everything in it from uncleanness; a. v. fr. Hof. הוּצַּל to be saved. Esth. R. to V, 3 כבר הוּצְּלוּ חנניהוכ׳ Hananiah and his colleagues have long ere this been delivered from the furnace; a. e.

    Jewish literature > נָצַל

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