functioned+as

SUBJECT AREA: Textiles

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Jacquard was apprenticed at the age of 12 to bookbinding, and later to type-founding and cutlery. His parents, who had some connection with weaving, left him a small property upon their death. He made some experiments with pattern weaving, but lost all his inheritance; after marrying, he returned to type-founding and cutlery. In 1790 he formed the idea for his machine, but it was forgotten amidst the excitement of the French Revolution, in which he fought for the Revolutionists at the defence of Lyons. The machine he completed in 1801 combined earlier inventions and was for weaving net. He was sent to Paris to demonstrate it at the National Exposition and received a bronze medal. In 1804 Napoleon granted him a patent, a pension of 1,500 francs and a premium on each machine sold. This enabled him to study and work at the Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers to perfect his mechanism for pattern weaving. A method of selecting any combination of leashes at each shoot of the weft had to be developed, and Jacquard's mechanism was the outcome of various previous inventions. By taking the cards invented by Falcon in 1728 that were punched with holes like the paper of Bouchon in 1725, to select the needles for each pick, and by placing the apparatus above the loom where Vaucanson had put his mechanism, Jacquard combined the best features of earlier inventions. He was not entirely successful because his invention failed in the way it pressed the card against the needles; later modifications by Breton in 1815 and Skola in 1819 were needed before it functioned reliably. However, the advantage of Jacquard's machine was that each pick could be selected much more quickly than on the earlier draw looms, which meant that John Kay's flying shuttle could be introduced on fine pattern looms because the weaver no longer had to wait for the drawboy to sort out the leashes for the next pick. Robert Kay's drop box could also be used with different coloured wefts. The drawboy could be dispensed with because the foot-pedal operating the Jacquard mechanism could be worked by the weaver. Patterns could be changed quickly by replacing one set of cards with another, but the scope of the pattern was more limited than with the draw loom. Some machines that were brought into use aroused bitter hostility. Jacquard suffered physical violence, barely escaping with his life, and his machines were burnt by weavers at Lyons. However, by 1812 his mechanism began to be generally accepted and had been applied to 11,000 draw-looms in France. In 1819 Jacquard received a gold medal and a Cross of Honour for his invention. His machines reached England c.1816 and still remain the basic way of weaving complicated patterns.

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ὄφις, εως, ὁ (Hom.+; SIG 1168, 113 of the snake that functioned in healings in the temple of Asclepius at Epidaurus; PGM 8, 11; 13, 261; 881; LXX; pseudepigr., Philo; Jos., Bell. 5, 108, Ant. 1, 41; 2, 287; Just.; Ath. 1, 1) ‘snake, serpent’

① a limbless reptile, snake, serpent Mt 7:10 (s. BHjerl-Hansen, RB 55, ’48, 195–98); Mk 16:18; Lk 11:11; 1 Cor 10:9 (Diod S 5, 58, 4 ὑπὸ τῶν ὄφεων διαφθαρῆναι); Rv 9:19 (cp. Achilles Tat. 1, 3, 4 ὄφεις αἱ κόμαι). ὄφεις καὶ σκορπίοι (Procop. Soph., Ep. 136; Sb 6584, 6; Cat. Cod. Astr. VII 177, 21; Dt 8:15; Philo, Praem. 90) Lk 10:19 (cp. Dt 8:15; Ps 90:13 on protection fr. snakes). Symbol of cleverness (cp. Gen 3:1; symbol of another kind Hyperides, Fgm. 80) Mt 10:16; IPol 2:2. Of the brass serpent in the desert (Num 21:6–9; Wsd 16:5f) χαλκοῦς ὀφ. (Num 21:9; cp. 4 Km 18:4; Just., D. 94, 3) 12:6. This serpent, raised aloft, as a type of Jesus J 3:14; 12:5–7 (a typological evaluation of Num 21:6–9 also in Philo, Leg. All. 2, 77ff, Agr. 95; Just., D. 91, 4 al.—Appian, Mithrid. 77 §335 tells of a χαλκοῦς ὄφις in memory of Philoctetes; Diod S 2, 9, 5 of ὄφεις ἀργυροί on the temple of Zeus in Babylon).

② a person perceived as dangerous, snake fig. ext. of 1 (cp. SibOr 5:29 of Nero) ὄφεις γεννήματα ἐχιδνῶν you snakes, you brood of vipers Mt 23:33.

③ a symbolic figure, frequent in mythology, serpent (Apollon. Rhod. 4, 128 the serpent guarding the golden fleece; 4, 1434 the Lernaean Hydra; PGM 4, 1638 the sun-god as ὁ μέγας ὄφις.—WGrafBaudissin, Studien zur semitischen Religionsgesch. I 1876, 257ff, RE V 1898, 3ff; XVII 1906, 580ff; HGunkel, Schöpfung u. Chaos 1895, 29ff; 320ff; JFrazer, The Golden Bough³ IV 1, 1919, 80ff; Pauly-W. 2nd series II/1, 508f; EKüster, D. Schlange in der griech. Kunst u. Religion 1913; EUl-back, The Serpent in Myth and Scripture: BS 90, ’33, 449–55), as a designation for the devil (s. δράκων) serpent Rv 12:14f; Dg 12:3, 6, 8 (here in vs. 6 the serpent of Paradise is clearly the devil; Did., Gen. 96, 18). ἦλθεν ὁ ὄφ. … καὶ ἐμίανεν αὐτήν the devil came and defiled (Eve) GJs 13:1. τοῦ ὄφεως πίστιν ἔχουσιν they (the Gnostics) have the faith of a snake AcPlCor 2:20. ὁ ὄφ. ὁ ἀρχαῖος (s. ἀρχαῖος 1) Rv 12:9; 20:2. In speaking of the serpent that seduced Eve, Paul evidently has the devil in mind 2 Cor 11:3 (Just., A I, 28, 1 al.; cp. 4 Macc 18:8; ApcMos 17.—Ltzm. and Windisch on 2 Cor 11:3; Dibelius, Geisterwelt 50f; SReinach, La Femme et la Serpent: L’Anthropologie 35, 1905, 178ff).—B. 194. BHHW III 1699–1701. Kl. Pauly VI 12–17. DELG. M-M. TW.