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21 job
1. кадр. робота; праця; 2. посада; місце роботи (служби); 3. ком. замовлення; операція1. виконання певних обов'язків чи послуг або виготовлення яких-небудь товарів (goods) на якомусь підприємстві чи в організації, установі як джерело заробітку; 2. службовий обов'язок, службове місце; 3. специфічний план чи проект, який доручає кому-небудь виготовити якийсь товар або виконати завдання═════════■═════════blue-collar job робота робітника; bonus job відрядна робота; commercial job комерційне замовлення; component job окрема виробнича операція; contract job замовлення на виробництво продукції • замовлення на послуги • продукція, вироблена на замовлення; dummy job несправжня операція • фіктивна операція; extra job додаткова робота; full-time job робота на повний робочий день • робота на повній ставці • робота протягом повного робочого дня; high-paid job високооплатна робота; individual job окрема робота; key job основна робота; low-paid job низькооплатна робота; odd job випадкова робота • нерегулярна робота; off-season job несезонна робота; part-time job робота на неповний робочий день • робота на неповній ставці • робота на півставки; permanent job постійна робота; piecework job відрядна робота • акордна робота; restricted job регламентована робота; rush job термінова робота; temporary job тимчасова робота; unrestricted job нерегламентована робота; white-collar job робота службовця або інженерно-технічного працівника═════════□═════════job applicant особа, що подає заяву на роботу; job application form бланк для заяви на роботу; job card робочий наряд • облікова (калькуляційна) картка замовлень; job centre бюро працевлаштування; job change просування по службі; job classification класифікація робочих завдань • класифікація основних ставок заробітної плати; job costing; job cost system; job creation створення робочих місць; job creation program програма створення робочих місць; job creation scheme план створення робочих місць • програма створення робочих місць; job definition опис робочого завдання; job demand попит на робочі місця; job description опис робочого завдання; job design проектування роботи; job enlargement • укрупнення технологічних операцій • збільшення кількості робочих завдань • надання більшої важливості завданням, що виконуються; job enrichment підвищення різноманітності роботи; job estimate оцінка вартості роботи; job evaluation оцінка робочого завдання • оцінка складності роботи • визначення кваліфікації; job factor фактор роботи • характеристика роботи; job grading класифікація робочих завдань за складністю; job hunting гонитва за високооплачуваною роботою; job interview співбесіда з кандидатом на робоче місце; job migration міграція робочих місць • міграція виробництва; job offer пропозиція роботи; job opening відкриття вакансії; job order costing; job order costing system; job prospects перспективи на одержання роботи; job ranking method методика класифікації робочих завдань; — requirements вимоги до робочого завдання; job responsibilities посадові обов'язки; job retraining program програма перекваліфікації; job rotation ротація робіт • ротація робочих місць • ротація посад; job satisfaction задоволення роботою; job search пошук роботи; job security гарантія збереження робочого місця; job sharing розподіл робочих завдань • розподіл робочих годин; job title назва посади; to be out of a job бути без роботи; to carry out a job виконувати/виконати замовлення; to complete a job виконувати/виконати замовлення; to finish a job виконувати/виконати замовлення; to give a job давати/дати роботу; to give up a job відмовлятися/відмовитися від роботи; to have a job мати роботу; to look for a job шукати роботу; to lose a job втрачати/втратити роботу • бути звільненим з посади (роботи); to need a job потребувати роботи; to retire from a job залишати/залишити посаду (роботу) • іти/піти у відставку • іти/вийти на пенсіюjob:: position:: employment▹▹ employment -
22 design
1) конструкция; проект; план2) проектирование, конструирование3) расчёт; определение размеров4) конструктивный вариант, конструктивное решение5) художественное моделирование, художественное оформление6) проектировать; конструировать•- design of concrete mix - design of detailed planning - design of mixture - design of reinforced concrete frame building - alternate design - approved design - architectural design - aseismic design - balanced design - barrier-free design - bridge design - building design - cantilever design - civil-engineering design - codes of structural design - computer-aided design - concrete design - contract design - contractor design - curvature design - custom design - detailed contract design - detailed design stage - draft design - engineering design - environmental design - experimental design - fail-safe design - full-size design - further-edge design of cross section - housing development design - human settlement design - hydraulic design - individual design - industrial design - intelligent design - interactive design - landscape design - lateral-force design - limit design - mix design - mock-up method of design - modular design - multistage design work - pavement design - pilot design - plastic design - point design - preliminary design - probabalistic design - project design - prototype design - regional planning design - research design - seismic design - single-stage design work - sprung arch design - standard design - standardized design - step-by-step design - structural design - structural steel design - thermal design - town planning design - traffic island design - two-stage design work - type design - typical design - ultimate load design - urban design* * *1. конструкция2. план, замысел; проект, проектное решение3. чертёж, эскиз4. проектирование; расчёт5. дизайн || проектировать; рассчитыватьdesign on empirical basis — эмпирический расчёт, расчёт на эмпирической основе
- design of stiffened compression flangesdesign to limit state theory — расчёт, основанный на гипотезе предельных состояний; расчёт по предельным состояниям
- design of structural members
- design of structural steel
- design of structures
- design of welds
- allowable stress design
- alternate design
- architectural design
- basic design
- beam design
- building design
- city design
- civic design
- composite design
- computer-aided design
- concrete mix design for pumping
- construction joint design
- cost-efficient design
- critical-load design
- elastic design
- environmental design
- experimental design
- final design
- form design
- frame design
- frost capacity design
- fully rigid basis design
- geometric highway design
- hydraulic design
- industrial design
- integrated environmental design
- landscape design
- lateral-force design
- limit design
- limit-load design
- limit-state design
- load factor design
- maximum load design
- methods design
- mix design
- mix design with fly ash
- modified structural design
- modular design
- one-off design
- original design
- outline design
- pavement design
- plastic design
- plastic limit design
- post and lintel design
- probabilistic design
- schematic design
- seismic design
- semirigid design
- shearing design
- shear design
- site design
- stable design
- standard design
- steel design
- structural design
- structural timber design
- tender design
- town-building design
- trial design
- tubular design
- ultimate load design
- ultimate-strength design
- unified design
- work design -
23 absorption costing
Finan accounting practice in which fixed and variable costs of production are absorbed by different cost centers. Providing all the products or services can be sold at a price that covers the allocated costs, this method ensures that both fixed and variable costs are recovered in full. However, should sales be lost because the resultant price is too high, the organization may lose revenue that would contribute to its overheads. -
24 Coolidge, William David
[br]b. 23 October 1873 Hudson, Massachusetts, USAd. 3 February 1975 New York, USA[br]American physicist and metallurgist who invented a method of producing ductile tungsten wire for electric lamps.[br]Coolidge obtained his BS from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1896, and his PhD (physics) from the University of Leipzig in 1899. He was appointed Assistant Professor of Physics at MIT in 1904, and in 1905 he joined the staff of the General Electric Company's research laboratory at Schenectady. In 1905 Schenectady was trying to make tungsten-filament lamps to counter the competition of the tantalum-filament lamps then being produced by their German rival Siemens. The first tungsten lamps made by Just and Hanaman in Vienna in 1904 had been too fragile for general use. Coolidge and his life-long collaborator, Colin G. Fink, succeeded in 1910 by hot-working directly dense sintered tungsten compacts into wire. This success was the result of a flash of insight by Coolidge, who first perceived that fully recrystallized tungsten wire was always brittle and that only partially work-hardened wire retained a measure of ductility. This grasped, a process was developed which induced ductility into the wire by hot-working at temperatures below those required for full recrystallization, so that an elongated fibrous grain structure was progressively developed. Sintered tungsten ingots were swaged to bar at temperatures around 1,500°C and at the end of the process ductile tungsten filament wire was drawn through diamond dies around 550°C. This process allowed General Electric to dominate the world lamp market. Tungsten lamps consumed only one-third the energy of carbon lamps, and for the first time the cost of electric lighting was reduced to that of gas. Between 1911 and 1914, manufacturing licences for the General Electric patents had been granted for most of the developed work. The validity of the General Electric monopoly was bitterly contested, though in all the litigation that followed, Coolidge's fibering principle was upheld. Commercial arrangements between General Electric and European producers such as Siemens led to the name "Osram" being commonly applied to any lamp with a drawn tungsten filament. In 1910 Coolidge patented the use of thoria as a particular additive that greatly improved the high-temperature strength of tungsten filaments. From this development sprang the technique of "dispersion strengthening", still being widely used in the development of high-temperature alloys in the 1990s. In 1913 Coolidge introduced the first controllable hot-cathode X-ray tube, which had a tungsten target and operated in vacuo rather than in a gaseous atmosphere. With this equipment, medical radiography could for the first time be safely practised on a routine basis. During the First World War, Coolidge developed portable X-ray units for use in field hospitals, and between the First and Second World Wars he introduced between 1 and 2 million X-ray machines for cancer treatment and for industrial radiography. He became Director of the Schenectady laboratory in 1932, and from 1940 until 1944 he was Vice-President and Director of Research. After retirement he was retained as an X-ray consultant, and in this capacity he attended the Bikini atom bomb trials in 1946. Throughout the Second World War he was a member of the National Defence Research Committee.[br]Bibliography1965, "The development of ductile tungsten", Sorby Centennial Symposium on the History of Metallurgy, AIME Metallurgy Society Conference, Vol. 27, ed. Cyril Stanley Smith, Gordon and Breach, pp. 443–9.Further ReadingD.J.Jones and A.Prince, 1985, "Tungsten and high density alloys", Journal of the Historical Metallurgy Society 19(1):72–84.ASDBiographical history of technology > Coolidge, William David
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