-
21 Crompton, Samuel
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]b. 3 December 1753 Firwood, near Bolton, Lancashire, Englandd. 26 June 1827 Bolton, Lancashire, England[br]English inventor of the spinning mule.[br]Samuel Crompton was the son of a tenant farmer, George, who became the caretaker of the old house Hall-i-th-Wood, near Bolton, where he died in 1759. As a boy, Samuel helped his widowed mother in various tasks at home, including weaving. He liked music and made his own violin, with which he later was to earn some money to pay for tools for building his spinning mule. He was set to work at spinning and so in 1769 became familiar with the spinning jenny designed by James Hargreaves; he soon noticed the poor quality of the yarn produced and its tendency to break. Crompton became so exasperated with the jenny that in 1772 he decided to improve it. After seven years' work, in 1779 he produced his famous spinning "mule". He built the first one entirely by himself, principally from wood. He adapted rollers similar to those already patented by Arkwright for drawing out the cotton rovings, but it seems that he did not know of Arkwright's invention. The rollers were placed at the back of the mule and paid out the fibres to the spindles, which were mounted on a moving carriage that was drawn away from the rollers as the yarn was paid out. The spindles were rotated to put in twist. At the end of the draw, or shortly before, the rollers were stopped but the spindles continued to rotate. This not only twisted the yarn further, but slightly stretched it and so helped to even out any irregularities; it was this feature that gave the mule yarn extra quality. Then, after the spindles had been turned backwards to unwind the yarn from their tips, they were rotated in the spinning direction again and the yarn was wound on as the carriage was pushed up to the rollers.The mule was a very versatile machine, making it possible to spin almost every type of yarn. In fact, Samuel Crompton was soon producing yarn of a much finer quality than had ever been spun in Bolton, and people attempted to break into Hall-i-th-Wood to see how he produced it. Crompton did not patent his invention, perhaps because it consisted basically of the essential features of the earlier machines of Hargreaves and Arkwright, or perhaps through lack of funds. Under promise of a generous subscription, he disclosed his invention to the spinning industry, but was shabbily treated because most of the promised money was never paid. Crompton's first mule had forty-eight spindles, but it did not long remain in its original form for many people started to make improvements to it. The mule soon became more popular than Arkwright's waterframe because it could spin such fine yarn, which enabled weavers to produce the best muslin cloth, rivalling that woven in India and leading to an enormous expansion in the British cotton-textile industry. Crompton eventually saved enough capital to set up as a manufacturer himself and around 1784 he experimented with an improved carding engine, although he was not successful. In 1800, local manufacturers raised a sum of £500 for him, and eventually in 1812 he received a government grant of £5,000, but this was trifling in relation to the immense financial benefits his invention had conferred on the industry, to say nothing of his expenses. When Crompton was seeking evidence in 1811 to support his claim for financial assistance, he found that there were 4,209,570 mule spindles compared with 155,880 jenny and 310,516 waterframe spindles. He later set up as a bleacher and again as a cotton manufacturer, but only the gift of a small annuity by his friends saved him from dying in total poverty.[br]Further ReadingH.C.Cameron, 1951, Samuel Crompton, Inventor of the Spinning Mule, London (a rather discursive biography).Dobson \& Barlow Ltd, 1927, Samuel Crompton, the Inventor of the Spinning Mule, Bolton.G.J.French, 1859, The Life and Times of Samuel Crompton, Inventor of the Spinning Machine Called the Mule, London.The invention of the mule is fully described in H. Gatling, 1970, The Spinning Mule, Newton Abbot; W.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London; R.L.Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester.C.Singer (ed.), 1958, A History of Technology, Vol. IV, Oxford: Clarendon Press (provides a brief account).RLH -
22 ὀφείλω
ὀφείλω impf. ὤφειλον; fut. ὀφειλήσω LXX; our lit. has only the pres. and impf. (Hom.+).① to be indebted to someone in a financial sense, owe someth. to someone, be indebted to τινί τι Mt 18:28a; Lk 16:5. W. acc. of debt (Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 8 §26; Jos., Ant. 13, 56) Mt 18:28b; Lk 7:41; 16:7; Phlm 18 (CMartin, in: Persuasive Artistry, ed. DWatson, ’91, 321–37). τὸ ὀφειλόμενον the sum that is owed (X.; Pla.; CPR I, 228, 5. In pap. the pl. is more freq. found in this mng.) Mt 18:30. πᾶν τὸ ὀφ. αὐτῷ the whole amount that he owed him vs. 34.② to be under obligation to meet certain social or moral expectations, oweⓐ gener.α. owe, be indebted τινί τι (to) someone (for) someth. (Alciphron 4, 13, 1 Νύμφαις θυσίαν ὀφ.; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 295) πόσα αὐτῷ ὀφείλομεν ὅσια; for how many holy deeds are we indebted to (Jesus Christ)? 2 Cl 1:3. μηδενὶ μηδὲν ὀφείλετε εἰ μὴ τὸ ἀλλήλους ἀγαπᾶν owe nothing to anyone except to love each other Ro 13:8 (AFridrichsen, StKr 102, 1930, 294–97. For initiative in kindness cp. Thu. 2, 40 ‘we acquire friends not by receiving benefits but by conferring them’). τὴν ὀφειλομένην εὔνοιαν the goodwill that one owes, a euphemism for pleasing one’s spouse conjugally 1 Cor 7:3 v.l. εἰς τὸν ὀφειλόμενον τόπον τῆς δόξης to the glorious place that he deserved 1 Cl 5:4. εἰς τὸν ὀφειλόμενον αὐτοῖς τόπον εἰσὶ παρὰ τῷ κυρίῳ Pol 9:2,—Subst. τὰ ὀφειλόμενα (s. 1 above) duties, obligations ποιεῖν fulfill GPt 12:53.β. be obligated. w. inf. foll. one must, one ought (Hom. [Il. 19, 200] et al.; ins, pap; 4 Macc 11:15; 16:19; Philo, Agr. 164, Spec. Leg. 1, 101; TestJos 14:6; Just., A I, 4, 4 al.; Mel., P. 76, 550; Iren., Did.) ὸ̔ ὠφείλομεν ποιῆσαι πεποιήκαμεν Lk 17:10. κατὰ τ. νόμον ὀφείλει ἀποθανεῖν J 19:7. Cp. 13:14; Ro 15:1, 27; 1 Cor 7:36; 9:10; 11:10; Eph 5:28; 2 Th 1:3; 2:13; Hb 2:17; 5:3, 12; 1J 2:6; 3:16; 4:11; 3J 8; 1 Cl 38:4; 40:1; 48:6; 51:1; 2 Cl 4:3; B 1:7; 2:1, 9f; 4:6; 5:3; 6:18; 7:1, 11; 13:3; Pol 5:1; 6:2; Hs 8, 9, 4 v.l.; 9, 13, 3; 9, 18, 2; 9, 28, 5. Negat. one ought not, one must not (Jos., Vi. 149; Ar. 13, 5) Ac 17:29; 1 Cor 11:7; 1 Cl 56:2; Hm 4, 1, 3; 8; Hs 5, 4, 2; 9, 18, 1. Cp. 2 Cl 4:3. οὐκ ὀφείλει τὰ τέκνα τ. γονεῦσι θησαύριζειν children are under no obligation to lay up money for their parents 2 Cor 12:14.ⓑ Rabbinic usage has given rise to certain peculiaritiesα. ὀφ. used absolutely [חַיָּב]: ὀφείλει he is obligated, bound (by his oath) Mt 23:16, 18.β. commit a sin (s. ὀφείλημα 2; but cp. also SIG 1042, 15 ἁμαρτίαν ὀφιλέτω Μηνὶ Τυράννῳ) w. dat. against someone ἀφίομεν παντὶ ὀφείλοντι ἡμῖν Lk 11:4.③ to be constrained by circumstance, (best rendered by an auxiliary verb) have to, ought ἐπεὶ ὠφείλετε ἄρα ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου ἐξελθεῖν then you would have to come out of the world altogether 1 Cor 5:10.—ἐγὼ ὤφειλον ὑφʼ ὑμῶν συνίστασθαι I ought to have been recommended by you 2 Cor 12:11 (B-D-F §358, 1; Rob. 920). For the semantic perspective of Paul as creditor instead of debtor cp. the use of ὀφείλημα Ro 4:4. Paul’s sophisticated use here of diction that was in common use in reciprocity discourse is of a piece with the context in which irony plays a decisive role.—B. 641. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW.
- 1
- 2
См. также в других словарях:
Friends with benefits — Título Con derecho a roce (España) Amigos con beneficios (Hispanoamérica) Ficha técnica Dirección Will Gluck Producción Liz Glotzer Martin Schafer … Wikipedia Español
Friends with Benefits — Titre original Friends With Benefits Genre Série comique Créateur(s) Scott Neustadter Michael H. Weber Pays d’origine … Wikipédia en Français
Friends with benefits — may refer to: * A casual relationship * Friends with Benefits, a telenovela * Friends with Benefits, a sketch comedy group * Friends with Benefits, a Seattle indie rock band from 2001 2004 … Wikipedia
Friends with Benefits — was a telenovela planned for the American television network MyNetworkTV. Twentieth Television was developing this limited run serial. It was based on a popular Latin American series. Story Christine Summers, a 50 year old African American… … Wikipedia
Friends with Money — Infobox Film name=Friends with Money director=Nicole Holofcener writer=Nicole Holofcener starring=Jennifer Aniston, Catherine Keener, Frances McDormand, Joan Cusack producer=Anthony Bregman distributor=Sony Pictures Classics released=2006 runtime … Wikipedia
Friends of the Urban Forest — is a non profit organization based in San Francisco that plants and maintains trees within the city.Organized as a response to the city s lack of trees, the group s first tree planted was a glossy privet on arbor day, 1981, in Noe Valley.cite… … Wikipedia
Friends, Lovers, Chocolate — Infobox Book name = Friends, Lovers, Chocolate title orig = translator = image caption =The American cover of the book. author = Alexander McCall Smith illustrator = cover artist = country = flagicon|UK United Kingdom language = English series =… … Wikipedia
Friends United Network — infobox Organization name = Friend s United Network (FUN) abbreviation = motto = formation = 1983|extinction = type = Charity status = purpose = Helping young people headquarters = location = Studio 442, Highgate Studios, Highgate Road, London… … Wikipedia
Circle of friends (disability) — Disability Theory and models … Wikipedia
Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 — The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 [http://finduslaw.com/americans with disabilities act of 1990 ada 42 u s code chapter 126 Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990] ] (ADA) is the short title of United States… … Wikipedia
The World Ends with You — Left to right, Joshua, Neku, Beat (above), Shiki, and Rhyme Developer(s) Square Enix Jupiter … Wikipedia
