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1 франко-вагон
1) American: free on board2) Engineering: for3) Construction: free on f.o.r.4) Law: free on car5) Economy: FOB railroad (включает погрузку на подъездном пути завода), FOR/FOT - free on rail/free on truck, f.o.b. railroad (включает погрузку на подъездном пути завода), free into waggon, free on waggon, free on rail6) Insurance: Free on train7) Transport: FOB (free on board)8) Business: FOR (free on rail), FOW (free on wagon), f.o.r., free on rail (FOR), free on wagon (FOW)9) leg.N.P. free on board (abbrev. f.o.b.), free on rail (abbrev. f.o.r.)10) Chemical weapons: free onboard11) Logistics: free on rail -
2 Gresley, Sir Herbert Nigel
[br]b. 19 June 1876 Edinburgh, Scotlandd. 5 April 1941 Hertford, England[br]English mechanical engineer, designer of the A4-class 4–6–2 locomotive holding the world speed record for steam traction.[br]Gresley was the son of the Rector of Netherseale, Derbyshire; he was educated at Marlborough and by the age of 13 was skilled at making sketches of locomotives. In 1893 he became a pupil of F.W. Webb at Crewe works, London \& North Western Railway, and in 1898 he moved to Horwich works, Lancashire \& Yorkshire Railway, to gain drawing-office experience under J.A.F.Aspinall, subsequently becoming Foreman of the locomotive running sheds at Blackpool. In 1900 he transferred to the carriage and wagon department, and in 1904 he had risen to become its Assistant Superintendent. In 1905 he moved to the Great Northern Railway, becoming Superintendent of its carriage and wagon department at Doncaster under H.A. Ivatt. In 1906 he designed and produced a bogie luggage van with steel underframe, teak body, elliptical roof, bowed ends and buckeye couplings: this became the prototype for East Coast main-line coaches built over the next thirty-five years. In 1911 Gresley succeeded Ivatt as Locomotive, Carriage \& Wagon Superintendent. His first locomotive was a mixed-traffic 2–6–0, his next a 2–8–0 for freight. From 1915 he worked on the design of a 4–6–2 locomotive for express passenger traffic: as with Ivatt's 4 4 2s, the trailing axle would allow the wide firebox needed for Yorkshire coal. He also devised a means by which two sets of valve gear could operate the valves on a three-cylinder locomotive and applied it for the first time on a 2–8–0 built in 1918. The system was complex, but a later simplified form was used on all subsequent Gresley three-cylinder locomotives, including his first 4–6–2 which appeared in 1922. In 1921, Gresley introduced the first British restaurant car with electric cooking facilities.With the grouping of 1923, the Great Northern Railway was absorbed into the London \& North Eastern Railway and Gresley was appointed Chief Mechanical Engineer. More 4–6– 2s were built, the first British class of such wheel arrangement. Modifications to their valve gear, along lines developed by G.J. Churchward, reduced their coal consumption sufficiently to enable them to run non-stop between London and Edinburgh. So that enginemen might change over en route, some of the locomotives were equipped with corridor tenders from 1928. The design was steadily improved in detail, and by comparison an experimental 4–6–4 with a watertube boiler that Gresley produced in 1929 showed no overall benefit. A successful high-powered 2–8–2 was built in 1934, following the introduction of third-class sleeping cars, to haul 500-ton passenger trains between Edinburgh and Aberdeen.In 1932 the need to meet increasing road competition had resulted in the end of a long-standing agreement between East Coast and West Coast railways, that train journeys between London and Edinburgh by either route should be scheduled to take 8 1/4 hours. Seeking to accelerate train services, Gresley studied high-speed, diesel-electric railcars in Germany and petrol-electric railcars in France. He considered them for the London \& North Eastern Railway, but a test run by a train hauled by one of his 4–6–2s in 1934, which reached 108 mph (174 km/h), suggested that a steam train could better the railcar proposals while its accommodation would be more comfortable. To celebrate the Silver Jubilee of King George V, a high-speed, streamlined train between London and Newcastle upon Tyne was proposed, the first such train in Britain. An improved 4–6–2, the A4 class, was designed with modifications to ensure free running and an ample reserve of power up hill. Its streamlined outline included a wedge-shaped front which reduced wind resistance and helped to lift the exhaust dear of the cab windows at speed. The first locomotive of the class, named Silver Link, ran at an average speed of 100 mph (161 km/h) for 43 miles (69 km), with a maximum speed of 112 1/2 mph (181 km/h), on a seven-coach test train on 27 September 1935: the locomotive went into service hauling the Silver Jubilee express single-handed (since others of the class had still to be completed) for the first three weeks, a round trip of 536 miles (863 km) daily, much of it at 90 mph (145 km/h), without any mechanical troubles at all. Coaches for the Silver Jubilee had teak-framed, steel-panelled bodies on all-steel, welded underframes; windows were double glazed; and there was a pressure ventilation/heating system. Comparable trains were introduced between London Kings Cross and Edinburgh in 1937 and to Leeds in 1938.Gresley did not hesitate to incorporate outstanding features from elsewhere into his locomotive designs and was well aware of the work of André Chapelon in France. Four A4s built in 1938 were equipped with Kylchap twin blast-pipes and double chimneys to improve performance still further. The first of these to be completed, no. 4468, Mallard, on 3 July 1938 ran a test train at over 120 mph (193 km/h) for 2 miles (3.2 km) and momentarily achieved 126 mph (203 km/h), the world speed record for steam traction. J.Duddington was the driver and T.Bray the fireman. The use of high-speed trains came to an end with the Second World War. The A4s were then demonstrated to be powerful as well as fast: one was noted hauling a 730-ton, 22-coach train at an average speed exceeding 75 mph (120 km/h) over 30 miles (48 km). The war also halted electrification of the Manchester-Sheffield line, on the 1,500 volt DC overhead system; however, anticipating eventual resumption, Gresley had a prototype main-line Bo-Bo electric locomotive built in 1941. Sadly, Gresley died from a heart attack while still in office.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1936. President, Institution of Locomotive Engineers 1927 and 1934. President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1936.Further ReadingF.A.S.Brown, 1961, Nigel Gresley, Locomotive Engineer, Ian Allan (full-length biography).John Bellwood and David Jenkinson, Gresley and Stanier. A Centenary Tribute (a good comparative account).See also: Bulleid, Oliver Vaughan SnellPJGRBiographical history of technology > Gresley, Sir Herbert Nigel
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3 régime
régime [ʀeʒim]masculine nounb. ( = système administratif) system ; ( = règlements) regulations• se marier sous le régime de la communauté/de la séparation de biens to opt for a marriage settlement based on joint ownership of property/on separate ownership of propertyd. (diététique) diet• être/mettre qn au régime to be/put sb on a diet• régime sans sel/basses calories salt-free/low-calorie diete. [de moteur] speed• à ce régime, nous n'aurons bientôt plus d'argent at this rate we'll soon have no money left• fonctionner or marcher or tourner à plein régime [moteur] to run at top speed ; [usine] to run at full capacity• baisse de régime ( = ralentissement) slowdownf. [de pluies, fleuve] régimeg. [de dattes, bananes] bunch* * *ʀeʒimnom masculin1) ( alimentation) dietêtre/se mettre au régime — to be/to go on a diet
2) Politique ( mode de gouvernement) system (of government); ( gouvernement) government; ( totalitaire) regime3) ( conditions) system, regime5) Droittourner à plein régime — [moteur] to run at top speed; [usine] to work at full capacity
à ce régime — fig at this rate
8) Géographie, Météorologie regime9) ( de bananes) bunch; ( de dattes) cluster10) Linguistique object* * *ʀeʒim nm1) POLITIQUE regime2) ADMINISTRATION, DROIT (carcéral, fiscal) system3) MÉDECINE diet4) TECHNIQUE, AUTOMOBILES (engine) speedà haut régime — at high revs, fig
L'économie tourne à plein régime. — The economy is running at full capacity.
5) GÉOGRAPHIE, [fleuve] rate of flow6) [bananes, dattes]* * *régime nm1 ( alimentation) diet; régime sans sel/sucre/graisse salt-/sugar-/fat-free diet; régime lacté/hautes calories milk/high-calorie diet; être/se mettre au régime to be/to go on a diet; suivre un régime to be on a diet; être au régime jockey○ hum to be on a starvation diet; être au régime sec hum to be on the wagon○; produit de régime dietary product;2 Pol ( mode de gouvernement) system (of government); ( gouvernement) government; ( totalitaire) regime; régime parlementaire parliamentary system;3 ( conditions) system, regime; régime pénitentiaire/scolaire prison/school system; régime de faveur preferential treatment;4 Admin ( organisation) scheme; ( règlement) regulations; régime d'assurances/de retraite insurance/pension scheme; régime des changes/d'échanges exchange/trade regulations; régime complémentaire private pension scheme that supplements the state scheme;5 Jur régime matrimonial marriage settlement; régime de la communauté des biens agreement whereby a married couple's property is jointly owned; régime de la séparation des biens agreement whereby each spouse retains ownership of his/her property;6 Mécan ( rythme) (running) speed; bas/haut régime low/high revs; tourner à plein régime [moteur] to run at top speed; [usine] to work at full capacity; à ce régime fig at this rate;9 ( de bananes) bunch; ( de dattes) cluster, bunch;[reʒim] nom masculinrégime militaire/parlementaire/totalitaire military/parliamentary/totalitarian regime[gouvernement] regimerégime de Sécurité socialesubdivision of the French social security system applying to certain professional groupsêtre marié sous le régime de la communauté to opt for a marriage based on joint ownership of property3. ÉCONOMIE4. MÉDECINEêtre au régime to be on a diet, to be dietingtravailler à plein régime [personne] to work flat outrégime de croisière economic ou cruising speed6. GÉOGRAPHIErégime d'un fleuve rate of flow, regimen of a riverrégime glaciaire/nivo-glaciaire/nivo-pluvial glacial/snow and ice/snow and rain regimele régime des vents the prevailing winds ou wind system7. LINGUISTIQUErégime direct/indirect direct/indirect object9. BOTANIQUEun régime de bananes a hand ou stem ou bunch of bananasun régime de dattes a bunch ou cluster of datesThe French Sécurité sociale system is divided into the following types of régimes: 1. Le régime général des salariés, which provides social security cover for people in paid employment.2. Les régimes spéciaux, which provide tailor-made cover for certain socioprofessional groups (civil servants, miners, students, etc).3. Les régimes particuliers, designed for the self-employed.4. Les régimes complémentaires, which provide additional retirement cover for wage-earners. -
4 piombo
m leada piombo plumbcon/senza piombo benzina leaded/unleadedfig andare con i piedi di piombo tread carefully* * *piombo s.m.1 (chim.) lead: piombo tetraetile, lead tetraethyl; acetato di piombo, lead acetate; arseniato di piombo, lead arsenate; (metall.) bronzo al piombo, leaded bronze; piombo antimoniale, hard lead; (mar.) piombo per scandaglio, sounding lead; questo pacco sembra piombo, pesa come il piombo, this parcel is as heavy as lead // a, in piombo, perpendicularly: filo a piombo, plumb line; il sole era a piombo sulle nostre teste, the sun was beating straight down on our heads; non essere a piombo, to be out of plumb // un cielo di piombo, a leaden sky // cadere in un sonno di piombo, to fall into a heavy sleep // cadere di piombo, (fig.) to fall flat2 ( sigillo) (leaden) seal; ( delle reti) lead, weight: chiudere un vagone col piombo, to seal a rail wagon3 (letter.) ( palle di fucile) lead, bullets (pl.); ( pallini da caccia) shot: cadere sotto il piombo del nemico, to fall under the enemy fire; lo riempirono di piombo, they filled him full of lead // anni di piombo, the years of terrorism* * *['pjombo]1. smsenza piombo — (benzina) unleaded, lead-free
2)avere/sentirsi addosso una cappa di piombo — to have/feel a great weight on one's shoulders
2. agg inv(colore) leaden, lead-coloured* * *['pjombo] 1.sostantivo maschile1) (metallo) leadsenza piombo — [ benzina] unleaded
cielo di piombo — lett. leaden sky
2) (nella pesca) lead, sinker3) (sigillo) lead seal4) fig. (proiettili) lead, bullets pl.riempire qcn. di piombo — colloq. to fill o pump sb. full of lead
gli anni di piombo — giorn. = the years of terrorism
5) tip.6) a piombo (a perpendicolo) [ roccia] sheer2.non essere a piombo — [ muro] to be off o out of plumb
grigio piombo — gunmetal grey BE o gray AE
••* * *piombo/'pjombo/ ⇒ 3I sostantivo m.1 (metallo) lead; senza piombo [ benzina] unleaded; cielo di piombo lett. leaden sky; mi sento le gambe di piombo my legs feel like lead2 (nella pesca) lead, sinker3 (sigillo) lead seal4 fig. (proiettili) lead, bullets pl.; riempire qcn. di piombo colloq. to fill o pump sb. full of lead; gli anni di piombo giorn. = the years of terrorism5 tip. caratteri di piombo metal type6 a piombo (a perpendicolo) [ roccia] sheer; finestra a piombo leaded window; filo a piombo plumb line; non essere a piombo [ muro] to be off o out of plumbpesante come il piombo as heavy as lead.
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