-
1 Frederic
-
2 Frédéric
[frederik] nom propre -
3 Frederic
m.Frédéric. -
4 Frédéric-Guillaume
[frederikgijom] nom propre -
5 Holmes, Frederic Hale
[br]fl. 1850s–60s[br]British engineer who pioneered the electrical illumination of lighthouses in Great Britain.[br]An important application of the magneto generator was demonstrated by Holmes in 1853 when he showed that it might be used to supply an arc lamp. This had many implications for the future because it presented the possibility of making electric lighting economically successful. In 1856 he patented a machine with six disc armatures on a common axis rotating between seven banks of permanent magnets. The following year Holmes suggested the possible application of his invention to lighthouse illumination and a trial was arranged and observed by Faraday, who was at that time scientific adviser to Trinity House, the corporation entrusted with the care of light-houses in England and Wales. Although the trial was successful and gained the approval of Faraday, the Elder Brethren of Trinity House imposed strict conditions on Holmes's design for machines to be used for a more extensive trial. These included connecting the machine directly to a slow-speed steam engine, but this resulted in a reduced performance. The experiments of Holmes and Faraday were brought to the attention of the French lighthouse authorities and magneto generators manufactured by Société Alliance began to be installed in some lighthouses along the coast of France. After noticing the French commutatorless machines, Holmes produced an alternator of similar type in 1867. Two of these were constructed for a new lighthouse at Souter Point near Newcastle and two were installed in each of the two lighthouses at South Foreland. One of the machines from South Foreland that was in service from 1872 to 1922 is preserved in the Royal Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh. A Holmes generator is also preserved in the Science Museum, London. Holmes obtained a series of patents for generators between 1856 and 1869, with all but the last being of the magneto-electric type.[br]Bibliography7 March 1856, British patent no. 573 (the original patent for Holmes's invention).1863, "On magneto electricity and its application to lighthouse purposes", Journal of the Society of Arts 12:39–43.Further ReadingW.J.King, 1962, in The Development of Electrical Technology in the 19th Century; Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, Paper 30, pp. 351–63 (provides a detailed account of Holmes's generators).J.N.Douglas, 1879, "The electric light applied to lighthouse illumination", Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers 57(3):77–110 (describes trials of Holmes's machines).GW -
6 Ives, Frederic Eugene
SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics[br]b. 17 February 1856 Litchfield, Connecticut, USAd. 27 May 1937 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA[br]American printer who pioneered the development of photomechanical and colour photographic processes.[br]Ives trained as a printer in Ithaca, New York, and became official photographer at Cornell University at the age of 18. His research into photomechanical processes led in 1886 to methods of making halftone reproduction of photographs using crossline screens. In 1881 he was the first to make a three-colour print from relief halftone blocks. He made significant contributions to the early development of colour photography, and from 1888 he published and marketed a number of systems for the production of additive colour photographs. He designed a beam-splitting camera in which a single lens exposed three negatives through red, green and blue filters. Black and white transparencies from these negatives were viewed in a device fitted with internal reflectors and filters, which combined the three colour separations into one full-colour image. This device was marketed in 1895 under the name Kromskop; sets of Kromograms were available commercially, and special cameras, or adaptors for conventional cameras, were available for photographers who wished to take their own colour pictures. A Lantern Kromskop was available for the projection of Kromskop pictures. Ives's system enjoyed a few years of commercial success before simpler methods of making colour photographs rendered it obsolete. Ives continued research into colour photography; his later achievements included the design, in 1915, of the Hicro process, in which a simple camera produced sets of separation negatives that could be printed as dyed transparencies in complementary colours and assembled in register on paper to produce colour prints. Later, in 1932, he introduced Polychrome, a simpler, two-colour process in which a bipack of two thin negative plates or films could be exposed in conventional cameras. Ives's interest extended into other fields, notably stereoscopy. He developed a successful parallax stereogram process in 1903, in which a three-dimensional image could be seen directly, without the use of viewing devices. In his lifetime he received many honours, and was a recipient of the Royal Photographic Society's Progress Medal in 1903 for his work in colour photography.[br]Further ReadingB.Coe, 1978, Colour Photography: The First Hundred Years, London J.S.Friedman, 1944, History of Colour Photography, Boston. G.Koshofer, 1981, Farbfotografie, Vol. I, Munich.E.J.Wall, 1925, The History of Three-Colour Photography, Boston.BC -
7 Moissan, Ferdinand-Frédéric-Henri
SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology[br]b. 28 September 1852 Paris, Franced. 20 February 1907 Paris, France[br]French chemist, the first to isolate fluorine, and a pioneer in high-temperature technology.[br]His family, of modest means, moved in 1864 to Meaux, where he attended the municipal college; he returned to Paris before completing his education and apprenticed himself to a pharmacist. In 1872 he began work as a laboratory assistant at the Musée d'Histoire Naturelle, while continuing studies in chemistry. He qualified as a pharmacist at the Ecole Supérieure de Pharmacie in 1879, and by this time he had decided that his main interest was inorganic chemistry. His early investigations concerned the oxides of iron and related metals; his work attracted the favourable attention of Sainte-Claire Deville and was the subject of his doctoral thesis. In 1882 Moissan married Leonie Lugan, whose father provided generous financial support, enabling him to pursue his researches with greater freedom and security. He became, successively, Professor of Toxicology at the Ecole in 1886 and of Inorganic Chemistry in 1899. In 1884 Moissan began both his investigation of the compounds of fluorine and his attempts to isolate the highly reactive element itself. Previous attempts by chemists had ended in failure and sometimes injury. Moissan's health, too, was affected, but in June 1886 he succeeded in isolating fluorine by electrolysing potassium fluoride in hydrogen fluoride at −50°C (−58°F) in platinum apparatus. He was then able to prepare further compounds of fluorine, some of technological importance, such as carbon tetrafluoride. At the same time, Moissan turned his attention to the making of artificial diamonds. To achieve this, he devised his celebrated electric-arc furnace; this was first demonstrated in December 1892 and consisted of two lime blocks placed one above the other, with a cavity for a crucible and two grooves for carbon electrodes, and could attain a temperature of 3,500°C (6,332°F). It seemed at first that he had succeeded in making diamonds, but this attempt is now regarded as a failure. Nevertheless, with the aid of his furnace he was able to produce and study many substances of technological importance, including refractory oxides, borides and carbides, and such metals as manganese, chromium, uranium, tungsten, vanadium, molybdenum, titanium and zirconium; many of these materials had useful applications in the chemical and metallurgical industries (e.g. calcium carbide became the main source of acetylene).[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsNobel Prize in Chemistry 1906.BibliographyThere are several listings of his more than 300 publications, such as Lebeau, cited below. Major works are Le Four électrique (1897, Paris) and Le Fluor et ses composés (1900, Paris).Further ReadingCentenaire de l'Ecole supérieure de pharmacie de l'Université de Paris 1803–1903,1904, Paris, pp. 249–57.B.Harrow, 1927, Eminent Chemists of Our Time, 2nd edn, New York, pp. 135–54, 374– 88.P.Lebeau, 1908, "Notice sur la vie et les travaux de Henri Moissan", Bulletin Soc. chim. de France (4 ser.) 3:i–xxxviii.LRDBiographical history of technology > Moissan, Ferdinand-Frédéric-Henri
-
8 Williams, Sir Frederic Calland
SUBJECT AREA: Electronics and information technology[br]b. 26 June 1911 Stockport, Cheshire, Englandd. 11 August 1977 Prestbury, Cheshire, England[br]English electrical engineer who invented the Williams storage cathode ray tube, which was extensively used worldwide as a data memory in the first digital computers.[br]Following education at Stockport Grammar School, Williams entered Manchester University in 1929, gaining his BSc in 1932 and MSc in 1933. After a short time as a college apprentice with Metropolitan Vickers, he went to Magdalen College, Oxford, to study for a DPhil, which he was awarded in 1936. He returned to Manchester University that year as an assistant lecturer, gaining his DSc in 1939. Following the outbreak of the Second World War he worked for the Scientific Civil Service, initially at the Bawdsey Research Station and then at the Telecommunications Research Establishment at Malvern, Worcestershire. There he was involved in research on non-incandescent amplifiers and diode rectifiers and the development of the first practical radar system capable of identifying friendly aircraft. Later in the war, he devised an automatic radar system suitable for use by fighter aircraft.After the war he resumed his academic career at Manchester, becoming Professor of Electrical Engineering and Director of the University Electrotechnical Laboratory in 1946. In the same year he succeeded in developing a data-memory device based on the cathode ray tube, in which the information was stored and read by electron-beam scanning of a charge-retaining target. The Williams storage tube, as it became known, not only found obvious later use as a means of storing single-frame, still television images but proved to be a vital component of the pioneering Manchester University MkI digital computer. Because it enabled both data and program instructions to be stored in the computer, it was soon used worldwide in the development of the early stored-program computers.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1976. OBE 1945. CBE 1961. FRS 1950. Hon. DSc Durham 1964, Sussex 1971, Wales 1971. First Royal Society of Arts Benjamin Franklin Medal 1957. City of Philadelphia John Scott Award 1960. Royal Society Hughes Medal 1963. Institution of Electrical Engineers Faraday Medal 1972. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Pioneer Award 1973.BibliographyWilliams contributed papers to many scientific journals, including Proceedings of the Royal Society, Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Wireless Engineer, Post Office Electrical Engineers' Journal. Note especially: 1948, with J.Kilburn, "Electronic digital computers", Nature 162:487; 1949, with J.Kilburn, "A storage system for use with binary digital computing machines", Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers 96:81; 1975, "Early computers at Manchester University", Radio \& Electronic Engineer 45:327. Williams also collaborated in the writing of vols 19 and 20 of the MIT RadiationLaboratory Series.Further ReadingB.Randell, 1973, The Origins of Digital Computers, Berlin: Springer-Verlag. M.R.Williams, 1985, A History of Computing Technology, London: Prentice-Hall. See also: Stibitz, George R.; Strachey, Christopher.KFBiographical history of technology > Williams, Sir Frederic Calland
-
9 Фредерик
-
10 Фридрих
-
11 פרדריק שופן
Frederic Chopin, (1810-1849) Polish-born French composer and pianist -
12 im.
(= imienia) Towarzystwo im. Fryderyka Chopina the Frédéric Chopin Society- szkoła im. Mikołaja Kopernika the Nicolaus Copernicus School* * *abbr; = imieniaUniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza — Adam Mickiewicz University
* * *im.abbr.(= imienia) Towarzystwo im. Fryderyka Chopina the Frédéric Chopin Society.The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > im.
-
13 personnage
personnage [pεʀsɔnaʒ]masculine nouna. ( = individu) character• c'est un personnage ! he's (or she's) quite a character!b. ( = célébrité) important person• personnage influent/haut placé influential/highly placed person* * *pɛʀsɔnaʒnom masculin1) ( personne fictive) characterla liste des personnages — Théâtre the cast, the dramatis personae (pl)
2) ( personne représentée) figure3) ( personne importante) figure4) ( personne curieuse) character* * *pɛʀsɔnaʒ nm1) (= notable) figure2) (= individu) character, individualC'est un personnage! [homme] — He's quite a character!, He's a real character!, [femme] She's quite a character!, She's a real character!
un personnage étrange — an odd character, an odd individual
3) THÉÂTRE character4) ART figure* * *personnage nm1 ( personne fictive) aussi Cin, Théât character; les personnages d'un roman/d'une pièce the characters in a novel/in a play; les personnages de Zola Zola's characters; un rôle de personnage secondaire the role of a secondary character; la liste des personnages the cast list, the dramatis personae (pl) Théât; se mettre dans la peau de son personnage to get inside one's part ou character;2 ( personne représentée) figure; les personnages d'une crèche de Noël the figures in a Christmas crib GB ou manger; un personnage allégorique qui représente le temps an allegorical figure representing time;3 ( personne importante) figure; un personnage influent an influential figure; un personnage important des sciences/du XXe siècle a prominent figure in science/in the 20th century; un personnage haut placé a high-placed person; les personnages importants de la ville the local dignitaries; un personnage célèbre a celebrity;4 ( personne curieuse) character; c'est un drôle de personnage he's an odd character; c'est un personnage extraordinaire/singulier he's an amazing/a strange character;5 ( personne affectée) image; cet air distant fait partie de son personnage this air of aloofness is part of his image; se composer un personnage to adopt a persona.[pɛrsɔnaʒ] nom masculin1. [de fiction] characterun personnage de roman/de théâtre a character in a novel/in a playpersonnage principal main ou leading charactera. LITTÉRATURE minor ou secondary characters[personne remarquable] characterce Frédéric, c'est un personnage! that Frederic's quite a character! -
14 Federico Chopin
m.Frederic Chopin, Chopin, Frederic Francois Chopin. -
15 Sources
■ Adams, Ramón F. Western Words: A Dictionary of the Old West. New York: Hippocrene Press, 1998.■ Bentley, Harold W. A Dictionary of Spanish Terms in English, with Special Reference to the American Southwest. New York: Columbia University Press, 1932.■ Blevins, Winfred. Dictionary ofthe American West. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1993.■ Carlisle, Rose Jean. "A Southwestern Dictionary." University of New Mexico: Unpublished Thesis, 1939. Cassidy, Frederic G. Dictionary of American Regional English. Volume I: Introduction andA-C. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1985. Cassidy, Frederic G., and Joan Houston Hall. Dictionary of American Regional English. Volume II: D-H. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1991.■. Dictionary of American Regional English. Volume III: I-O.■ Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press 1996.■ Clark, Thomas L. Western Lore and Language: A Dictionary for Enthusiasts of the American West. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1996.■ Hendrickson, Robert. Happy Trails: A Dictionary of Western Expressions. Volume II: Facts On File Dictionary of American Region-alisms. New York: Facts on File, 1994.■ Hill, A. A. " Buckaroo, Once More." American Speech 54 (1979): 151- 153.■ Hoy, Bill. Spanish Terms ofthe Sonoran Desert Borderlands: A Basic Glossary, 4th ed., rev. and enl. Calexico, Calif.: Institute for Border Studies, San Diego State University, Imperial Valley Campus, 1993.■ Oxford English Dictionary, 2d ed., on compact disc: Windows Network Version 1.11. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.■ Rodríguez González, Felix. Spanish Loanwords in the English Language: A Tendency Towards Hegemony Reversal. Topics in English Linguistics, vol. 18. Herman Wekker, series ed. New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1996.■ Slatta, Richard W. Cowboys of the Americas. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1990.■ Smith, Cornelius C., Jr. A Southwestern Vocabulary: The Words They Used. Glendale, Calif.: The Arthur H. Clark Co., 1984.■ Watts, Peter. A Dictionary of the Old West. Avenel, N.J.: Wings Books/Random House, 1977.■ Alvar Ezquerra, Manuel. "Pero ¿quiénes son tantos gringos?" Homenaje a Humberto López Morales, eds. María Vaquero y Amparo Morales, 75-89. Madrid: Editorial Arco, 1992.■ Cabrera, Luis. Diccionario de aztequismos, cuarta edición. Mexico City: Ediciones Oasis, S. A., 1982.■ Cobos, Rubén. A Dictionary of New Mexico and Southern Colorado Spanish. Santa Fe: Museum of New Mexico Press, 1983.■ Corominas, Joan. Breve diccionario etimológico de la lengua castellana, segunda edición. Madrid: Editorial Gredos, S. A., 1967.■ Corominas, Joan, and José A. Pascual. Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico: vols. I-V. Madrid: Editorial Gredos, S. A., c. 1980-.■ Real Academia Española. Diccionario de la lengua española, vigésima primera edición ( CD-ROM). Madrid: Espasa Calpe, 1995.■ Galván, Roberto A. The Dictionary ofChicano Spanish/ El diccionario del español chicano, 2d ed. Chicago: National Textbook Co., 1995.■ Garulo, Teresa. Los arabismos en el léxico andaluz. Madrid: Instituto Hispano-Árabe de Cultura, 1983.■ Islas Escárcega, Leovigildo. Vocabulario campesino nacional: objec-ciones y ampliaciones al vocabulario agrícola nacional publicado por el Instituto Mexicano de Investigaciones Lingüísticas en 1935. Mexico: B. de Silva, 1945.■ Santamaría, Francisco J. Diccionario de mejicanismos, quinta edición. Mexico City: Editorial Porrúa, S. A., 1992. -
16 Другим примером этой тенденции является отладчик TESTRAN
Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Другим примером этой тенденции является отладчик TESTRAN
-
17 Ирония состоит в том, что назначение редактора связей — избежать повторной компиляции
Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Ирония состоит в том, что назначение редактора связей — избежать повторной компиляции
-
18 Легко отметить исключения и подчеркнуть противоположности
Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Легко отметить исключения и подчеркнуть противоположности
-
19 Поэтому составитель руководства должен держать в узде себя и свой язык, чтобы достичь необходимой строгости (формальных определений)
General subject: Therefore the manual writer must strain himself and his language to achieve the precision needed (см. Frederic P. Br)Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Поэтому составитель руководства должен держать в узде себя и свой язык, чтобы достичь необходимой строгости (формальных определений)
-
20 Фредерик
См. также в других словарях:
Frédéric 2 — Frédéric II de Prusse Frédéric II de Prusse Surnom(s) Frédéric le Grand der alte Fritz Naissance 24 janvier 1712 Berlin … Wikipédia en Français
Frédéric — ist die französische Form von Friedrich und der Vorname folgender Personen: Frédéric Amorison (* 1978), belgischer Radrennfahrer Frédéric von Anhalt (* 1943 oder 1946), Adoptivsohn von Marie Auguste, Prinzessin von Anhalt Frédéric Back (* 1924),… … Deutsch Wikipedia
Frederic — Frédéric Cette page d’homonymie répertorie les différents sujets et articles partageant un même nom. Frédéric est un nom propre ou plus rarement commun qui peut désigner : Sommaire 1 Nom commun 2 … Wikipédia en Français
Frederic 2 — Frédéric II Cette page d’homonymie répertorie les différents souverains partageant un même nom. Frédéric II est la désignation de plusieurs nobles et souverains européens : Rois et empereurs Frédéric II Stupor mundi (1194 1250), roi… … Wikipédia en Français
Frederic II — Frédéric II Cette page d’homonymie répertorie les différents souverains partageant un même nom. Frédéric II est la désignation de plusieurs nobles et souverains européens : Rois et empereurs Frédéric II Stupor mundi (1194 1250), roi… … Wikipédia en Français
Frederic — ist eine Form von Friedrich und der Name folgender Personen: Dagmar Frederic, (* 1945), deutsche Showmasterin Harold Frederic, (1856–1898), US amerikanischer Schriftsteller und Journalist Orte in den Vereinigten Staaten: Frederic (Iowa) Frederic… … Deutsch Wikipedia
FRÉDÉRIC II — (1194 1250) empereur germanique (1220 1250) Fils de l’empereur Henri VI et de Constance de Hauteville, héritière des rois normands, Frédéric naquit à Iesi le 26 décembre 1194. Orphelin à quatre ans, le jeune roi de Sicile est confié à la tutelle… … Encyclopédie Universelle
Frederic — may refer to:In places: * Frederic, Wisconsin, village in Polk County, Wisconsin, US * Frederic Township, Michigan, township in Crawford County in the US state of MichiganOther: * Frederic, main character of the operetta The Pirates of Penzance… … Wikipedia
Frederic IV — Frédéric IV Cette page d’homonymie répertorie les différents souverains partageant un même nom. Plusieurs souverains se sont appelés Frédéric IV : Frédéric IV (mort en 1353), co margrave de Bade en 1353 Frédéric IV dit le Juste, prince … Wikipédia en Français
FRÉDÉRIC (L.) — FRÉDÉRIC LÉON (1856 1940) Le peintre Léon Frédéric est l’un des représentants les plus marquants de l’école symboliste belge. Il n’est pas rare pourtant de le voir classé parmi les épigones du «réalisme»; mais l’ambiguïté apparente de cette… … Encyclopédie Universelle
Frédéric Lo — Frédéric Lo, né Frédéric Bonnet le 23 août 1964 à Rodez, est un musicien, réalisateur musical, compositeur, arrangeur, producteur de musique et chanteur français. Vivant à Paris, Frédéric Lo est notamment connu pour son œuvre en duo avec Daniel… … Wikipédia en Français
