foundry+industry

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1) Engineering: foundry industry

2) Economy: foundry industry (чёрных и цветных металлов)

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SUBJECT AREA: Automotive engineering, Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering

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Ernest-Sylvain Bollée was the founder of an extensive dynasty of bellfounders based in Le Mans and in Orléans. He and his three sons, Amédée (1844–1917), Ernest-Sylvain fils (1846–1917) and Auguste (1847-?), were involved in work and patents on steam-and petrol-driven cars, on wind engines and on hydraulic rams. The presence of the Bollées' car industry in Le Mans was a factor in the establishment of the car races that are held there.

In 1868 Ernest-Sylvain Bollée père took out a patent for a wind engine, which at that time was well established in America and in England. In both these countries, variable-shuttered as well as fixed-blade wind engines were in production and patented, but the Ernest-Sylvain Bollée patent was for a type of wind engine that had not been seen before and is more akin to the water-driven turbine of the Jonval type, with its basic principle being parallel to the "rotor" and "stator". The wind drives through a fixed ring of blades on to a rotating ring that has a slightly greater number of blades. The blades of the fixed ring are curved in the opposite direction to those on the rotating blades and thus the air is directed onto the latter, causing it to rotate at a considerable speed: this is the "rotor". For greater efficiency a cuff of sheet iron can be attached to the "stator", giving a tunnel effect and driving more air at the "rotor". The head of this wind engine is turned to the wind by means of a wind-driven vane mounted in front of the blades. The wind vane adjusts the wind angle to enable the wind engine to run at a constant speed.

The fact that this wind engine was invented by the owner of a brass foundry, with all the gear trains between the wind vane and the head of the tower being of the highest-quality brass and, therefore, small in scale, lay behind its success. Also, it was of prefabricated construction, so that fixed lengths of cast-iron pillar were delivered, complete with twelve treads of cast-iron staircase fixed to the outside and wrought-iron stays. The drive from the wind engine was taken down the inside of the pillar to pumps at ground level.

Whilst the wind engines were being built for wealthy owners or communes, the work of the foundry continued. The three sons joined the family firm as partners and produced several steam-driven vehicles. These vehicles were the work of Amédée père and were l'Obéissante (1873); the Autobus (1880–3), of which some were built in Berlin under licence; the tram Bollée-Dalifol (1876); and the private car La Mancelle (1878). Another important line, in parallel with the pumping mechanism required for the wind engines, was the development of hydraulic rams, following the Montgolfier patent. In accordance with French practice, the firm was split three ways when Ernest-Sylvain Bollée père died. Amédée père inherited the car side of the business, but it is due to Amédée fils (1867– 1926) that the principal developments in car manufacture came into being. He developed the petrol-driven car after the impetus given by his grandfather, his father and his uncle Ernest-Sylvain fils. In 1887 he designed a four-stroke single-cylinder engine, although he also used engines designed by others such as Peugeot. He produced two luxurious saloon cars before putting Torpilleur on the road in 1898; this car competed in the Tour de France in 1899. Whilst designing other cars, Amédée's son Léon (1870–1913) developed the Voiturette, in 1896, and then began general manufacture of small cars on factory lines. The firm ceased work after a merger with the English firm of Morris in 1926. Auguste inherited the Eolienne or wind-engine side of the business; however, attracted to the artistic life, he sold out to Ernest Lebert in 1898 and settled in the Paris of the Impressionists. Lebert developed the wind-engine business and retained the basic "stator-rotor" form with a conventional lattice tower. He remained in Le Mans, carrying on the business of the manufacture of wind engines, pumps and hydraulic machinery, describing himself as a "Civil Engineer".

The hydraulic-ram business fell to Ernest-Sylvain fils and continued to thrive from a solid base of design and production. The foundry in Le Mans is still there but, more importantly, the bell foundry of Dominique Bollée in Saint-Jean-de-Braye in Orléans is still at work casting bells in the old way.

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1) General subject: founding

2) Engineering: casting, foundry practice, foundry work

3) Automobile industry: foundry

4) Business: foundry operations

5) Automation: foundry engineering

1) Engineering: foundry iron, foundry pig iron

2) Railway term: casting pig

3) Automobile industry: foundry cast iron

4) Metallurgy: cast iron, foundry-iron

5) Automation: foundry (pig) iron

1) General subject: a foundry shop, foundry

2) Engineering: casthouse, CH (cast house)

3) Construction: casting hangar, casting house

4) Makarov: casting shop, foundry shop, iron foundry

5) Facilities: cast shop

6) Aluminium industry: cast center, cast house

1) General subject: steelworks (употр. как sing и как pl), steel mill (AD), steel-works

2) Engineering: foundry, steel foundry, steel mill, steel-casting foundry, steelmaking plant

3) Construction: steel plant

4) Economy: steel works

5) Automobile industry: steel-casting foundry (цех)

6) Metallurgy: steel maker

1) Engineering: foundry

2) Metallurgy: casthouse production

3) Business: foundry operation

4) Automation: foundry engineering

5) Aluminium industry: casthouse (как название подразделения)

f, Eisenhüttenwerk n TECH. ironworks Pl. (V. meist im Sg.)

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ironworks

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Eisenhütte f, Eisenhüttenwerk n TECH ironworks pl (v meist im sg) Eisenindustrie f TECH iron industry

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ironworks n.

SUBJECT AREA: Textiles

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Peter Ewart, the youngest of six sons, was born at Traquair manse, where his father was a clergyman in the Church of Scotland. He was educated at the Free School, Dumfries, and in 1782 spent a year at Edinburgh University. He followed this with an apprenticeship under John Rennie at Musselburgh before moving south in 1785 to help Rennie erect the Albion corn mill in London. This brought him into contact with Boulton \& Watt, and in 1788 he went to Birmingham to erect a waterwheel and other machinery in the Soho Manufactory. In 1789 he was sent to Manchester to install a steam engine for Peter Drinkwater and thus his long connection with the city began. In 1790 Ewart took up residence in Manchester as Boulton \& Watt's representative. Amongst other engines, he installed one for Samuel Oldknow at Stockport. In 1792 he became a partner with Oldknow in his cotton-spinning business, but because of financial difficulties he moved back to Birmingham in 1795 to help erect the machines in the new Soho Foundry. He was soon back in Manchester in partnership with Samuel Greg at Quarry Bank Mill, Styal, where he was responsible for developing the water power, installing a steam engine, and being concerned with the spinning machinery and, later, gas lighting at Greg's other mills.

In 1798, Ewart devised an automatic expansion-gear for steam engines, but steam pressures at the time were too low for such a device to be effective. His grasp of the theory of steam power is shown by his paper to the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society in 1808, On the Measure of Moving Force. In 1813 he patented a power loom to be worked by the pressure of steam or compressed air. In 1824 Charles Babbage consulted him about automatic looms. His interest in textiles continued until at least 1833, when he obtained a patent for a self-acting spinning mule, which was, however, outclassed by the more successful one invented by Richard Roberts. Ewart gave much help and advice to others. The development of the machine tools at Boulton \& Watt's Soho Foundry has been mentioned already. He also helped James Watt with his machine for copying sculptures. While he continued to run his own textile mill, Ewart was also in partnership with Charles Macintosh, the pioneer of rubber-coated cloth. He was involved with William Fairbairn concerning steam engines for the boats that Fairbairn was building in Manchester, and it was through Ewart that Eaton Hodgkinson was introduced to Fairbairn and so made the tests and calculations for the tubes for the Britannia Railway Bridge across the Menai Straits. Ewart was involved with the launching of the Liverpool \& Manchester Railway as he was a director of the Manchester Chamber of Commerce at the time.

In 1835 he uprooted himself from Manchester and became the first Chief Engineer for the Royal Navy, assuming responsibility for the steamboats, which by 1837 numbered 227 in service. He set up repair facilities and planned workshops for overhauling engines at Woolwich Dockyard, the first establishment of its type. It was here that he was killed in an accident when a chain broke while he was supervising the lifting of a large boiler. Engineering was Ewart's life, and it is possible to give only a brief account of his varied interests and connections here.

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SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering

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James Nasmyth was the youngest son of Alexander Nasmyth (1758–1840), the portrait and landscape painter. According to his autobiography he was named James Hall after his father's friend, the geologist Sir James Hall (1761–1832), but he seems never to have used his second name in official documents. He received an elementary education at Edinburgh High School, but left at the age of 12. He attended evening classes at the Edinburgh School of Arts for the instruction of Mechanics between 1821 and 1825, and gained experience as a mechanic at an early age in his father's workshop. He shared these early experiences with his brother George, who was only a year or so older, and in the 1820s the brothers built several model steam engines and a steam-carriage capable of carrying eight passengers on the public roads. In 1829 Nasmyth obtained a position in London as personal assistant to Henry Maudslay, and after Maudslay's death in February 1831 he remained with Maudslay's partner, Joshua Field, for a short time. He then returned to Edinburgh, where he and his brother George started in a small way as general engineers. In 1834 they moved to a small workshop in Manchester, and in 1836, with the aid of financial backing from some Manchester businessmen, they established on a site at Patricroft, a few miles from the city, the works which became known as the Bridgewater Foundry. They were soon joined by a third partner, Holbrook Gaskell (1813–1909), who looked after the administration of the business, the firm then being known as Nasmyths Gaskell \& Co. They specialized in making machine tools, and Nasmyth invented many improvements so that they soon became one of the leading manufacturers in this field. They also made steam locomotives for the rapidly developing railways. James Nasmyth's best-known invention was the steam-hammer, which dates from 1839 but was not patented until 1842. The self-acting control gear was probably the work of Robert Wilson and ensured the commercial success of the invention. George Nasmyth resigned from the partnership in 1843 and in 1850 Gaskell also resigned, after which the firm continued as James Nasmyth \& Co. James Nasmyth himself retired at the end of 1856 and went to live at Penshurst, Kent, in a house which he named "Hammerfield" where he devoted his time mainly to his hobby of astronomy. Robert Wilson returned to become Managing Partner of the firm, which later became Nasmyth, Wilson \& Co. and retained that style until its closure in 1940. Nasmyth's claim to be the sole inventor of the steam-hammer has been disputed, but his patent of 1842 was not challenged and the fourteen-year monopoly ensured the prosperity of the business so that he was able to retire at the age of 48. At his death in 1890 he left an estate valued at £243,805.

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SUBJECT AREA: Textiles

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William Cockerill began his career in Lancashire by making "roving billies" and flying shuttles. He was reputed to have an extraordinary mechanical genius and it is said that he could make models of almost any machine. He followed in the footsteps of many other enterprising British engineers when in 1794 he went to St Petersburg in Russia, having been recommended as a skilful artisan to the Empress Catherine II. After her death two years later, her successor Paul sent Cockerill to prison because he failed to finish a model within a certain time. Cockerill, however, escaped to Sweden where he was commissioned to construct the locks on a public canal. He attempted to introduce textile machinery of his own invention but was unsuccessful and so in 1799 he removed to Verviers, Belgium, where he established himself as a manufacturer of textile machinery. In 1802 he was joined by James Holden, who before long set up his own machine-building business. In 1807 Cockerill moved to Liège where, with his three sons (William Jnr, Charles James and John), he set up factories for the construction of carding machines, spinning frames and looms for the woollen industry. He secured for Verviers supremacy in the woollen trade and introduced at Liège an industry of which England had so far possessed the monopoly. His products were noted for their fine craftsmanship, and in the heyday of the Napoleonic regime about half of his output was sold in France. In 1813 he imported a model of a Watt steam-engine from England and so added another range of products to his firm. Cockerill became a naturalized Belgian subject c. 1810, and a few years later he retired from the business in favour of his two younger sons, Charles James and John (b. 30 April 1790 Haslingden, Lancashire, England; d. 19 June 1840 Warsaw, Poland), but in 1830 at Andenne he converted a vast factory formerly used for calico printing into a paper mill. Little is known of his eldest son William, but the other two sons expanded the enterprise, setting up a woollen factory at Berlin after 1815 and establishing at Seraing-on-the-Meuse in 1817 blast furnaces, an iron foundry and a machine workshop which became the largest on the European continent. William Cockerill senior died in 1832 at the Château du Behrensberg, the residence of his son Charles James, near Aix-la-Chapelle.

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RTS / RLH

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[Swahili Word] kiwanda

[Swahili Plural] viwanda

[English Word] factory

[English Plural] factories

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 7/8

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[Swahili Word] kiwanda

[Swahili Plural] viwanda

[English Word] plant

[English Plural] plants

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 7/8

[Swahili Example] kiwanda cha jotojoto; kiwanda cha kufanyia unga wa maziwa [Rec]

[English Example] heat-treatment plant; powdered-milk processing plant

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[Swahili Word] kiwanda

[Swahili Plural] viwanda

[English Word] workshop

[English Plural] workshops

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 7/8

[Related Words] uwanda

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[Swahili Word] kiwanda

[Swahili Plural] viwanda

[English Word] industry

[English Plural] industries

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 7/8

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[Swahili Word] kiwanda

[Swahili Plural] viwanda

[English Word] enterprise

[English Plural] enterprises

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 7/8

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[Swahili Word] kiwanda cha kutengeneza bidhaa

[Swahili Plural] viwanda vya kutnegeneza

[English Word] manufacturing industry

[English Plural] manufacturing industries

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 7/8

[Derived Language] Swahili

[Derived Word] -tengeneza, bidhaa

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[Swahili Word] kiwanda cha nguzo za umeme

[Swahili Plural] viwanda vya nguzo za umeme

[English Word] electric power station

[English Plural] electric power stations

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 7/8

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[Swahili Word] kiwanda

[Swahili Plural] viwanda

[English Word] mine

[English Plural] mines

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 7/8

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[Swahili Word] kiwanda

[Swahili Plural] viwanda

[English Word] forge

[English Plural] forges

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 7/8

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[Swahili Word] kiwanda

[Swahili Plural] viwanda

[English Word] foundry

[English Plural] foundries

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 7/8

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[Swahili Word] kiwanda

[Swahili Plural] viwanda

[English Word] plot of ground

[English Plural] plots of ground

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 7/8

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[Swahili Word] kiwanda

[Swahili Plural] viwanda

[English Word] yard

[English Plural] yards

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 7/8

[Related Words] uwanda

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1. production

свё́ртывать произво́дство ( обычно постепенно) — phase out [phase back] production

сня́тый с произво́дства — out of production

2. ( добыча) production

3. ( изготовление) manufacture; ( из полуфабрикатов) fabrication

произво́дство по за́мкнутому ци́клу — captive manufacture

4. ( отрасль) industry

произво́дство без вы́хода на ры́нок — captive production

бонда́рное произво́дство — cooperage

бума́жное произво́дство — papermaking

произво́дство в о́пытных масшта́бах — pilot production

произво́дство в промы́шленных масшта́бах — production in quantity, commercial production

вспомога́тельное произво́дство

1. auxiliary process(es)

2. ( подразделение завода) auxiliary department

произво́дство га́за — (особ. природного) gas production; (особ. искусственного) gas generation

до́менное произво́дство — blast-furnace process

едини́чное произво́дство — individual [single-unit, piece-work] production

кни́жное произво́дство — book production

произво́дство ко́жи — leather manufacture

коксохими́ческое произво́дство — cake and by-product process

конве́ртерное произво́дство — converter process(es)

крупносери́йное произво́дство — large-lot [large-scale] production

кузне́чно-пре́ссовое произво́дство — press forging

кузне́чно-штампо́вочное произво́дство — press forging; ( объёмная штамповка) die forging

лесохими́ческое произво́дство — wood chemical industry

листопрока́тное произво́дство — ( толстого листа) plate rolling; ( тонкого листа) sheet rolling

лите́йное произво́дство — foundry

марте́новское произво́дство — open-hearth process

ма́ссовое произво́дство — mass production

мелкосери́йное произво́дство — small-lot [small-scale] production

моде́льное произво́дство — pattern-making

непреры́вное произво́дство — continuous process

произво́дство о́буви — shoe making

о́пытное произво́дство — pilot(-scale) production

полузаводско́е произво́дство хим. — pilot-scale process

пото́чное произво́дство — flow(-line) [in-line] production

прока́тное произво́дство — rolling

сва́рочное произво́дство — welding fabrication; ( раздел техники) welding engineering

сери́йное произво́дство — ( в противовес экспериментальному или опытному) quantity [full-scale] production; ( партиями) batch [series] production

произво́дство ста́ли — steelmaking

тексти́льное произво́дство — textile manufacture

произво́дство тепла́ — heat generation, heat production

труболите́йное произво́дство — pipe casting

трубопрока́тное произво́дство — pipe rolling

трубосва́рочное произво́дство — pipe welding

фабри́чное произво́дство — manufacturing, manufacture

произво́дство фо́сфорной кислоты́ экстракцио́нным спо́собом — production of phosphoric acid by the wet process

хлопчатобума́жное произво́дство — cotton manufacture

произво́дство чугуна́ — iron making

шве́йное произво́дство — clothing [garment] manufacture

шо́рно-седе́льное произво́дство — saddlery

шту́чное произво́дство — individual production

произво́дство электри́ческой эне́ргии — generation of electrical energy, electricity production

1) Engineering: binder (связующее вещество), bond (вещество)

2) Automobile industry: binder

3) Metallurgy: binding agent, bonding agent, core binder

4) Polymers: foundry binder