-
21 augment
o:ɡ'ment(to increase in amount or make bigger in size or number.) aumentartr[ɔːg'ment]1 formal use aumentar1 formal use aumentarseaugment [ɔg'mɛnt] vt: aumentar, incrementarv.• aumentar v.• engrosar v.ɔːg'menttransitive verb (frml) aumentar, incrementar (frml)[ɔːɡ'ment]1.VT aumentar2.VI aumentar(se)* * *[ɔːg'ment]transitive verb (frml) aumentar, incrementar (frml) -
22 censure
'senʃə
1. verb(to criticize or blame: He was censured for staying away from work.) censurar
2. noun(criticism or blame.) censuratr['senʃəSMALLr/SMALL]1 formal use censura1 formal use censurar♦ censurable [-ʧərəbəl] adjcensure n: censura f, reproche f oficialn.• carda s.f.• censura s.f.v.• atildar v.• censurar v.• fustigar v.• reprochar v.
I 'sentʃər, 'sensjə(r)transitive verb censurar
II
mass noun censura f['senʃǝ(r)]1.N censura fvote of censure — voto m de censura
2.VT censurar* * *
I ['sentʃər, 'sensjə(r)]transitive verb censurar
II
mass noun censura f -
23 commence
kə'mens(to begin: the church service commenced with a hymn.) comenzar, empezarcommence vb comenzar / empezartr[kə'mens]1 formal use comenzar, iniciar, empezar1 formal use comenzar, iniciarse, empezar: iniciar, comenzarcommence vi: iniciarse, comenzarv.• comenzar v.• empezar v.kə'mens
1.
intransitive verb (frml) \<\<session/celebration\>\> dar* comienzo (frml), iniciarse; \<\<person\>\> comenzar*
2.
vt (frml) \<\<work/discussion\>\> dar* comienzo a (frml), iniciar (frml), comenzar*[kǝ'mens] frmto commence + -ING — comenzar* a + inf
1.VT comenzarto commence doing or to do sth — comenzar a hacer algo
to commence proceedings (against sb) — (Jur) entablar demanda (a algn)
2.VI comenzar* * *[kə'mens]
1.
intransitive verb (frml) \<\<session/celebration\>\> dar* comienzo (frml), iniciarse; \<\<person\>\> comenzar*
2.
vt (frml) \<\<work/discussion\>\> dar* comienzo a (frml), iniciar (frml), comenzar*to commence + -ING — comenzar* a + inf
-
24 consummate
1. 'konsəmeit verb(to complete or fulfil.) consumar
2. -mət adjective(complete; perfect.) consumado1 formal use consumado,-a1 formal use consumarconsummate [kən'sʌmət, 'kɑntsə-mət] adj: consumado, perfectoadj.• consumado, -a adj.v.• consumar v.
I 'kɑːnˌsəmət, 'kɒnsəmətadjective (frml) (before n) <actor/liar> consumado
II 'kɑːnsəmeɪt, 'kɒnsəmeɪttransitive verb consumar1.ADJ [kǝn'sʌmɪt]consumado; [skill] sumo2.VT ['kɒnsʌmeɪt]consumar* * *
I ['kɑːnˌsəmət, 'kɒnsəmət]adjective (frml) (before n) <actor/liar> consumado
II ['kɑːnsəmeɪt, 'kɒnsəmeɪt]transitive verb consumar -
25 deprecate
tr['deprɪkeɪt]1 formal use (deplore) censurar, condenar, criticar, reprobar2 formal use (belittle) menospreciar, despreciarv.• desaprobar v.'deprɪkeɪttransitive verb (frml)a) ( express disapproval of) reprobar*, criticar*b) ( belittle) menospreciar, despreciar['deprɪkeɪt]VT frm (=censure) desaprobar, lamentar; (=disparage) menospreciar* * *['deprɪkeɪt]transitive verb (frml)a) ( express disapproval of) reprobar*, criticar*b) ( belittle) menospreciar, despreciar -
26 designate
'deziɡneit
1. verb1) (to call or name: It was designated a conservation area.) designar, nombrar2) (to point out or identify: He has been designated our next Prime Minister.) designar, nombrar
2. adjective((placed immediately after noun) appointed to an office etc but not yet having begun it: the ambassador designate.) designado, nombrado- designated driver
1 formal use (indicate, mark, show) indicar, señalar2 (appoint) designar, nombrar1 formal use designado,-a, nombrado,-a1) indicate, specify: indicar, especificar2) appoint: nombrar, designaradj.• designado, -a adj.v.• designar v.• marcar v.• nombrar v.• señalar v.
I 'dezɪgneɪt1) ( name officially) nombrar, designar2) ( call) (frml) designar3) ( indicate) (frml) indicar*
II 'dezɪgneɪt, -nət, 'dezɪgnətadjective (after n)1.VT ['dezɪɡneɪt](=name) denominar; (=appoint) nombrar, designar; (=indicate) señalar, indicarto designate sb to do sth — nombrar or designar a algn para hacer algo
I was designated as their representative — me nombraron or designaron representante de su grupo
the woodland has been designated (as) a bird sanctuary — el bosque ha sido declarado reserva ornitológica
2.ADJ ['dezɪɡnɪt]designado, nombrado* * *
I ['dezɪgneɪt]1) ( name officially) nombrar, designar2) ( call) (frml) designar3) ( indicate) (frml) indicar*
II ['dezɪgneɪt, -nət, 'dezɪgnət]adjective (after n) -
27 designation
noun (a name or title.) denominación, nombramientotr[dezɪg'neɪʃən]designation [.dɛzɪg'neɪʃən] n1) naming: designación f2) name: denominación f, nombre m3) appointment: designación f, nombramiento mn.• denominación s.f.• designación s.f.• nombramiento s.m.'dezɪg'neɪʃən1)a) u ( naming) designación fb) c ( name) (frml) denominación f (frml), nombre m2) c u ( appointment) nombramiento m, designación f[ˌdezɪɡ'neɪʃǝn]N (=title) denominación f ; (=appointment) nombramiento m, designación f* * *['dezɪg'neɪʃən]1)a) u ( naming) designación fb) c ( name) (frml) denominación f (frml), nombre m2) c u ( appointment) nombramiento m, designación f -
28 desire
1. noun(a wish or longing: I have a sudden desire for a bar of chocolate; I have no desire ever to see him again.) deseo
2. verb(to long for or feel desire for: After a day's work, all I desire is a hot bath.) desear- desirability
desire1 n deseodesire2 vb deseartr[dɪ'zaɪəSMALLr/SMALL]1 (wish, urge, longing) deseo, anhelo, ansia; (sexual) deseo■ several listeners have expressed a desire to participate varios oyentes han manifestado su deseo de participar2 formal use (request) rogar, solicitar\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLone's heart's desire su mayor deseo, su deseo fervienteto leave a lot to be desired dejar mucho que desear1) want: desear2) request: rogar, solicitardesire n: deseo m, anhelo m, ansia mn.• apetencia s.f.• comezón s.m.• dentera s.f.• deseo s.m.• gana s.f.• querer s.m.v.• ambicionar v.• desear v.• envidiar v.• querer v.(§pret: quis-) fut/c: querr-•)
I dɪ'zaɪr, dɪ'zaɪə(r)1) c ( wish) deseo m, anhelo m (liter)a desire FOR something — deseos mpl de algo
2) u ( lust) deseo m
II
a) ( want) \<\<happiness/success\>\> desearto leave much/a lot to be desired — dejar mucho/bastante que desear
b) ( lust after) \<\<person\>\> desearc) desired past p deseado[dɪ'zaɪǝ(r)]1.2. VT1) (=want) [+ wealth, success] desear2) (sexually) [+ person] desear3) (=request)to desire that... — rogar que...
* * *
I [dɪ'zaɪr, dɪ'zaɪə(r)]1) c ( wish) deseo m, anhelo m (liter)a desire FOR something — deseos mpl de algo
2) u ( lust) deseo m
II
a) ( want) \<\<happiness/success\>\> desearto leave much/a lot to be desired — dejar mucho/bastante que desear
b) ( lust after) \<\<person\>\> desearc) desired past p deseado -
29 desultory
tr['desəltərɪ]1 formal use (without clear plan, purpose) poco sistemático,-a, poco metódico,-a, irregular2 formal use (showing little interest) desganado,-a, poco entusiastadesultory ['dɛsəl.tori] adj1) aimless: sin rumbo, sin objeto2) disconnected: inconexoadj.• inconexo, -a adj.'desəltɔːri, 'dezəltəriadjective <effort/attempt> desganadoin a desultory fashion — sin entusiasmo, con desgana or (esp AmL) desgano
['desǝltǝrɪ]frm ADJ [way of working etc] poco metódico; [applause] poco entusiasta; [gunfire] intermitente, esporádico* * *['desəltɔːri, 'dezəltəri]adjective <effort/attempt> desganadoin a desultory fashion — sin entusiasmo, con desgana or (esp AmL) desgano
-
30 dispensation
tr[dɪspen'seɪʃən]3 (exemption, permission) exención nombre femenino, dispensa4 SMALLRELIGION/SMALL (exemption, permission) dispensadispensation [.dɪspɛn'seɪʃən] nexemption: exención m, dispensa fn.• dispensa s.f.• dispensación s.f.'dɪspən'seɪʃən1) ca) ( exemption) exención fb) ( Relig) dispensa f2) u ( of justice) administración f[ˌdɪspen'seɪʃǝn]N1) (=exemption) exención f2) (=distribution) [of drugs] dispensación f3) (=implementation) [of justice] administración f4) (Rel) dispensa fdispensation of Providence — designio m divino
5) (=ruling) decreto m* * *['dɪspən'seɪʃən]1) ca) ( exemption) exención fb) ( Relig) dispensa f2) u ( of justice) administración f -
31 disposition
dispə'ziʃən(personality: He has a pleasant disposition.) carácter, temperamentotr[dɪspə'zɪʃən]1 formal use (nature, temperament) carácter nombre masculino, genio, naturaleza, manera de ser, temperamento■ she is of a cheerful/nervous disposition es de temperamento alegre/nervioso2 formal use (inclination, tendency) predisposición nombre femenino (to, a), intención nombre femenino (to, de)3 (arrangement, placing) disposición nombre femeninodisposition [.dɪspə'zɪʃən] n1) arrangement: disposición f2) tendency: predisposición f, inclinación f3) temperament: temperamento m, carácter mn.• disposición s.f.• genialidad s.f.• genio s.m.• plan s.m.• temple s.m.• índole s.f.'dɪspə'zɪʃən1)a) c ( personality) manera f or modo m de ser, temperamento mb) ( inclination) (no pl) (frml)disposition TO something — predisposición f a algo
2) u c ( arrangement) disposición f[ˌdɪspǝ'zɪʃǝn]N1) (=temperament) carácter m, temperamento m2) (=placing) [of ornaments, furniture] disposición f, colocación f ; [of troops] despliegue m3) (=inclination) predisposición f (to a)4) dispositions preparativos mpl* * *['dɪspə'zɪʃən]1)a) c ( personality) manera f or modo m de ser, temperamento mb) ( inclination) (no pl) (frml)disposition TO something — predisposición f a algo
2) u c ( arrangement) disposición f -
32 dissemble
tr[dɪ'sembəl]1 formal use fingirhide: ocultar, disimulardissemble vipretend: fingir, disimularv.• disfrazar v.• disimular v.• encubrir v.dɪ'sembəl
1.
transitive verb (frml) \<\<truth/motive\>\> ocultar; \<\<emotions\>\> disimular
2.
vi (frml) fingir*[dɪ'sembl]1.VT ocultar, disimular2.VI disimular* * *[dɪ'sembəl]
1.
transitive verb (frml) \<\<truth/motive\>\> ocultar; \<\<emotions\>\> disimular
2.
vi (frml) fingir* -
33 dissimulate
tr[dɪ'sɪmjəleɪt]1 formal use disimularv.• disimular v.• encubrir v.dɪ'sɪmjəleɪt, dɪ'sɪmjʊleɪttransitive verb (liter) \<\<feelings/intention\>\> disimular, encubrir*[dɪ'sɪmjʊleɪt]VT disimular* * *[dɪ'sɪmjəleɪt, dɪ'sɪmjʊleɪt]transitive verb (liter) \<\<feelings/intention\>\> disimular, encubrir* -
34 embrace
im'breis
1. verb(to take (a person etc) in the arms; to hug: She embraced her brother warmly.) abrazar
2. noun(a clasping in the arms; a hug: a loving embrace.) abrazoembrace1 n abrazoembrace2 vb abrazar / abrazarsetr[ɪm'breɪs]1 abrazo1 (hug) abrazar, dar un abrazo a2 (include) abarcar, incluir4 formal use (adopt - religion etc) convertirse a; (- political doctrine) adherirse a; (- new idea) abrazar1 abrazarse1) hug: abrazar2) adopt, take on: adoptar, aceptar3) include: abarcar, incluirembrace n: abrazo mn.• abrazo s.m.v.• abarcar v.• abrazar v.• adoptar v.• encerrar v.• estrechar v.
I
1. ɪm'breɪsa) ( hug) abrazar*b) \<\<idea/principle\>\> abrazar*; \<\<lifestyle/religion\>\> adoptar, abrazar*c) ( include) \<\<range/elements\>\> abarcar*, comprender
2.
vi \<\<couple/friends\>\> abrazarse*
II
noun abrazo m[ɪm'breɪs]1.N abrazo m2. VT1) [+ person] abrazar2) [+ offer] aceptar; [+ opportunity] aprovechar; [+ course of action] adoptar; [+ doctrine, party] adherirse a; [+ religion] abrazar; [+ cause, profession] dedicarse a3) (=include) abarcar3.VI abrazarse* * *
I
1. [ɪm'breɪs]a) ( hug) abrazar*b) \<\<idea/principle\>\> abrazar*; \<\<lifestyle/religion\>\> adoptar, abrazar*c) ( include) \<\<range/elements\>\> abarcar*, comprender
2.
vi \<\<couple/friends\>\> abrazarse*
II
noun abrazo m -
35 engage
in'ɡei‹1) (to begin to employ (a workman etc): He engaged him as his assistant.) contratar2) (to book; to reserve: He has engaged an entertainer for the children's party.) contratar3) (to take hold of or hold fast; to occupy: to engage someone's attention.) ocupar4) (to join battle with: The two armies were fiercely engaged.) entablar combate con5) (to (cause part of a machine etc to) fit into and lock with another part: The driver engaged second gear.) engranar•- engaged- engagement
- engaging
tr[ɪn'geɪʤ]1 (hire) contratar2 (take up, occupy) ocupar, entretener3 (attract) llamar, atraer, captar4 formal use (attack) entablar combate con6 SMALLTECHNICAL/SMALL engranar con1 SMALLTECHNICAL/SMALL engranar2 formal use (attack) entablar combate\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLto engage somebody in conversation entablar conversación con alguiento engage the clutch embragar1) attract: captar, atraer, llamarto engage one's attention: captar la atención2) mesh: engranarto engage the clutch: embragar3) commit: comprometerto get engaged: comprometerse4) hire: contratar5) : entablar combate con (un enemigo)engage vi1) participate: participar2)to engage in combat : entrar en combatev.• alquilar v.• apalabrar v.• atraer v.(§pres: -traigo, -traes...) pret: -traj-•)• comprometer v.• contratar v.• emplear v.• endentar v.• enganchar v.• engranar v.• ocupar v.ɪn'geɪdʒ
1.
1) \<\<attention/interest\>\> captar, atraer*2) \<\<cog/wheel\>\> engranar con; \<\<gear\>\> engranar, meter (fam)to engage the clutch — embragar*, apretar* el embrague
3) ( hire) \<\<staff/performer\>\> contratar
2.
vi1) ( take part)to engage IN something: to engage in politics — dedicarse* a la política
2) \<\<cog/wheel\>\> engranar[ɪn'ɡeɪdʒ]1. VT1) (=hire) [+ servant, lawyer, worker] contratar2) (=attract) [+ attention] llamar, captar3) (=occupy) [+ attention, interest] ocuparto engage the enemy in battle — entablar batalla or combate con el enemigo
4) (Mech) [+ cog] engranar con; [+ coupling] acoplar; [+ gear] meter2. VI1)to engage in — [+ discussion] entablar; [+ politics] meterse en; [+ sport] tomar parte en
2) (=initiate battle) entablar batalla, entablar combate3) (Mech) engranar ( with con)* * *[ɪn'geɪdʒ]
1.
1) \<\<attention/interest\>\> captar, atraer*2) \<\<cog/wheel\>\> engranar con; \<\<gear\>\> engranar, meter (fam)to engage the clutch — embragar*, apretar* el embrague
3) ( hire) \<\<staff/performer\>\> contratar
2.
vi1) ( take part)to engage IN something: to engage in politics — dedicarse* a la política
2) \<\<cog/wheel\>\> engranar -
36 engagé
in'ɡei‹1) (to begin to employ (a workman etc): He engaged him as his assistant.) contratar2) (to book; to reserve: He has engaged an entertainer for the children's party.) contratar3) (to take hold of or hold fast; to occupy: to engage someone's attention.) ocupar4) (to join battle with: The two armies were fiercely engaged.) entablar combate con5) (to (cause part of a machine etc to) fit into and lock with another part: The driver engaged second gear.) engranar•- engaged- engagement
- engaging
tr[ɪn'geɪʤ]1 (hire) contratar2 (take up, occupy) ocupar, entretener3 (attract) llamar, atraer, captar4 formal use (attack) entablar combate con6 SMALLTECHNICAL/SMALL engranar con1 SMALLTECHNICAL/SMALL engranar2 formal use (attack) entablar combate\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLto engage somebody in conversation entablar conversación con alguiento engage the clutch embragar1) attract: captar, atraer, llamarto engage one's attention: captar la atención2) mesh: engranarto engage the clutch: embragar3) commit: comprometerto get engaged: comprometerse4) hire: contratar5) : entablar combate con (un enemigo)engage vi1) participate: participar2)to engage in combat : entrar en combatev.• alquilar v.• apalabrar v.• atraer v.(§pres: -traigo, -traes...) pret: -traj-•)• comprometer v.• contratar v.• emplear v.• endentar v.• enganchar v.• engranar v.• ocupar v.ɪn'geɪdʒ
1.
1) \<\<attention/interest\>\> captar, atraer*2) \<\<cog/wheel\>\> engranar con; \<\<gear\>\> engranar, meter (fam)to engage the clutch — embragar*, apretar* el embrague
3) ( hire) \<\<staff/performer\>\> contratar
2.
vi1) ( take part)to engage IN something: to engage in politics — dedicarse* a la política
2) \<\<cog/wheel\>\> engranar[ɑ̃ːŋɡæ'ʒeɪ]ADJ [writer, artist] comprometido* * *[ɪn'geɪdʒ]
1.
1) \<\<attention/interest\>\> captar, atraer*2) \<\<cog/wheel\>\> engranar con; \<\<gear\>\> engranar, meter (fam)to engage the clutch — embragar*, apretar* el embrague
3) ( hire) \<\<staff/performer\>\> contratar
2.
vi1) ( take part)to engage IN something: to engage in politics — dedicarse* a la política
2) \<\<cog/wheel\>\> engranar -
37 essay
'esei(a written composition; a piece of written prose: The examination consists of four essays; Write an essay on/about your holiday.) ensayo, redacciónessay n redacción / composicióntr['eseɪ]2 (literary) ensayo3 formal use (attempt) intento1 formal use intentaressay ['ɛseɪ, 'ɛ.seɪ] vt: intentar, trataressay ['ɛ.seɪ] n1) composition: ensayo m, trabajo m2) attempt: intento mn.• ensayo s.m.'eseɪnoun ( literary composition) ensayo m; ( academic composition) trabajo m, ensayo m; ( language exercise) composición f, redacción f1.N ['eseɪ](Literat) ensayo m ; (Scol, Univ) trabajo m2.VT [e'seɪ]frm probar, ensayar; [+ task] intentarto essay to — + infin intentar + infin
3.CPD ['eseɪ]essay question N — pregunta f para desarrollar
* * *['eseɪ]noun ( literary composition) ensayo m; ( academic composition) trabajo m, ensayo m; ( language exercise) composición f, redacción f -
38 exigency
tr['eksɪʤənsɪ, ɪg'zɪʤənsɪ]noun (pl exigencies)1 formal use (need) exigencia2 formal use (emergency) caso de emergencian.• exigencia s.f.[ɪɡ'zɪdʒǝnsɪ]N (=need) exigencia f ; (=emergency) caso m de urgencia -
39 exigent
tr['eksɪʤənt]1 formal use (demanding) exigente2 formal use (urgent) urgenteadj.• exigente adj.['eksɪdʒǝnt]ADJ exigente; (=urgent) urgente -
40 external
ik'stə:nl(of, for, from, or on, the outside: Chemists often label skin creams `For external use only'.) externoexternal adj externo / exteriortr[ek'stɜːnəl]1 externo,-a, exterior1 formal use aspecto m sing externo\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLexternal ear oído externoexternal examiner examinador,-ra de otra institución académicaexternal [ɪk'stərnəl, ɛk-] adj: externo, exterior♦ externally advadj.• exterior adj.• externo, -a adj.n.• aspecto exterior s.m.ek'stɜːrnḷ, ɪk'stɜːnḷa) ( exterior) <appearance/sign> externo, exterior; < wall> exterior; < woundeatment> externofor external use only — uso tópico, de uso externo
b) <aid/influence> del exterior; <pressure/evidence> externoc) ( foreign) <affairsade/policy> exterior[eks'tɜːnl]1. ADJ1) (=outer) [wall, surface] externo, exterior; [appearance, injury, gills, skeleton] externofor external use only — (Med) de uso tópico or externo
2) (=outside) [world, influences, factor] externo3) (=foreign) [affairs, relations] exterior2.Nexternals las apariencias fpl3.CPDexternal account N — cuenta f con el exterior
external audit N — auditoría f externa
external debt N — deuda f externa, deuda f exterior
external degree N — (Brit) (Univ) licenciatura f por libre
external examination N — examen m externo
external examiner N — examinador(a) m / f externo(-a)
external student N — (Brit) (Univ) alumno(-a) m / f externo(-a), alumno(-a) m / f libre
external trade N — comercio m exterior
* * *[ek'stɜːrnḷ, ɪk'stɜːnḷ]a) ( exterior) <appearance/sign> externo, exterior; < wall> exterior; <wound/treatment> externofor external use only — uso tópico, de uso externo
b) <aid/influence> del exterior; <pressure/evidence> externoc) ( foreign) <affairs/trade/policy> exterior
См. также в других словарях:
use - used - used to — ◊ use If you use something, you do something with it in order to achieve a particular result. They used the money to buy foreign technology. You can use a cheque. It is better not to use a knife. The … Useful english dictionary
Formal ethics — is a formal logical system for describing and evaluating the form as opposed to the content of ethical principles. Formal ethics was introduced by Harry J. Gensler, in part in his 1990 logic textbook Symbolic Logic: Classical and Advanced Systems … Wikipedia
use — 1. The transitive verb meaning ‘to make use of’ is pronounced yooz and the past form is used (yoozd). The corresponding noun use is pronounced yoos. 2. Used is pronounced yoost and followed by to in a number of special constructions: a) Be or… … Modern English usage
Formal organization — is a fixed set of rules of intra organization procedures and structures. As such, it is usually set out in writing, with a language of rules that ostensibly leave little discretion for interpretation. In some societies and in some organization,… … Wikipedia
formal — [fôr′məl] adj. [ME < L formalis < forma, FORM] 1. of external form or structure, rather than nature or content 2. of the internal form; relating to the intrinsic or essential character or nature 3. of or according to prescribed or fixed… … English World dictionary
Formal equivalence checking — process is a part of electronic design automation (EDA), commonly used during the development of digital integrated circuits, to formally prove that two representations of a circuit design exhibit exactly the same behavior. Equivalence checking… … Wikipedia
Formal written English — is a version of the language that is used by educated English speakers around the world. It takes similar forms regardless of the local spoken dialect. In spoken English, there are a vast number of differences between dialects, accents, and… … Wikipedia
formal words — Fowler (1926) aptly identified words ‘that are not the plain English for what is meant’ and characterized choice between different words for the same thing in terms of the clothes we choose: ‘we tell our thoughts, like our children, to put on… … Modern English usage
formal — ► ADJECTIVE 1) done in accordance with rules of convention or etiquette. 2) officially recognized: a formal complaint. 3) of or concerned with outward form rather than content. 4) (of language) characterized by the use of studied grammatical… … English terms dictionary
use and wont — formal established custom. → use … English new terms dictionary
formal logic — the branch of logic concerned exclusively with the principles of deductive reasoning and with the form rather than the content of propositions. [1855 60] * * * Introduction the abstract study of propositions, statements, or assertively used … Universalium