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1 intë
*"themselves", 3rd person pl. reflexive pronoun, e.g. *i neri tirir intë, "the men watch themselves". Intë is derived from earlier imte VT47:37. Conceivably intë is only used for "themselves" with reference to persons; impersonal "themselves" ought to be *inta or *intai, compare ta \#3, tai \#2. A form *intai might however have evolved into *intë by the Third Age like pl. adjectives in -ai later came to end in -ë, thus converging with the personal form.% In an earlier source, Tolkien listed intë as an emphatic pronoun *they, 3rd person plural VT49:48, 49; compare the pronominal ending -ntë. The word intë derived from inde via inze, an unusual development in Quenya also appears as a candidate 2nd person singular polite form VT49:49. -
2 nís(niss-)
as in pl. nissi noun "woman" MR:213. The Etymologies gives nis or nissë, pl. nissi: see the stems NDIS-SĒ/SĀ, NIsup1/sup, NIS NĒR, VT46:4; compare VT47:33. In Tolkien's Quenya rendering of Hail Mary, the plural nísi occurs instead of nissi; this form is curious, since nísi would be expected to turn into *nízi, *níri VT43:31. VT47:33 suggests that Tolkien at one point considered niþ- as the older form of the stem, which etymology would solve this problem since s from older þ does not become z r. Even so, the MR forms, nís with stem niss-, may be preferred. - Compare ní, \#nína, nisto, Lindissë. -
3 fuinë
noun "deep shadow" PHUY; cf. "Qenya" fuin "night" in MC:221. According to VT41:8, fuinë is not a Quenya form at all, but Telerin for Quenya huinë but unquestionably, fuinë is quoted as a Quenya form in certain earlier sources; cf. also Fuinur below - perhaps we may assume that fuinë was borrowed into Quenya from Telerin and thus came to co-exist with huinë? -
4 cár(cas-)
"k" noun "head" KAS.The given stem-form appears doubtful within the phonological framework of LotR-style Quenya. Probably we should read cas with stem car- PE14:69 indeed reads kas head, pl. kari, and VT49:17 quotes the sg. kas from a post-LotR source. Compare other forms found in late sources: hlas ear with stem hlar- PE17:62 and olos dream, pl. olori UT:396. In Tolkiens early Qenya, post-vocalic -s became -r at the end of words but was preserved when another vowel followed. His later scheme either lets -r appear in both positions, or reverses the scenario altogether hence olos, olor-. It would seem that the forms cár, cas- were distractedly carried over into the Etymologies from the Qenya Lexicon kar, kas-, QL:45 even though they presuppose an earlier version of the phonology. An apparent variant form in late material, cára from earlier cáza k, however fits the later phonology since intervocalic s would become z r PE17:188. -
5 -na
4, ending used to form passive participles as well as some adjectives and nouns; see -ina. According to PE17:68, the ending -na was no longer part of verbal conjugation; the derived words are thus considered independent adjectives sometimes nouns rather than regularly derived passive participles, the obvious etymological connection to certain verbal stems notwithstanding. Where adding the ending to a root would produce the combinations tn, pn, kn cn, metathesis occurs to produce nt, np mp, nc, as in nanca *slain for older ¤ndakna, or hampa restrained, delayed, kept vs. the root KHAP retain, keep, detain. Following -l, the suffix -na turns into -da, as in yulda draught, the amount drunk for older yulna this being an example of a noun being derived with this ending, though Tolkien might also explain yulda as containing a distinct ending -da q.v. denoting the result of a verbal action. The word *turúna mastered q.v., only attested in elided form turún would seem to be a passive participle formed from the verb turu- master PE17:113, suggesting that in the case of U-stem verbs, their final -u is lengthened to ú when -na is added. -
6 avatyar-
vb. "forgive" VT43:18; the form ávatyara VT43:10 seems to include the imperative particle á the two-word phrase *á avatyara "forgive!" merging into ávatyara. Plural aorist avatyarir VT43:20.Where Tolkien used avatyar-, he cited the persons forgiven in the ablative ávatyara meullo/u "forgive us", literally "ufrom/u us", whereas the matter that is forgiven appears as a direct object VT43:11. Compare apsenë. -
7 rocco
"k" noun "horse" ROK, SA:roch; Letters:382; cf. 282 where the spelling really is rocco, not rokko. In Letters:382 the word is defined as "swift horse for riding". VT46:12 refers to an alternative form of the entry ROK that was inserted into the Etymologies; here rocco, which Tolkien revised from ronco "k", was similarly glossed "swift horse". Nésë nórima rocco k he was a horse strong/swift at running VT49:29 -
8 mittanya-
vb. "to lead" + allative: lead into VT43:10, 22; Tolkien may have abandoned this form in favour of tulya- -
9 Valinor
place-name "the land or people of the Valar", *"Vali-land" Vali = Valar, land of the Gods in the West BAL, NDOR; cf. Valandor. Full form Valinórë BAL; Vali-nórë under NDOR.Said to be the true Eldarin name of Aman, the latter name being explained as a borrowing from Valarin in some versions of the linguistic scenario VT49:26. In the early "Qenya Lexicon", Valinor, Valinórë is glossed "Asgard", the name of the city of the gods in Norse mythology LT1:272. It seems that in such more restricted use, Valinor is not the entire Blessed Realm but rather the specific region beyond the Pelóri where most of the Valar dwelt, with Valimar as the chief city. Thus it is said of Eärendil that he went into Valinor and to the halls of Valimar only after he had already left his ship and ventured as far as Tirion Silmarillion, chapter 24. Possessive Valinóreva in Nurtalë Valinóreva, the "Hiding of Valinor", the possessive case here assuming the function of object genitive Silm; genitive Valinórëo in Yénië Valinórëo Annals of Valinor MR:200; the last word was changed from Valinóren, Tolkien revising the genitive ending from -n to -o -
10 cuivië
noun "awakening" early "Qenya" coivië, q.v., but this word Tolkien later used = *life. In Cuiviénen, "Water of Awakening" SA:cuivië, SA:nen, KUY; spelt with a k in the Etymologies. Somewhat surprisingly, cuivië is used to mean "life" in cuivie-lancassë "k", literally 'on the brink of life' "of a perilous situation in which one is likely to fall into death" VT42:8 The form coivië is used for life elsewhere. -
11 Elpino
noun "Christ", Tolkien's attempt to render this title into Quenya; the intended etymology of the Quenya word is uncertain VT44:15-16; Tolkien apparently dropped this form and replaced it with a phonological adaptation of "Christ": Hristo or Hrísto. -
12 tar
1 adv. or technically pron. with old allative ending: "thither" TA. This is ta \#1 with the same allative ending -r from primitive -da as in mir "into". Compare tanna. According to VT49:11, tar may also appear in the logner form tara. 2 prep. "beyond" FS -
13 yar
inflected relative pronoun "to whom" MC:215; this may be "Qenya", but on the other hand both the relative pronoun ya and an allativic ending -r are still valid in Tolkien's later Quenya, cf. mir "into". Later versions of the text in question however use yan q.v., with the common dative ending -n. Likely, yar could also be the plural form of the relative pronoun ya, q.v. -
14 Kementári
noun "Earth-queen", title of Yavanna SA:tar. The Kemen- of this name was at one stage intended as the genitive of kén, kem- "earth", so that Kementári meant "Earth's Queen", but Tolkien later changed the Quenya genitive ending from -en to -o. Apparently so as to maintain the name Kementári, he turned kemen into the nominative form; see cemen. -
15 má
noun "hand" MA3, LT2:339, Narqelion, VT39:10, VT45:30, VT47:6, 18, 19; the dual "a pair of hands" is attested both by itself as mát VT47:6 and with a pronominal suffix as máryat "his/her pair of hands" see -rya, -t Nam, RGEO:67. The nominative plural form was only máli, not **már VT47:6, though plurals in -r may occur in some of the cases, as indicated by the pl. allative mannar "into hands" FS. Mánta their hand, dual mántat their hands two hands each PE17:161. Cf. also the compounds mátengwië "language of the hands" VT47:9 and Lungumá "Heavyhand" VT47:19; also compare the adj. -maitë "-handed". See also málimë.
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