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21 окалина
2) Engineering: chark, fire scale, hammer scale, oxide, recrement, scale, scoria, skin3) Construction: coke dross, crust of iron, film of rolled bars, sprue4) Railway term: anvil cinder (при ковке)5) Automobile industry: forge scale, iron scale6) Metallurgy: (кузнечная) anvil scale, boiler scale, furnace clinker, oxide scale7) Oil: grit, incrustation8) Ecology: forge slag9) Drilling: blister10) Sakhalin energy glossary: inclusions11) Polymers: skim12) Makarov: dross (на поверхности оплавленного металла), scar13) Electrochemistry: oxyde14) Cement: fusing scale15) Coal: coal dust, dross coal, dust coal, fine coal, fines, nut coal, nuts, slack, slack coal, small coal, smalls -
22 угольный горн
1) Engineering: coal forge (кузнечный)2) Metallurgy: (кузнечный) coal forge -
23 Coster, John
[br]b. c. 1647 Gloucestershire, Englandd. 13 October 1718 Bristol, England[br]English innovator in the mining, smelting and working of copper.[br]John Coster, son of an iron-forge manager in the Forest of Dean, by the age of 38 was at Bristol, where he was "chief agent and sharer therein" in the new lead-smelting methods using coal fuel. In 1685 the work, under Sir Clement Clerke, was abandoned because of patent rights claimed by Lord Grandison, who financed of earlier attempts. Clerke's business turned to the coal-fired smelting of copper under Coster, later acknowledged as responsible for the subsequent success through using an improved reverberatory furnace which separated coal fume from the ores being smelted. The new technique, applicable also to lead and tin smelting, revitalized copper production and provided a basis for new British industry in both copper and brass manufacture during the following century. Coster went on to manage a copper-smelting works, and by the 1690s was supplying Esher copper-and brass-works in Surrey from his Redbrook, Gloucestershire, works on the River Wye. In the next decade he extended his activities to Cornish copper mining, buying ore and organizing ore sales, and supplying the four major copper and brass companies which by then had become established. He also made copper goods in additional water-powered rolling and hammer mills acquired in the Bristol area. Coster was ably assisted by three sons; of these, John and Robert were mainly active in Cornwall. In 1714 the younger John, with his father, patented an "engine for drawing water out of deep mines". The eldest son, Thomas, was more involved at Redbrook, in South Wales and the Bristol area. A few years after the death of his father, Thomas became partner in the brass company of Bristol and sold them the Redbrook site. He became Member of Parliament for Bristol and, by then the only surviving son, planned a large new smelting works at White Rock, Swansea, South Wales, before his death in 1734. Partners outside the family continued the business under a new name.[br]Bibliography1714, British patent 397, with John Coster Jr.Further ReadingRhys Jenkins, 1942, "Copper works at Redbrook and Bristol", Transactions of the Bristol and Gloucestershire Archaeological Society 63.Joan Day, 1974–6, "The Costers: copper smelters and manufacturers", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 47:47–58.JD -
24 forjarse
1 (crearse) to forge for oneself2 (imaginarse) to dream up* * *(v.) = take + shapeEx. We shall, therefore, attempt to illustrate by examples the subject that is currently taking shape under the umbrella term of 'information technology'.* * *(v.) = take + shapeEx: We shall, therefore, attempt to illustrate by examples the subject that is currently taking shape under the umbrella term of 'information technology'.
* * *vpr1. [labrarse] to carve out for oneself;se ha forjado una fama de duro he has earned himself o built up a reputation as a hard man2. [ilusiones] to build up;forjarse demasiadas ilusiones to build up false hopes (for oneself)3. [crearse, originarse] to be forged;la revolución se forjó en las minas de carbón the revolution was forged in the coal mines* * *v/r futuro carve out;forjarse ilusiones get one’s hopes up -
25 уголь для горна
Русско-английский новый политехнический словарь > уголь для горна
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26 угольный (кузнечный) горн
Metallurgy: coal forgeУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > угольный (кузнечный) горн
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27 Darby, Abraham
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 1678 near Dudley, Worcestershire, Englandd. 5 May 1717 Madely Court, Coalbrookdale, Shropshire, England[br]English ironmaster, inventor of the coke smelting of iron ore.[br]Darby's father, John, was a farmer who also worked a small forge to produce nails and other ironware needed on the farm. He was brought up in the Society of Friends, or Quakers, and this community remained important throughout his personal and working life. Darby was apprenticed to Jonathan Freeth, a malt-mill maker in Birmingham, and on completion of his apprenticeship in 1699 he took up the trade himself in Bristol. Probably in 1704, he visited Holland to study the casting of brass pots and returned to Bristol with some Dutch workers, setting up a brassworks at Baptist Mills in partnership with others. He tried substituting cast iron for brass in his castings, without success at first, but in 1707 he was granted a patent, "A new way of casting iron pots and other pot-bellied ware in sand without loam or clay". However, his business associates were unwilling to risk further funds in the experiments, so he withdrew his share of the capital and moved to Coalbrookdale in Shropshire. There, iron ore, coal, water-power and transport lay close at hand. He took a lease on an old furnace and began experimenting. The shortage and expense of charcoal, and his knowledge of the use of coke in malting, may well have led him to try using coke to smelt iron ore. The furnace was brought into blast in 1709 and records show that in the same year it was regularly producing iron, using coke instead of charcoal. The process seems to have been operating successfully by 1711 in the production of cast-iron pots and kettles, with some pig-iron destined for Bristol. Darby prospered at Coalbrookdale, employing coke smelting with consistent success, and he sought to extend his activities in the neighbourhood and in other parts of the country. However, ill health prevented him from pursuing these ventures with his previous energy. Coke smelting spread slowly in England and the continent of Europe, but without Darby's technological breakthrough the ever-increasing demand for iron for structures and machines during the Industrial Revolution simply could not have been met; it was thus an essential component of the technological progress that was to come.Darby's eldest son, Abraham II (1711–63), entered the Coalbrookdale Company partnership in 1734 and largely assumed control of the technical side of managing the furnaces and foundry. He made a number of improvements, notably the installation of a steam engine in 1742 to pump water to an upper level in order to achieve a steady source of water-power to operate the bellows supplying the blast furnaces. When he built the Ketley and Horsehay furnaces in 1755 and 1756, these too were provided with steam engines. Abraham II's son, Abraham III (1750–89), in turn, took over the management of the Coalbrookdale works in 1768 and devoted himself to improving and extending the business. His most notable achievement was the design and construction of the famous Iron Bridge over the river Severn, the world's first iron bridge. The bridge members were cast at Coalbrookdale and the structure was erected during 1779, with a span of 100 ft (30 m) and height above the river of 40 ft (12 m). The bridge still stands, and remains a tribute to the skill and judgement of Darby and his workers.[br]Further ReadingA.Raistrick, 1989, Dynasty of Iron Founders, 2nd edn, Ironbridge Gorge Museum Trust (the best source for the lives of the Darbys and the work of the company).H.R.Schubert, 1957, History of the British Iron and Steel Industry AD 430 to AD 1775, London: Routledge \& Kegan Paul.LRD -
28 Fox, Samson
SUBJECT AREA: Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering, Metallurgy, Steam and internal combustion engines[br]b. 11 July 1838 Bowling, near Bradford, Yorkshire, Englandd. 24 October 1903 Walsall, Staffordshire, England[br]English engineer who invented the corrugated boiler furnace.[br]He was the son of a cloth mill worker in Leeds and at the age of 10 he joined his father at the mill. Showing a mechanical inclination, he was apprenticed to a firm of machine-tool makers, Smith, Beacock and Tannett. There he rose to become Foreman and Traveller, and designed and patented tools for cutting bevelled gears. With his brother and one Refitt, he set up the Silver Cross engineering works for making special machine tools. In 1874 he founded the Leeds Forge Company, acting as Managing Director until 1896 and then as Chairman until shortly before his death.It was in 1877 that he patented his most important invention, the corrugated furnace for steam-boilers. These furnaces could withstand much higher pressures than the conventional form, and higher working pressures in marine boilers enabled triple-expansion engines to be installed, greatly improving the performance of steamships, and the outcome was the great ocean-going liners of the twentieth century. The first vessel to be equipped with the corrugated furnace was the Pretoria of 1878. At first the furnaces were made by hammering iron plates using swage blocks under a steam hammer. A plant for rolling corrugated plates was set up at Essen in Germany, and Fox installed a similar mill at his works in Leeds in 1882.In 1886 Fox installed a Siemens steelmaking plant and he was notable in the movement for replacing wrought iron with steel. He took out several patents for making pressed-steel underframes for railway wagons. The business prospered and Fox opened a works near Chicago in the USA, where in addition to wagon underframes he manufactured the first American pressed-steel carriages. He later added a works at Pittsburgh.Fox was the first in England to use water gas for his metallurgical operations and for lighting, with a saving in cost as it was cheaper than coal gas. He was also a pioneer in the acetylene industry, producing in 1894 the first calcium carbide, from which the gas is made.Fox took an active part in public life in and around Leeds, being thrice elected Mayor of Harrogate. As a music lover, he was a benefactor of musicians, contributing no less than £45,000 towards the cost of building the Royal College of Music in London, opened in 1894. In 1897 he sued for libel the author Jerome K.Jerome and the publishers of the Today magazine for accusing him of misusing his great generosity to the College to give a misleading impression of his commercial methods and prosperity. He won the case but was not awarded costs.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsRoyal Society of Arts James Watt Silver Medal and Howard Gold Medal. Légion d'honneur 1889.Bibliography1877, British Patent nos. 1097 and 2530 (the corrugated furnace or "flue", as it was often called).Further ReadingObituary, 1903, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers: 919–21.Obituary, 1903, Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers (the fullest of the many obituary notices).G.A.Newby, 1993, "Behind the fire doors: Fox's corrugated furnace 1877 and the high pressure steamship", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 64.LRD -
29 צנורא
צִנּוֹרָאIII, צִנּוֹרָה II, צִי׳ f. (v. צִנּוֹר) hook, curved pin. Kel. IX, 6 (ed. Dehr. צְנֵירָה), v. כּוּש I. Ib. XIII, 5 צ׳ שפשטה (ed. Dehr. צני׳) if a curved pin has been straightened. Ib. XI, 9 צ׳ טהורה (Maim. ed. Dehr. צני׳) the hook of an earring (detached) is clean; Tosef. ib. B. Mets. I, 9 (read:) צ׳ של נזם (v. R. S. to Kel. l. c.). Ib. III, 7 ניטל … מפני הצ׳ (ed. Zuck. הצינירות) if the flat portion of the bakers shovel is broken off, it is susceptible to uncleanness on account of the hook on the other end (used as a poker); ניטלה הצ׳ (ed. Zuck. הצינורת) if the curved end is broken off (v. קַלִּיגְרָפוֹן). Yoma 12a מהפך בצ׳ he turns (a piece of flesh on the altar) with the hook. Tosef.Sabb.VIII (IX), 16 כדי לעשות צ׳ קטנה enough coal to forge a small hook; ib. IX (X), 5 כדי … ממנו צ׳וכ׳ enough iron to make of it Men.107a; Sabb.90a צ׳וכ׳ a small bronze hook. Gen. R. s. 74 אפי׳ מחטאפי׳ צ׳וכ׳ thou hast not found with me even a pin or a hook (of thine); a. fr.(Num. R. s. 8, v. next w.Pl. צִנּוֹרוֹת, צִנּוֹרִיּוֹת (fr. צִנּוֹרִית). Tosef.Kel.B. Mets.II, 15 צ׳ התופסותוכ׳ the hooks which clasp the mill-stones from above. Ḥag.21b, sq. מחטין וצ׳ pins (or needles) and hooks; a. e.Chald., v. צִנּוֹרָא I. -
30 צִנּוֹרָא
צִנּוֹרָאIII, צִנּוֹרָה II, צִי׳ f. (v. צִנּוֹר) hook, curved pin. Kel. IX, 6 (ed. Dehr. צְנֵירָה), v. כּוּש I. Ib. XIII, 5 צ׳ שפשטה (ed. Dehr. צני׳) if a curved pin has been straightened. Ib. XI, 9 צ׳ טהורה (Maim. ed. Dehr. צני׳) the hook of an earring (detached) is clean; Tosef. ib. B. Mets. I, 9 (read:) צ׳ של נזם (v. R. S. to Kel. l. c.). Ib. III, 7 ניטל … מפני הצ׳ (ed. Zuck. הצינירות) if the flat portion of the bakers shovel is broken off, it is susceptible to uncleanness on account of the hook on the other end (used as a poker); ניטלה הצ׳ (ed. Zuck. הצינורת) if the curved end is broken off (v. קַלִּיגְרָפוֹן). Yoma 12a מהפך בצ׳ he turns (a piece of flesh on the altar) with the hook. Tosef.Sabb.VIII (IX), 16 כדי לעשות צ׳ קטנה enough coal to forge a small hook; ib. IX (X), 5 כדי … ממנו צ׳וכ׳ enough iron to make of it Men.107a; Sabb.90a צ׳וכ׳ a small bronze hook. Gen. R. s. 74 אפי׳ מחטאפי׳ צ׳וכ׳ thou hast not found with me even a pin or a hook (of thine); a. fr.(Num. R. s. 8, v. next w.Pl. צִנּוֹרוֹת, צִנּוֹרִיּוֹת (fr. צִנּוֹרִית). Tosef.Kel.B. Mets.II, 15 צ׳ התופסותוכ׳ the hooks which clasp the mill-stones from above. Ḥag.21b, sq. מחטין וצ׳ pins (or needles) and hooks; a. e.Chald., v. צִנּוֹרָא I.
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