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81 SÓL
* * *(gen. sólar, dat. sól and sólu), f.1) sun (hann fal sik á hendi þeim guði, er sólina hafði skapat); á morgin fyrir s., before sunrise; einn morgin við s., about sunrise; þá var dagr all-ljóss, ok s. farin, the sun had risen; sól var lítt farin, lítt á lopt komin, not high above the horizon; s. rennr upp, the sun rises; þegar er sólina lægði, when the sun got low; s. gengr í ægi, til viðar, undir, s. sezt, the sun sets; ganga at sólu, to go prosperously, succeed to one’s wishes (honum gengu náliga allir hlutir at sólu);2) day; fyrir ina þriðju s., before the third sun, within three days; áðr sjau sólir eru af himni, before seven days have passed.* * *f., dat. sól, and older sólu; acc. with the article sólna, Edda 41, Ó. H. 216; sól is the Scandin. word, ‘sunna’ being only used in poets: [in Ulf. sauil occurs twice, Mark i. 32, xiii. 24; in A. S. poets sôl occurs once, see Grein; Dan.-Swed. sōl; Lat. sōl; Gr. ἥλιος.]A. The sun, Vsp. 4. 5, 57, Gm. 38; úlfrinn gleypir sólna. Edda 41; vedr var heitt af sólu, Ó. H.; sól skein í heiði, 216; nú vil ek heita á þann er sólina hefir skapat, Fs. 59; hann lét sik bera í sólar-geisla í bana-sótt sinni ok fal sik á hendi þeim guði er sólina hafði skapat, Landn. 38.2. various phrases as to the sun’s course; fyrir sól, before sunrise, Bs. ii. 241; einn morgin við sól, with the sun, about sunrise, Eg. 717; með sólu, id., Bs. ii. 243; sól rennr á fjöll, K. Þ. K.: or mod., sól kastar á fjöll, the sun appears on the fells; or sól roðar, það roðar af sólu; sól rýðr, or rýðr fjöll, the sun reddens the fells, Fms. xi. 438 (sólar-roð), all denoting the moment before sunrise: of the sunrise, þá rann sól upp, Ó. H. 109; þá er sól ridr upp, N. G. L. i. 218: early in the morning, sól skapthá, shaft-high, Grág.; sól lítt farin, Ó. H.; sól lítt á lopt komin, Ld. 36: of noon, sól hátt á lopti, sól hæst á lopti, sól í suðri, sól í landsuðri, Landn. 276, Sturl. iii. 70, Al. 51: of the afternoon and evening, er sólina lægði, Eb. 172; lágr veggr undir sólina, a low wall under the sun (cp. skapthá sól, in the morning), Sturl. iii. 70: of the sunset, er sól settisk (sól-setr), Eb. 172; sól gengr (rennr) í ægi, the sun sinks into the sea, the phrase suits a coast-land towards the west, Fms. ii. 302, Al. 67; or sól rennr á viðu (or til viðar), towards the wood, in a wooded inland country, Hkr. iii. 227; sól affjalla, ‘the sun is off the fells,’ i. e. is after sunset.3. of the seasons; cp. the old Dan. phrase, solen bjerges, the sun is ‘mountained,’ sets over the fells; þá tognar dagr en sól vex, Sks. 234 (see sólar-gangr).4. sól = day; in the law phrase, fyrir ina þriðju sól, before the third sun, within three days, Grág. ii. 20, 24, Eb. 222, Eg. 723; til hinnar þriðju sólar, Fas. i. 20; er þrjár sólir eru af himni, when three suns are off the heaven, three days hence, Nj. 206.5. hann skyldi snemma upp rísa, ok fylgia sólu meðan hæst væri sumars, Lv. 43; þeir skyldi um nætr berjask, en eigi undir sólu, Fms. vii. 296; á þann bekk er vissi móti sólu, towards the south, Fms. vi. 439.6. at sólu, following the sun’s course, in due course, prosperously, opp. to andsælis (q. v.), ‘withershins;’ þér skyldið rétt horfa á sólina, ok draumr þinn skyldi þér at sólu ganga, Fb. ii. 298; Páll biskup var svá mikill gæfu-maðr, at honum gengu náliga allir hlutir at sólu (sölu = ślu, Ed.) hinn fyrra hlut æfi sinnar, Bs. i. 137: er náliga mun komið á enda æfi minnar, ok gengit áðr mart at sólu, 70; but wizards used to make a ring or walk against the sun’s course, saying charms, which was thought to work evil, see andsælis: gýgjar-sól (q. v.), a mock-sun, Sól.; auka-sólir, ‘eke-suns,’ mock-suns: a beam gener., skínn af sverði sól, Vsp. 51.II. the Sun-goddess. the sister of Máni and daughter of the giant Möndilföri, Vþm., Gm., Edda.☞ The sun as an object of worship and reverence:—the heathen Thorkel Máni, when on his death-bed, had himself carried out into the sun, and commended his spirit to the god who had made the sun, Landn. 38, see the citation above; sól ek sá … henni ek laut hinnsta sinni ægis-heimi í, I saw the sun and louted to him the last time in this world, Sól. So in Icel. at the present day children, immediately after getting out of bed in the morning, are made to run out of doors bare-headed, there to say a short prayer or verse, and when they return ‘bid good-day,’—a ‘good-day’ being not allowable till this is done; this is called to ‘fetch the good-morning,’ sækja góðan-daginn; the verse Pass. 3. 12 is set apart for this use; but the very words of this verse—á morni hverjum þá upp stend eg, fyrst eg stíg niðr fæti á jörð, færi eg þér hjartans þakkar-görð—were evidently suggested to the poet’s mind by, this beautiful and time-honoured custom then general, but now perhaps fast dying out.B. COMPDS: sólarár, sólaráss, sólarbruni, sólarfall, sólargangr, sólargeisli, sólarglaðan, sólargoð, sólarhiti, sólarhringr, sólarhvarf, sólarlag, sólarlítill, sólarljós, sólarrás, sólarroð, sólarseta, sólarsetr, sólarsinnis, sólarskin, sólarsteinn, sólarsuðr, sólartal, sólartár, sólaruppkoma, sólarupprás, sólaröld. -
82 sýnn
a.1) clear, evident, certain (þér skal sýn búhlífð í því vera); þótti öllum at sýnu ganga, at, all thought that it was clear, beyond doubt, that; dat. sing. ‘sýnu’ with a compar. a great deal, much (sýnu meiri, minni, betri, verri); with a superl., E. gekk upp sýnu fyrstr, far ahead; neut. ‘synt’ as adv. evidently, clearly (þik skortir sýnt við hann);2) fit, likely; ef yðr þykkir eigi annat sýnna fyrir liggja en vera hér, if you have nothing better to do.* * *adj. visible; þótt ek sjá sýnar váfur, Grett. 112 A.2. clear, evident; þer skal sýn búhlífð í því vera, Fms. v. 306; lýsir hann því, at hann er sýnn at brigðar-manni, if he declares himself as the unmistakable brigðar-mann, Gþl. 290; þeir atburðir er miklu eru sýnstir til þess úárans, most likely to cause, Sks. 332 B; sýna stund, a good while, Grett. (in a verse): likely, ef yðr þykkir eigi annat sýnna fyrir liggja enn vera hér, if you have nothing better to do than …, Fær. 45; sýnisk mér sem eigi muni í annat sinn sýnna at leita til fundar við Bolla enn nú, there will not be a better chance another time, Ld. 238; er þessu sýnna at svá beri (berr Cod.) til, there is every probability that it will turn out so, Fms. xi. 114; þótti mönnum ó-sýnt ( uncertain) hverr friðr gefinn mundi, Ó. H. 188.3. sightly; vápnum ok váðum skolu vinir gleðjask, þat er á sjálfum sýnst, Hm.II. spec. or adverb. usages; þótti þá öllum at sýnu ganga, at stórflokkar mundi komnir í héraðit, all thought that it was clear, beyond doubt, that …, Sturl. iii. 41.2. sýnu with a compar., a great deal; sýnu minna, a great deal less, far less, Fms. vii. 242, xi. 112; sýnu meiri, much greater, Fas. ii. 515; sýnu verri, much worse, Ld. 322, Fb. i. 259; sýnu betri, s. betr, a great deal better, Fms. iii. 222, xi. 154; sýnu yngri, v. 263: superl., sýnu fyrstr, far a-head, Fær. 168.3. sýnt, as adv. evidently, quite, very; greindi þá sýnt um, Vápn. 5; þik skortir sýnt við hann, thou fallest quite short of him, thou art no match for him, Ísl. ii. 215; hildr var sýnt í vexti, the battle waxed quite hot, Km.III. in compds, ein-sýnn, one-eyed; tví-sýnn, doubtful; víð-sýnn, auð-sýnn, evident; ó-sýnt, uncertain. -
83 VESALL
(vesöl or vesul, vesalt, pl. vesalir or veslir), a.1) poor, destitute, wretched (vesöl arfasáta);2) with gen. wretched in respect of (vesöl eru vér konungs).* * *adj., fem. vesul or vesöl, neut. vesalt. The forms vary, being contracted or uncontracted, veslir, etc., as well as vesalir, etc., whence lastly, vesælir, etc.:α. contr. veslir, veslar, veslum, Al. 57, Th. 6; vesla (acc. pl.), Hom. 109; veslu (gen. fem.), Post. (Unger) 108; veslir, Ó. H. 151, Sks. 681; vesla (gen.), Fms. viii. 242 (vesæla, v. l. of a later vellum); selum ok veslum.β. uncontr. vesala = vesla, Fms. ii. 46; vesala, Post. (Unger) 18 (vesæla, v. l.); vesalir, Al. 96, l. 18; this regular declension is still in full use in Icel. speech, only not contracted, e. g. vesall, vesalingr, vesalir (not veslir); vesæla, Fas. i. 49 (paper MS.): so also in the compar. either vesalli, Greg. 37, Sd. 188; vesalla, 656 C. 34; vesalstr, Kormak, Bjarn. (in a verse); but veslari, Barl. 23 (vesalli, v. l.) Ves is the root, - all the inflexive syllable; the form vesæll is a later form, from a false etymology, as if from vé- privative, and sæll, happy. The origin of vesall is dubious, the radical s is against a derivation from the compar. verri, Goth. wairiza; and the short vowel is against deriving it from vás, vés, q. v. The true etymology, we believe, is that vesall stands for ‘usall,’ being derived from the prep. ur, or-, in its ancient form us; Goth. us-; Icel. ur-, ör-; this etymology is confirmed by form and sense alike; the old phrases, alls vesall ( omnium expers), vesall eigu ( proprii expers), were originally alliterative phrases; in Hm. 22, 69, vesall is made to alliterate with a vowel (vesall maðr ok ílla skapi … erat maðr alls vesall þótt hann sé ílla heill); usall is actually found written in Nj. (Lat.) 264, v. l.; the change of us into ves may be illustrated by the case of várr (q. v.); it is the opposite to that vocalisation of v which so frequently takes place. As to sense, vesall originally meant bereft, destitute of, = Lat. expers; and is followed by a genitive: [the Dan. form is usel, less right ussel.]B. Usages:I. with gen. bereft of; mæl þú alls vesall, Nj. 124, v. l.; ok em ek vesall eigu, bereft of my own, Háv. 42 new Ed.; mæl þú alls usall, Nj. (Lat.) 264, v. l. (but allz vesall the other vellums): wretched in respect to, vesall þóttisk þóttisk hann sinnar úgæfu, Hom. 121; vesall vígs, Am. 58; vesall ertú halds, Dropl. 30; vesöl eru vér konungs, Fms. vi. 322.II. poor, destitute, wretched; þú vesall, Ls. 40, 42; mér vesalli, Stj. 523; bað hana aldri þrífask svá vesul sem hón var, Nj. 194; vesöl vættr, Hom. 150; veslir menn, poor wretches, Ó. H., l. c.; veslir menn ok vitlausir, Barl. 25; aumhjartaðr við alla vesla menn, Hom. 109; þat er veslum til vilnaðar, Al. 57; sú önd er enn vesalli, Greg. 37; þykki mér því betr sem þú görir hana vesalli, Sd. 188; sú önd er vesöl, … enn vesalli (still more wretched), er …, Greg. 37; vei verði mér veslum, Th. 6; sælum ok veslum, Ó. H. 126, Mork. 216; vesælum, Fms. vii. 220, l. c.; sá veit ekki sér vesalla, 656 C. 34, and passim, see A above.III. as a nickname; inn vesæli (= vesli), Fms. vi. 16, 17. -
84 YTRI
* * *better ýtri, a. compar., outer.* * *compar. [Germ. ausser; Engl. outer], outer, utter: yztr, superl. outermost, uttermost; these words are now sounded and in the Editions spelt with a short vowel, but ýtri, ýztr are prob. the true old forms; thus nýtr, ýtra rhyme in Fms. xi. 307, in a verse of the beginning of the 12th century, (Aarb. for Nord. Oldk. 1866, p. 278); til þverár innar ytri, Landn. 222; Rangá hina ytri, Eg. 100; allt it efra, opp. to it ytra, 58; hann nam land allt it ytra, Landn. 253, Orkn. 6; á yztu síðu heimsins, Sks. 199; á hinu yzta skipinu, Fms. i. 158; yztu skipanna, outermost of the ships, vii. 256; róit á útborða hinum yztum, viii. 221; skalt þú hafa váskufl yztan (of clothes), Nj. 32; hann hafði yzta heklu blá, Ld. 274; Þórir vildi sitja yztr virðinga manna, Nj. 50; cp. hin yztu sæti, hinn yzta sess, Luke xiv. 9; hin yztu myrkr, N. T.II. metaph., ens ytra manns ok ens iðra, Hom. 53; auðæfi en ytri, Greg. 25; auðgask með ytrum gjöfum, outer, i. e. worldly, goods, Mar. -
85 ÝMISS
(neut. ýmist; pl. ýmissir, ýmissar, usually contracted ýmsir or ymsir, ýmsar or ymsar, neut. ýmis, ýmsi or ýms), a. now this, now that (ýmist hann hugði);hann gerði ýmist, hjó eða lagði, he cut and thrust alternately;esp. pl. various, sundry, now these, now those, by turns (höfðu ymsir sigr);í ymsum stöðum, in various places;reka kaupferðir til ýmissa landa, to go on trading expeditions to various countries;einir ok ýmissir, one and another, sundry;allir ok þó ýmissir, all by turn;ýmist … eða, now … now, sometimes … sometime (Bolli var ýmist í Tungu eða at Helga felli).* * *a pronom. adj., esp. used in plur.; in Norwegian MSS. often spelt with i, ímiss, ímser, etc.; imisir, N. G. L. ii. 391. [This word is a compd, the latter part being the adverb miss or mis, for which see p. 480; the prefixed syllable ý answers to Goth. aiw- = unquam, ποτέ; O. H. G. eo, io; Germ. je; A. S. â; Engl. aye; Hel. io; Icel. æ; see Grimm’s Gramm. iii. 51]; hence the oldest form has a double ss, beingα. uncontracted, ýmissir, acc. ýmissa, Stj.; ýmissum, Orkn. (in a verse), Skv. 3, 39; this uncontracted form still remains in the neut. ýmist.β. afterwards it was contracted and turned into a regular participial adjective (see Gramm. p. xix); thus, ýmsir, ýmsar, ýmis, ýmsa, or even dat. ýmsum; acc. ýmsa, ýmsar, ýmis; in the contracted forms the vowel is sometimes sounded short (ymsir).γ. a radical neut. pl. ýmsi, Edda 46. [Cp. Swed. ömse, ömsom, = alternately; ömsa = to shift.]B. THE USAGES: alternate = Lat. vicissim; hann kvað ýmissa (gen. pl.) vandræði mundu verða ef eigi réðisk bætr á, Íb. 8; mega ormar þar ýmsir meira ok ýmsir þar undan leggja, Merl. 2. 18 (of the two serpents); Hákon jarl ok Gunnhildar-synir börðusk um Noreg ok stukku ýmsir ór landi, Fms. i. 89; færðu ýmsir aðra niðr, ii. 269; höfðu ýmsir sigr, Yngl. S. ch. 4; lágu ýmsir undir, Fs. 42; ok létu þau ýmsi eptir, ok skrækti hvárt-tveggja við hátt, and gave way in turn, Edda 46; þau sátu í einu hásæti, Ólafr ok drottning, Dixin talaði við þau ýmsi, D. addressed them both (the king and the queen) in turn, Fms. x. 2, 6; ílaug hann á ýmsi lönd, Hkr. i. 24; herja á ýmsi lend, Fms. xi. 76, 89; hann falar til ýmissa vista, en ræðr enga, Lv. 57; þeir höfðu þar dvalizk í ýmsum höfnum, Eg. 93; hann seldi ymsum mönnum landnám sitt, Landn. 135; til ymsa (= ýmissa) skalda, Þorst. Síðu 11. 172; með ýmsum píslum (v. 1. ýmissum), Post. (Unger) 33; Símon, … hafði ýmsa m. inna álit, 656 C. 26.II. various; ganga þar ýmissar sagnir frá, Fms. ii. 105; fara … til ýmissa landa, i. II, 77, Fb. i. 525; Orkn. 42; kvikenda líki ýmissa, fugla eða orma, Clern. 133; fann hann til þess ymissa hluti, Fms. ii. 295; í ýmissum stöðum, Stj. 113.III. with another pronom. adj.; einn ok ýiniss, one and another, etc.; um eina staði ok ymissa, Stj. 247; af einum ok ýmissim ágætum steinum, 204; unna einum nú ýmissum, Skv. 3. 39; komu siðan upp í einum ok ýmsum stöðum ok löndum, Stj.; margir ór ýmissum áttum, Orkn. (in a verse); af þeim báðum ok ýmissimi, Stj. 15; allir ok þú ýmsir, all and sundry, i. e. each in turn, Skv. 3. 41.IV. proverbs; ýmsir eiga högg í annars garð, a saying, of dealing mutual blows; verða ýmsir brögðum fegnir, Fms. ix. 494 (in a verse); ýmsar verðr sá er margar ferr, Eg. (a saying).V. neut. as adv.; ýmist hon hugði, Skv. 3. 14; er ýmist sagt hvárr Tarquinius cða son hans færi um nótt, Róm. 386; hann spurði, hví hafa munkar lága skúa ok rauðar hosur?—þeir svöruðu, ýmist tíðisk nú, Fms. viii. 358; hann görði ýmist, hjó eða lagði, thrust and smote altcrnately, or, now he thrust, now he smote, Nj. 8; Bolli var ýmist í Tungu eða at Helgafelli, Ld. 300; ýmist augum lítandi aptr cða fram, Mar.; into smáhringum ýmist hvítum eða svörtum, Stj. 80; ýmist Skota eðr Bretzkar aldir, Orkn. 90 (in a verse); ymist út eða niðr, Nj. 104; kallaðr ýmist Dofrafóstri cða Lúfa, Fs. 16; hann rennir ýmist upp eða ofan, Fb. iii. 408; hann var ýmist at Borg eðr at Gilsbakka, Ísl. ii. 209. -
86 ÞÚ
(gen. þín, dat. þér, acc. þik; pl. þér or ér, gen. yðar, dat. and acc. yðr), thou.* * *gen. þín, dat. þér, acc. þik, a pers. pron.; also spelt ðú, see the introduction, p. 729; for þik, also freq. þek in Norse vellums, mod. þig, see Gramm. p. xxi: [Goth. þû, þeina, þus, þuk; A. S. þû; Engl. thou; Germ., Dan., and Swed. dû; Lat. tu; Gr. τύ.]A. Thou, passim:I. after verbs, either separated, as skalt þú, munt þú, or more usually suffixed and changing into -ðu, -du, -tu, or -u, e. g. mun-du, skal-du, vil-du, later skal-tu, mun-tu, vil-tu; ver-tu, ves-tu, Post. 229; drep-ðu, 228; eig-ðu, seg-ðu, lát-tu, lít-tu, eig-du, mæl-þú, lát-þú, Gkv. 2. 23; lít-tu, 8; át-tu, 10; skal-tu, 30; hirða-ðu, 28; er-þú, Fms. vi. 226; var-t-at-tu, wast-not-thou? mon-t-at-u; segja-t-tu, say-not-thou, and so passim [cp. Old Engl. wiltow etc. = wilt thou]: as to quantity, the u is at present sounded sometimes long, vil-tú, eig-ðú, lát-tú, or more usually short, låt-tu, eig-ðu, etc., and in common running speech dropped as in Engl., e.g, bidd-’ann-a-koma, beg him to come; kond-inn, come in.II. suffixed to other words; heil-du, heal thou! Clem. 131; at-tú = at-þú, that thou, see ‘at;’ þót-tú = þó at-þú, though that thou, passim; þatz-tu = þat-es-þú.B. Plur. þér, or older ér, yðar, yðr, qq. v., passim.II. in addressing, you; ek vil beiðask, herra, at þér gefit mér orlof, Nj. 10; eru þér sjúkir Herra, Fms. vi. 226, Sturl. iii. 261, passim; or þú and þér are mixed in the same address, hvat ætli þér, herra, … þvíat þér sögðuð oss, … seg nú ef þat er …, ok hafir þú af þínu tilstilli …, at þú talir við hann …, Fms. vi. 71. -
87 skammrækr
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for short — {adv. phr.} So as to make shorter; as an abbreviation or nickname. * /The boy s name was Humperdink, or Dink for short./ * /The National Broadcasting Company is called NBC for short./ … Dictionary of American idioms
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