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1 ÓÐAL
(pl. óðul), n. ancestral property, patrimony, inheritance (in land); family homestead; native place; flýja óðul sín, to abandon one’s home, go into exile.* * *n., pl. óðul; in Norse MSS. it is usually contracted before a vowel (whence arose the forms öðli eðli), and owing to a peculiarity in the Norse sound of ð an r is inserted in contracted forms, örðla, orðlom, N. G. L. passim: [akin to aðal, öðli, eðli, = nature; öðlask = adipisci; oðlingr, q. v.; A. S. êðel = patrimony; it is also the parent word of Germ. edel, adel, = noble, nobility, for the nobility of the earliest Teut. communities consisted of the land-owners. From this word also originated mid. Lat. allodium, prob. by inverting the syllables for the sake of euphony (all-od = od-al); oðal or ethel is the vernacular Teut. form, allodium the Latinised form, which is never found in vernacular writers; it may be that the transposition of syllables was due to the th sound in oðal; and hence, again, the word feudal is a compd word, fee-odal, or an odal held as a fee or feif from the king, and answering to heið-launað óðal of the Norse law (heið = fee = king’s pay), N. G. L. i. 91.]B. Nature, inborn quality, property, = aðal, eðli, öðli, q. v.; this seems to be the original sense, þat er eigi at réttu mannsins óðal, Sks. 326 B; þat er helzt byrjar til farmanns óðals, a seaman’s life, 52; þat er kaupmanna óðal (= mercatorum est), 28; jörlum öllum óðal batni, Gh. 21.II. a law term, an allodium, property held in allodial tenure, patrimony. The condition which in the Norse law constitutes an oðal was either an unbroken succession from father to son (er afi hefir afa leift) through three or more generations, N. G. L. i. 91, 237, Gþl. 284; or unbroken possession for thirty or more years, N. G. L. i. 249; or sixty years, Gþl. 284; or it might be acquired through brand-erfð (q. v.), through weregild, barn-fóstr (q. v.); and lastly heið-launað óðal, an allodial fief, was granted for services rendered to the king, see N. G. L. i. 91: the oðal descended to the son, and was opp. to útjarðir ( out-lands), and lausa-fé ( movables), which descended to the daughter, Gþl. 233; yet even a woman, e. g. a baugrygr (q. v.), could hold an oðal, in which case she was called óðals-kona, 92, jörð komin undir snúð ok snældu = an estate come under the rule of the spindle, N. G. L. i. 237; the allit. phrase, arfr ok óðal, 31, Gþl. 250: brigða óðal, N. G. L. i. 86; selja óðal, to sell one’s óðal, 237. The oðal was in a certain sense inalienable within a family, so that even when parted with, the possessor still retained a title (land-brigð, máldagi á landi). In the ancient Scandin. communities the inhabited land was possessed by free oðalsmen (allodial holders), and the king was the lord of the people, but not of the soil. At a later time, when the small communities were merged into great kingdoms, through conquest or otherwise, the king laid hold of the land, and all the ancient oðals were to be held as a grant from the king; such an attempt of king Harold Fairhair in Norway and the earls of Orkney in those islands is recorded in Hkr. Har. S. Hárf. ch. 6, Eg. ch. 4, cp. Ld. ch. 2, Orkn. ch. 8, 30, 80 (in Mr. Dasent’s Ed.); cp. also Hák. S. Goða ch. 1. Those attempts are recorded in the Icel. Sagas as acts of tyranny and confiscation, and as one of the chief causes for the great emigration from the Scandinavian kingdoms during the 9th century (the question of free land here playing the same part as that of free religion in Great Britain in the 17th century). The attempt failed in Norway, where the old oðal institution remains in the main to the present day. Even the attempts of king Harold were, according to historians (Konrad Maurer), not quite analogous to what took place in England after the Conquest, but appear to have taken something like the form of a land-tax or rent; but as the Sagas represent it, it was an attempt towards turning the free odal institution into a feudal one, such as had already taken place among the Teutons in Southern Europe.III. gener. and metaph. usages, one’s native land, homestead, inheritance; the land is called the ‘oðal’ of the reigning king, á Danr ok Danpr dýrar hallir, æðra óðal, en ér hafit, Rm. 45; eignask namtú óðal þegna, allan Noreg, Gauta spjalli, Fms. vi. 26 (in a verse); banna Sveini sín óðul, St. Olave will defend his óðal against Sweyn, 426 (in a verse); flýja óðul sín, to fly one’s óðal, go into exile, Fms. iv. 217; flýja óðul eðr eignir, vii. 25; koma aptr í Noreg til óðala sinna, 196; þeim er þar eru útlendir ok eigi eigu þar óðul, who are strangers and not natives there, Edda 3; öðlask Paradísar óðal, the inheritance of Paradise, 655 viii. 2; himneskt óðal, heavenly inheritance, Greg. 68; njóta þeirra gjafa ok óðala er Adam var útlægr frá rekinn, Sks. 512: allit., jarl ok óðal, earl (or franklin) and odal, Gh. 21.2. spec. phrase, at alda óðali, for everlasting inheritance, i. e. for ever and ever, D. N. i. 229: contr., at alda öðli, id., Grág. i. 264, D.I. i. 266; til alda óðals, for ever, iii. 88: mod., frá, alda öðli, from time immemorial.C. COMPDS: óðalsborinn, óðalsbréf, óðalsbrigð, óðalsjörð, óðalskona, óðalsmaðr, óðalsnautr, óðalsneyti, óðalsréttr, óðalsskipti, óðalstuptir, óðalsvitni. -
2 hús-lestr
m. a house-reading, home-service, family prayers, at which hymns are sung and a sermon or lesson read; such services are held in Icel. on Sundays all the year round, in the middle of the day, for the people who cannot get to church; the húslestr consists of the Gospel for the day and a printed sermon (Vídalíns Postilla), a short prayer, the Lord’s Prayer, and a hymn before and after. During the winter an evening service is held every week day (from November to April), which consists of a brief sermon (hugvekja), a prayer, the Lord’s Prayer, and a hymn: hence hús-lestrar-bók, f. a house-reading-book, a postil or the like; húslestrar-fær, adj. able to read a huslestr, of one who has learnt to read well; vera við húslestr, to attend a h. During Lent the Passíu-Sálmar are by popular consent appointed for the húslestr. This old and pious custom is entirely spontaneous, and not ordered by any church authority. -
3 VIRÐA
(-rða, -rðr), v.1) to fix the worth of a thing, to tax, value (síðan vóru virð fé Haflgerðar);2) fig., to value, estimate (þat kann engi virða nema guð einn);with gen., virða e-t mikils, to rate highly, think much of;virða lítils, to think or make light of;virða e-t engis (einskis), to make nothing of;virða e-t með sjálfum sér, to bethink oneself of, consider;konungr virði mest skáld sín, he held his poets in the highest estimation;virði jarl hann vel, the earl showed him great honour;virða til, to pay heed to, regard;hann kveðst vilja virða til enn heilaga Jacobum postola, he said he would respect the sanctity of St. James;virða e-t til e-s, to consider (deem) as (virða e-t til útrúleika við e-n);virða e-t vel, illa fyrir e-m, to put it to his credit, discredit;3) refl., virðast vel, to be highly esteemed (hann virðist hvervetna vel);impers., virðist öllum mönnum vel til hans, everybody liked him;virðist oss svá, sem minnkaðist vár sœmd í því, it seems to us, we think that …;virðist hann konunginum afbragðsmaðr, the king thought him to be an exceptional man.* * *pret. virði, mod. virti; [cp. verð; this word and its derivatives are in mod. Norse proncd. and spelt with y, vyrda; Swed. vörda]:—to fix the worth of a thing, to tax, value; síðan vóru virð fé Hallgerðar, Nj. 24; búar skolu virða fúlgur ómagans tvennar, Grág. i. 259; þar skolu fylgja einn eyrir ok tuttugu, ok virða til friðs, D. I. i. 199; þrjár merkr ok virt til vaðmála, 203; búar skolu virða skip þat til vöru eðr til brends silfrs, Grág. (Kb.) ii. 68; virða e-t til smœrs, D. N. ii. 93.II. metaph., þat kann engi virða nema Guð einn, Fms. vii. 144: with gen. of the price, virða enskis, Blas. 44; virða mikils, to rate highly, Eg. 167; konungr virði hann mikils, Fms. vi. 132; virða e-t lítils, O. H. L. 76; úvinir hans höfðu grun á ok virðu til utrúleika við konung, Fms. ix. 428; er þat ílla virðanda fyrir þér, it is to be ill-esteemed, blamed, ii. 53; mun þat vera vel virt fyrir þér, Karl. 99; svá virðu vinir jarls sem Þorkell mundi þá bræðr sízt spara til deilu, Orkn. 180; vita ok virða, Stj. 145; virða e-t með sjálfum sér, to bethink oneself of, consider, 132; hygg at ok virð meðr þér sjálfum, 142; virð með sjálfum þér hvat haun mun mega með síns herra fulltingi, Karl. 542.2. with prepp.; virða at e-u, to give heed to a thing, consider it, Stj. 153; virða e-t fyrir sér, to count, consider; virða til, to pay heed to, regard; Rafn vildi eigi þat, þvíat hann kveðsk vilja virða til enn heilaga Jacobum postola, ok berjask eigi við Þorvald, i. e. Rafn said he would respect the holiness of St. James and not fight Th., Bs. i. 668; heldr skal hitt til virða, at hann vildi Kristni sinni í þyrma, Hom. 109; eg vil ekki virða mig til þess, not demean myself to that: virða um e-t = virða til, D. N. ii. 95: virða e-t við e-t, to value, count; virða við saur ok hégóma, Barl. 74: virð einskis við þá er þér göra í mein, take no account of it if they do thee wrong, Hom. (St.); virða sakar við annan, id.; Guð virði við hann ( may God reward him) undir hvílíkan þunga hann á at standa, Bs. i. 821; biðju vér at þér takit vára dvöl eigi til þrjózku, virðandi vid oss um leiðar-lengd ok harða veðráttu, we beg you not to account it for disobedience in us, but consider the length of the way, and the severe weather, D. N. iii. 80: also of gratitude, eg virði það við hann, að …, to regard past services.III. reflex., impers. to like; mér virðisk ekki skapferði hans, Ísl. ii. 217; virðisk þeim vel allt til konungs en eigi verr til dróttningar, Fb. ii. 120; hann virðisk þar hverjum manni vel, everybody liked him, Eg. 27, Nj. 46, Fms. i. 6l.2. to deem, think; virðisk oss svá, sem minnkaðisk vár sæmd í því heldr enn yxi, Fms. x. 7; virðisk konunginum hann af bragðs-maðr, Bjarn. 4: very freq. in mod. usage, mér virðist, methinks.3. to deign, vouchsafe; af hans ætt virðisk várr Drottinn Jesús at fæðask, Stj.; þú skapari minn virzk at miskunna mér, Barl. 92; þau miskunnar verk er hann virðisk at göra, 95; öll bréf þau er þeir virða sik (= virðask) við at taka, Róm. 248.
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