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41 Fokker, Anthony Herman Gerard
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 6 April 1890 Kediri, Java, Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia)d. 23 December 1939 New York, USA[br]Dutch designer of German fighter aircraft during the First World War and of many successful airliners during the 1920s and 1930s.[br]Anthony Fokker was born in Java, where his Dutch father had a coffee plantation. The family returned to the Netherlands and, after schooling, young Anthony went to Germany to study aeronautics. With the aid of a friend he built his first aeroplane, the Spin, in 1910: this was a monoplane capable of short hops. By 1911 Fokker had improved the Spin and gained a pilot's licence. In 1912 he set up a company called Fokker Aeroplanbau at Johannistal, outside Berlin, and a series of monoplanes followed.When war broke out in 1914 Fokker offered his designs to both sides, and the Germans accepted them. His E I monoplane of 1915 caused a sensation with its manoeuvrability and forward-firing machine gun. Fokker and his collaborators improved on the French deflector system introduced by Raymond Saulnier by fitting an interrupter gear which synchronized the machine gun to fire between the blades of the rotating propeller. The Fokker Dr I triplane and D VII biplane were also outstanding German fighters of the First World War. Fokker's designs were often the work of an employee who received little credit: nevertheless, Fokker was a gifted pilot and a great organizer. After the war, Fokker moved back to the Netherlands and set up the Fokker Aircraft Works in Amsterdam. In 1922, however, he emigrated to the USA and established the Atlantic Aircraft Corporation in New Jersey. His first significant success there came the following year when one of his T-2 monoplanes became the first aircraft to fly non-stop across the USA, from New York to San Diego. He developed a series of civil aircraft using the well-proven method of construction he used for his fighters: fuselages made from steel tubes and thick, robust wooden wings. Of these, probably the most famous was the F VII/3m, a high-wing monoplane with three engines and capable of carrying about ten passengers. From 1925 the F VII/3m airliner was used worldwide and made many record-breaking flights, such as Lieutenant-Commander Richard Byrd's first flight over the North Pole in 1926 and Charles Kingsford-Smith's first transpacific flight in 1928. By this time Fokker had lost interest in military aircraft and had begun to see flight as a means of speeding up global communications and bringing people together. His last years were spent in realizing this dream, and this was reflected in his concentration on the design and production of passenger aircraft.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsRoyal Netherlands Aeronautical Society Gold Medal 1932.Bibliography1931, The Flying Dutchman: The Life of Anthony Fokker, London: Routledge \& Sons (an interesting, if rather biased, autobiography).Further ReadingA.R.Weyl, 1965, Fokker: The Creative Years, London; reprinted 1988 (a very detailed account of Fokker's early work).Thijs Postma, 1979, Fokker: Aircraft Builders to the World, Holland; 1980, English edn, London (a well-illustrated history of Fokker and the company).Henri Hegener, 1961, Fokker: The Man and His Aircraft, Letchworth, Herts.JDS / CMBiographical history of technology > Fokker, Anthony Herman Gerard
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42 field of constants
The English-Russian dictionary general scientific > field of constants
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43 law of least squares
The English-Russian dictionary general scientific > law of least squares
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44 physical constants
The English-Russian dictionary general scientific > physical constants
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45 error
error ошибка, отклонение, погрешностьerror of difference ошибка разностиerror of first kind ошибка первого родаerror of fitting ошибка выравнивания, погрешность выравниванияerror of mean ошибка среднегоerror of observation ошибка наблюденияerror of second kind ошибка второго родаabsolute error абсолютная ошибкаadjusted error скорректированная ошибкаapparatus error инструментальная погрешностьapproximation error ошибка аппроксимации, ошибка приближенияcopy error ген. ошибка репродукции, ошибка копированияcorrected error скорректированная ошибкаdiscrepancy within experimental error расхождение в пределах ошибки опыта (стат.)experimental error ошибка опыта (стат.)extent of the error величина погрешности (стат.)mean error средняя ошибкаmean-root-square error стандартная ошибка, средняя квадратическая ошибкаplot error ошибка единичного наблюденияprobable error вероятная ошибкаprobable error вероятная ошибка (стат.)relative error относительная ошибкаsampling error выборочная ошибка, ошибка выборкиstandard error стандартная ошибка, средняя квадратическая ошибкаstandard error стандартная ошибка, квадратичная ошибка (стат.)standard error of difference стандартная ошибка разности, средняя квадратическая ошибка разностиstandard error of estimate стандартная ошибка оценки, средняя квадратическая ошибка оценкиstandard error of mean стандартная ошибка оценки, средняя квадратическая ошибка оценкиstandard error of standard deviation стандартная ошибка стандартного отклонения, средняя квадратическая ошибка стандартного отклоненияstandard error of sum стандартная ошибка суммы, средняя квадратическая ошибка суммыstandard error of variance стандартная ошибка дисперсии, средняя квадратическая ошибка дисперсииtrial and error method метод проб и ошибокtype I error ошибка первого родаtype II error ошибка второго родаEnglish-Russian dictionary of biology and biotechnology > error
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