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1 BELIEVE
sav-. This verb is used = “believe (that statements, reports, traditions, etc. are) true, accept as fact” (VT49:27; the first person aorist savin is given). Not used with a person as object (in the sense of believing that this person tells the truth); with a noun, name or pronoun as object, sav- implies “I believe that he/she/it really exists/existed”. To “believe in” someone meaning “believe that (s)he tells the truth” can be paraphrased as (for instance) savin Elesarno quetië “I believe in Elessar’s words” (lit. speaking). –VT49:27-28 -
2 FLING
hat- (cited as hatin “I fling”, first person sg. aorist), pa.t. hantë (QL:39; compare the root KHAT “hurl”, LR:363). The apparently related noun hatal “spear” occurring in late material (VT49:14) suggests that Tolkien eventually decided to maintain this word, though in the meantime, a distinct verb hat- “break asunder” had occurred in his writings. -
3 OUR
As described in the entry WE, the 3rd person pl. pronouns distinguish plural forms from dual (depending on whether two or more persons are involved) and exclusive forms from inclusive (depending on whether the party addressed is included in “we/our”). Tolkien revised the relevant endings repeatedly. According to one late resolution described in VT49:16, the endings for exclusive “our” are –lma in the plural and –mma as a dual form, hence *aldalma “our tree” (with an “our” of at least three persons, not including the party addressed), but *aldamma “our tree = my and one other person’s tree”. The corresponding inclusive forms are –lwa (plural) and –ngwa (dual). Since the subject ending corresponding to the former is attested as “-lwe, –lve” (VT49:51), –lwa can surely also appear as *-lva, as in *omentielva “our meeting” (attested in the genitive case: omentielvo “of our meeting”, WJ:367). Hence *aldalwa/aldalva “our tree” (an “our” of at least three persons, including the party addressed), dual *aldangwa “our tree = thy and my tree”. – An independent word for plural exclusive "our" appears in VT43:19, 35: menya (also menyë modifying a plural noun). The corresponding plural inclusive form should apparently be *venya (pl. *venyë) for archaic *wenya (pl. wenyai > wenyë). The dual forms would most likely be *mentya (excl.) and *ventya (incl.); compare me, we/ve as the independent pronouns for “we” (with dual forms met, wet/*vet and dative forms *ment, * went/vent, from which the independent possessive pronouns are apparently derived by adding the adjectival ending -ya). – Notice that in an earlier conceptual phase, the forms in –mm- were plural (not as later dual) inclusive, and the forms in –lm- were plural inclusive rather than exclusive. This is why the word translated “of our meeting” appeared as omentielmo in the first edition of LotR, but was changed to omentielvo in the Second Edition. Cf. also Átaremma “our Father” as the first word of Tolkien’s translation of the Lord’s Prayer (VT43:12); this “our” is obviously meant to be plural exclusive rather than dual as it later became (according to Tolkien’s later conventions, “our Father” would be *Átarelma when a group of three or more persons addresses a party not included in “our”, in this case the Father himself). -
4 ONE
minë, min (obsoleting "Qenya" mir in LT1:260; a short variant min however appears in VT45:34, VT48:6), er (only, one, alone, but, still). A longer form of er, namely erëa, was possibly abandoned by Tolkien (VT44:17). Min, minë is "one" as the first of a series, whereas er is "one" in the context of something that is alone (Parma Eldalamberon \#14, p. 82). When used in connection with a noun, er precedes it (VT49:45; according to this souce, er is indeclinable). ONE (= a person, someone) quén, quen- as in pl. queni (unstressed quen, "as a pronoun or final element in a compound"), also mo as an indefinite personal pronoun “one” or “somebody”, used in a sentence like “if one speaks evil…” (VT49:19, 20). THE ONE Eru (see GOD). For fractions ONE THIRD, ONE FOURTH etc., see entries for THIRD, FOURTH etc. –MINI, ERE/VT44:17, VT48:6, WJ:361 cf. 360, Silm:15, 431
См. также в других словарях:
first person — n 1.) the first person technical a form of a verb or a pronoun that is used to show that you are the speaker. For example, I , me , we , and us are first person pronouns, and I am is the first person singular of the verb to be →↑second person,… … Dictionary of contemporary English
First person — may refer to: * A grammatical person, I and we in the English language * First person narrative, a literary device * First person interpretation, a museum technique * First Person (TV show), an interview based television series created by Errol… … Wikipedia
first person — first′ per′son n. 1) gram. the grammatical person used by a speaker in statements referring to himself or herself or to a group including himself or herself 2) gram. a pronoun or verb form in the first person, as I, we, or am, or a set of such… … From formal English to slang
first-person — firstˈ person adjective • • • Main Entry: ↑first … Useful english dictionary
first person — ► NOUN ▪ the form of a pronoun or verb used to refer to oneself, or to a group including oneself … English terms dictionary
first person — n. 1. Gram. a) the form of a pronoun (as I) or verb (as am) that refers to the speaker or writer or, in the plural, also to those for whom the speaker or writer serves as spokesperson b) a category consisting of such forms 2. narration… … English World dictionary
first-person — adjective a) Of a verb, in the first person. b) Of a narrative, using verbs in the first person. See Also: first person, first person plural, first person singular … Wiktionary
first person — noun (singular) 1 technical a form of a verb or a pronoun that is used to show that you are the speaker. For example, I , me , we , and us are first person pronouns, and I am is the first person singular of the verb to be 2 a way of telling a… … Longman dictionary of contemporary English
first person — N SING: the N A statement in the first person is a statement about yourself, or about yourself and someone else. The subject of a statement like this is I or we . He tells the story in the first person... His books are always first person… … English dictionary
first person — noun a) Forms of pronouns or verbs used for the speaker or writer of the sentence in which they occur. Am is the first person singular of to be . b) A form of narrative writing using verbs in the first person in order to give the impression that… … Wiktionary
first person — 1. the grammatical person used by a speaker in statements referring to himself or herself or to a group including himself or herself, as I and we in English. 2. a form in the first person. [1935 40] * * * … Universalium
