first+detector

1) General subject: mixer, mixer tap, faucet

2) Medicine: blender

3) Engineering: agitator, blending machine, converter, detector (в супергетеродинном радиоприёмнике), first detector, frequency changer, kneader, mixing machine, mixing mill, mixing plant, stirrer, stirring device

4) Agriculture: bubbler (в чанах для охлаждения тушек птицы)

5) Chemistry: mixing tank

6) Construction: combination faucet (для воды), mixing valve, shower mixer

7) Railway term: churn

8) Mining: agitator (обычно с воздушным перемешиванием)

9) Forestry: blend chest, blending chest, service chest

10) Metallurgy: stirred tank

11) Telecommunications: combiner unit, mixing pad, mixing unit

12) Textile: blending machine (для волокна)

13) Electronics: mixing chamber, mixing circuit

14) Information technology: color blender (в графике)

15) Oil: amalgamator, commingler, masticator, mixing vessel, stirring machine

16) Immunology: mixer driver

17) Geophysics: compositor

18) Coolers: mix tank

19) Ecology: agitation tank, mixing basin, mixing drainage

20) Advertising: blending installation

21) Household appliances: adder, mixer unit

22) Sakhalin energy glossary: blender ( slurry), mixing tap, slurry blender

23) Polymers: agitator tank, blending tank, dissolver, homogenizer, mixing apparatus, mixing box, mixing device, thinning tank

24) Sakhalin R: ( slurry) blender, crude oil tank mixer

25) Chemical weapons: blender (мешалка)

26) Makarov: batching machine, blending device, blending plant, mixer detector, mixer-first detector, stirrer (см.тж. agitator, mixer)

27) Aluminium industry: co-kneader, mixer( paste plant) (в СПО)

1) General subject: mixer

2) Aviation: frequency inverter

3) Military: (антенный)(для передачи спутниковых сигналов) Block Up Converter

4) Engineering: conversion transducer, converter, converter unit, frequency changer, frequency converter, frequency rectifier, frequency transducer, frequency translator, frequency-changing circuit

5) Telecommunications: conversion detector, frequency changer set

6) Physics: cyclorectifier, frequency transformer

7) Electronics: oscillator-mixer-first detector, self-oscillating mixer

8) Information technology: frequency shifter

9) Metrology: first detector (супергетеродинного приёмника)

10) Automation: convertor, harmonic generator (напр. лазерного излучения)

11) Makarov: harmonic generator (напр., лазерного излучения)

* * *

бараба́нный смеси́тель — drum [pan] mixer

ва́куумный смеси́тель — vacuum mixer

гравитацио́нный смеси́тель — gravity mixer

смеси́тель двойно́го де́йствия — duplex mixer

двухсе́точный смеси́тель — double-grid-injection [double-input] mixer

диафра́гмовый смеси́тель — orifice mixer

дио́дный смеси́тель рад.-эл. — diode mixer

смеси́тель кормо́в — food mixer

ло́пастный смеси́тель — paddle mixer

неопроки́дывающийся смеси́тель — non-tilt mixer

смеси́тель непреры́вного де́йствия — continuous mixer

односе́точный смеси́тель радио — single-input [single-grid-injection] mixer

охлажда́ющий смеси́тель — refrigerated mixer

передвижно́й смеси́тель — travelling mixer (unit)

смеси́тель периоди́ческого де́йствия — batch-type [intermittent] mixer

пропе́ллерный смеси́тель — propeller-type mixer

ра́зностный смеси́тель радио — subtractive mixer

ротацио́нный смеси́тель — rota(tiona)ry mixer

сумма́рный смеси́тель радио — additive mixer

червя́чный смеси́тель — screw mixer

f <el> ■ first-detector valve; frequency-changer valve; mixer valve; converter tube

 

НКУ с устройствами ограничения воздействия внутренней дуги
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[Интент]

Параллельные тексты EN-RU

Assemblies equipped with devices limiting internal arc effects (active protection)

A design philosophy which is completely different from that just considered consists in guaranteeing the resistance to internal arcing by installing devices limiting the arc.

The approaches in that direction can be of two different types:
• limiting the destructive effects of the arc, once it has occured, by means of arc detectors
• limiting the destructive effects of the arc, once it has occured, by means of overpressure detectors.

The first possibility consists in installing in the assembly arc detectors which sense the light flux associated with the electric arc phenomenon.

Once the arc has been detected, these devices send an opening signal to the incoming circuit-breaker, thus guaranteeing tripping times of the order of 1-2 ms, therefore shorter than those proper of the circuit-breaker.

The operating logic of an arc detector is the following: the occurrence of an arc inside the switchboard is detected by the arc detector because an intense light radiation is associated with this phenomenon.

The arcing control system detects the event and sends a tripping signal to the circuit-breaker.

All the above with trip times of a few milliseconds and supplanting the tripping of the CB overcurrent relay which, for example, could be delayed due to current selectivity questions.

Figure 1 shows the possible positions where this device can be installed inside a switchboard.

The ideal solution is that which provides the installation of at least one detector for each column, with the consequent reduction to a minimum of the length of the optical fibers carrying the signal.

In order to prevent from an unwanted tripping caused by light sources indepent of the arc (lamps, solar radiation etc.), an additional current sensor is often positioned at the incoming of the main circuit-breaker.

Only in the event of an arc, both the incoming sensor which detects an “anomalous” current due to the arc fault as well as the sensor detecting the light radiation as sociated with the arc enable the system to intervene and allow the consequent opening of the circuit-breaker.

The second possibility consists in installing overpressure sensors inside the switchboard.

As previously described, the overpressure wave is one of the other effects occurring inside an assembly in case of arcing.

As a consequence it is possible to install some pressure sensors which are able to signal the pressure peak associated with the arc ignition with a delay of about 10-15 ms.

The signal operates on the supply circuit-breaker without waiting for the trip times of the selectivity protections to elapse, which are necessarily longer.

Such a system does not need any electronic processing device, since it acts directly on the tripping coil of the supply circuit-breaker.

Obviously it is essential that the device is set at fixed trip thresholds.

When an established internal overpressure is reached, the arc detector intervenes.

However, it is not easy to define in advance the value of overpressure generated by an arc fault inside a switchboard.

[ABB]

НКУ с устройствами ограничения воздействия внутренней дуги (активная защита)

Для решения этой задачи используются совершенно другие, отличающиеся от ранее рассмотренных, принципы, заключающиеся в том, что противодействие внутренней дуге обеспечивается применением устройств, ограничивающих саму дугу.

Существует два типа решения проблемы в этом направлении:
• ограничение разрушающего воздействия дуги после того, как ее обнаружат специальные устройства
• ограничение разрушающего воздействия дуги после того, как специальные устройства обнаружат возникновение избыточного давления.

В первом случае в НКУ устанавливают устройства обнаружения дуги, реагирующие на световой поток, сопровождающий явление электрической дуги.

При обнаружении дуги данные устройства посылают сигнал управления на размыкание вводного автоматического выключателя. Гарантируемое время реакции составляет 1-2 мс, что меньше времени срабатывания автоматического выключателя.

Логика работы устройства обнаружения дуги следующая: Дуга, возникшая внутри НКУ, обнаруживается датчиком, реагирующим на интенсивное световое излучение, которым сопровождается горение дуги.

Обнаружив дугу, система управления посылает сигнал автоматическому выключателю.

Время срабатывания датчика и системы управления составляет несколько миллисекунд, что меньше времени срабатывания автоматического выключателя, осуществляющего защиту от сверхтока, который обычно для обеспечения требуемой селективности срабатывает с задержкой.

На рис. 1 показаны места возможной установки устройства защиты внутри НКУ.

Идеальным решением является установка, по крайней мере, одного устройства защиты в каждый шкаф многошкафного НКУ.

Это позволит до минимума сократить длину оптоволоконных кабелей передачи сигнала.

Для предотвращения ложного срабатывания от других источников света (т. е. не от дуги), например, таких как лампы, солнечное излучение и т. п., дополнительно в главной цепи вводного автоматического выключателя устанавливают датчик тока.

Только при наличии двух событий, а именно: срабатывания датчика света и обнаружения аномального увеличения тока, система управления считает, что возникла электрическая дуга и подает команду на отключение вводного автоматического выключателя.

Второе решение заключается в установке внутри НКУ датчика избыточного давления.

Как было описано ранее, одним из характерных проявлений электрической дуги, возникшей внутри НКУ, является ударная волна.

Это означает, что можно установить несколько датчиков давления, задачей которых является обнаружение импульса давления (с задержкой 10…15 мс), обусловленного зажиганием дуги.

Сигнал от датчиков давления поступает на вводной автоматический выключатель, который срабатывает без задержки на обеспечение селективности.

Такая система не нуждается в электронном устройстве обработки информации, поскольку воздействует непосредственно на независимый расцепитель автоматического выключателя.

Вполне понятно, что такое устройство имеет фиксированный порог срабатывания.

Датчик-реле дуги сработает, как только будет достигнуто заданное значение избыточного давления.

Следует иметь в виду, что не так легко заранее определить значение избыточного давления, которое будет создано при зажигании дуги внутри НКУ.

[Перевод Интент]

Тематики

• НКУ (шкафы, пульты,...)

EN

• assembly equipped with devices limiting internal arc effects

SUBJECT AREA: Broadcasting, Electronics and information technology, Photography, film and optics, Recording, Telecommunications

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De Forest was born into the family of a Congregational minister that moved to Alabama in 1879 when the father became President of a college for African-Americans; this was a position that led to the family's social ostracism by the white community. By the time he was 13 years old, De Forest was already a keen mechanical inventor, and in 1893, rejecting his father's plan for him to become a clergyman, he entered the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University. Following his first degree, he went on to study the propagation of electromagnetic waves, gaining a PhD in physics in 1899 for his thesis on the "Reflection of Hertzian Waves from the Ends of Parallel Wires", probably the first US thesis in the field of radio.

He then joined the Western Electric Company in Chicago where he helped develop the infant technology of wireless, working his way up from a modest post in the production area to a position in the experimental laboratory. There, working alone after normal working hours, he developed a detector of electromagnetic waves based on an electrolytic device similar to that already invented by Fleming in England. Recognizing his talents, a number of financial backers enabled him to set up his own business in 1902 under the name of De Forest Wireless Telegraphy Company; he was soon demonstrating wireless telegraphy to interested parties and entering into competition with the American Marconi Company.

Despite the failure of this company because of fraud by his partners, he continued his experiments; in 1907, by adding a third electrode, a wire mesh, between the anode and cathode of the thermionic diode invented by Fleming in 1904, he was able to produce the amplifying device now known as the triode valve and achieve a sensitivity of radio-signal reception much greater than possible with the passive carborundum and electrolytic detectors hitherto available. Patented under the name Audion, this new vacuum device was soon successfully used for experimental broadcasts of music and speech in New York and Paris. The invention of the Audion has been described as the beginning of the electronic era. Although much development work was required before its full potential was realized, the Audion opened the way to progress in all areas of sound transmission, recording and reproduction. The patent was challenged by Fleming and it was not until 1943 that De Forest's claim was finally recognized.

Overcoming the near failure of his new company, the De Forest Radio Telephone Company, as well as unsuccessful charges of fraudulent promotion of the Audion, he continued to exploit the potential of his invention. By 1912 he had used transformer-coupling of several Audion stages to achieve high gain at radio frequencies, making long-distance communication a practical proposition, and had applied positive feedback from the Audion output anode to its input grid to realize a stable transmitter oscillator and modulator. These successes led to prolonged patent litigation with Edwin Armstrong and others, and he eventually sold the manufacturing rights, in retrospect often for a pittance.

During the early 1920s De Forest began a fruitful association with T.W.Case, who for around ten years had been working to perfect a moving-picture sound system. De Forest claimed to have had an interest in sound films as early as 1900, and Case now began to supply him with photoelectric cells and primitive sound cameras. He eventually devised a variable-density sound-on-film system utilizing a glow-discharge modulator, the Photion. By 1926 De Forest's Phonofilm had been successfully demonstrated in over fifty theatres and this system became the basis of Movietone. Though his ideas were on the right lines, the technology was insufficiently developed and it was left to others to produce a system acceptable to the film industry. However, De Forest had played a key role in transforming the nature of the film industry; within a space of five years the production of silent films had all but ceased.

In the following decade De Forest applied the Audion to the development of medical diathermy. Finally, after spending most of his working life as an independent inventor and entrepreneur, he worked for a time during the Second World War at the Bell Telephone Laboratories on military applications of electronics.

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KF / JW

SUBJECT AREA: Domestic appliances and interiors, Electricity, Electronics and information technology

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Lovelock was brought up in Brixton in modest circumstances. At the age of 4 he was given a toy electrical set, which first turned his attention towards the study of science. From the Strand School, Brixton, he went on to the universities of Manchester and London, and after graduating in science, in 1941 he joined the National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, as a staff scientist, remaining there for twenty years. During the early 1950s, he and his colleagues were engaged in research into freezing live animals and bringing them back to life by heating: Lovelock was struck by the intense pain this process caused the animals, and he sought a more humane method. He tried diathermy or internal heating through the effect of a continuous wave magnetron borrowed from the Navy. He found that the animals were brought back to life painlessly, and impressed with his success he tried baking a potato for his lunch in the apparatus and found that it cooked amazingly quickly compared with the one hour normally needed in an ordinary oven. Lovelock had invented the microwave oven, but its commercial possibilities were not at first realized.

In the late 1950s he invented the electron capture detector, which proved to be more sensitive than any other analytical equipment in detecting and measuring toxic substances. The apparatus therefore had obvious uses in testing the quality of the environment and so offered a tremendous boost to the "green" movement. In 1961 he was invited to joint the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to employ the apparatus in an attempt to detect life in space.

In the early 1970s Lovelock relinquished his biological work in order to devote his attention to philosophical matters, specifically to develop his theory of the Universe, now widely celebrated as the "Gaia theory". In this controversial theory, Lovelock regards our planet and all its living beings, including humans, as a single living organism.

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SUBJECT AREA: Broadcasting, Electronics and information technology, Recording, Telecommunications

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From an early age he was absorbed by phenomena of physics to the exclusion of all other subjects, including mathematics. When choosing his subjects for the final three years in Borgedydskolen in Christianshavn (Copenhagen) before university, he opted for languages and history. At the University of Copenhagen he embarked on the study of medicine in 1889, but broke it off and was apprenticed to the machine firm of A/S Frichs Eftf. in Aarhus. He was employed between 1893 and 1899 as a mechanic and assistant in the laboratory of the Copenhagen Telephone Company KTAS. Eventually he advanced to be Head of the line fault department. This suited his desire for experiment and measurement perfectly. After the invention of the telegraphone in 1898, he left the laboratory and with responsible business people he created Aktieselskabet Telegrafonen, Patent Poulsen in order to develop it further, together with Peder Oluf Pedersen (1874– 1941). Pedersen brought with him the mathematical background which eventually led to his professorship in electronic engineering in 1922.

The telegraphone was the basis for multinational industrial endeavours after it was demonstrated at the 1900 World's Exhibition in Paris. It must be said that its strength was also its weakness, because the telegraphone was unique in bringing sound recording and reproduction to the telephone field, but the lack of electronic amplifiers delayed its use outside this and the dictation fields (where headphones could be used) until the 1920s. However, commercial interest was great enough to provoke a number of court cases concerning patent infringement, in which Poulsen frequently figured as a witness.

In 1903–4 Poulsen and Pedersen developed the arc generator for continuous radio waves which was used worldwide for radio transmitters in competition with Marconi's spark-generating system. The inspiration for this work came from the research by William Duddell on the musical arc. Whereas Duddell had proposed the use of the oscillations generated in his electric arc for telegraphy in his 1901 UK patent, Poulsen contributed a chamber of hydrogen and a transverse magnetic field which increased the efficiency remarkably. He filed patent applications on these constructions from 1902 and the first publication in a scientific forum took place at the International Electrical Congress in St Louis, Missouri, in 1904.

In order to use continuous waves efficiently (the high frequency constituted a carrier), Poulsen developed both a modulator for telegraphy and a detector for the carrier wave. The modulator was such that even the more primitive spark-communication receivers could be used. Later Poulsen and Pedersen developed frequency-shift keying.

The Amalgamated Radio-Telegraph Company Ltd was launched in London in 1906, combining the developments of Poulsen and those of De Forest Wireless Telegraph Syndicate. Poulsen contributed his English and American patents. When this company was liquidated in 1908, its assets were taken over by Det Kontinentale Syndikat for Poulsen Radio Telegrafi, A/S in Copenhagen (liquidated 1930–1). Some of the patents had been sold to C.Lorenz AG in Berlin, which was very active.

The arc transmitting system was in use worldwide from about 1910 to 1925, and the power increased from 12 kW to 1,000 kW. In 1921 an exceptional transmitter rated at 1,800 kW was erected on Java for communications with the Netherlands. More than one thousand installations had been in use worldwide. The competing systems were initially spark transmitters (Marconi) and later rotary converters ( Westinghouse). Similar power was available from valve transmitters only much later.

From c. 1912 Poulsen did not contribute actively to further development. He led a life as a well-respected engineer and scientist and served on several committees. He had his private laboratory and made experiments in the composition of matter and certain resonance phenomena; however, nothing was published. It has recently been suggested that Poulsen could not have been unaware of Oberlin Smith's work and publication in 1888, but his extreme honesty in technical matters indicates that his development was indeed independent. In the case of the arc generator, Poulsen was always extremely frank about the inspiration he gained from earlier developers' work.

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This makes a major contribution to ageing.

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An analysis of... has added extensively to an understanding of chain elongation.

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The new enterprise can aid materially (or substantially, or considerably, or greatly) meeting the country's requirements for...

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These features contribute largely (or greatly, or vastly) to the first-rate performance of this electrode.

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Certain practices can do much toward assuring trouble-free operation.

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Improvements in design have gone far to overcome this effect.

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The new system goes a long way to relieve monotony.

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Metals decrease (or show a decrease) in conductivity when heated.

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The intensity of change is diminished.

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When a positive ion is formed from an atom, there is a decrease in size. Detector noise tends to diminish (or decrease) with frequency.

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The corrosion of aluminium alloys in boiling carbon tetrachloride dropped rapidly as the magnesium content increased.

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The rate of reaction ultimately tapers off.

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