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21 demand
demand [dɪ'mɑ:nd]∎ to demand an apology/explanation exiger des excuses/une explication;∎ I demand to see the manager appelez-moi le gérant;∎ they're demanding payment ils réclament le paiement;∎ the terrorists demanded to be flown to Tehran les terroristes exigeaient d'être emmenés en avion à Téhéran;∎ to demand that… exiger que… + subjunctive;∎ pressure groups are demanding that fuller information be released les groupes de pression exigent la publication de plus amples informations;∎ to demand one's rights revendiquer ses droits;∎ she demanded nothing of or from her children elle n'exigeait rien de ses enfants;∎ he demanded to know/to be told the truth il exigeait de connaître/qu'on lui dise la vérité(b) (require, necessitate) exiger, réclamer;∎ he doesn't have the imagination demanded of a good writer il n'a pas l'imagination que l'on attend d'un bon écrivain2 noun(a) (obligation, requirement) exigence f;∎ the demands of motherhood les exigences de la maternité;∎ to make demands on sb exiger beaucoup de qn;∎ his work makes great demands on his time son travail lui prend beaucoup de temps;∎ he makes a lot of emotional demands il a une très grande demande affective;∎ there are many demands on her at work elle est très prise au travail(b) (firm request) demande f, réclamation f;∎ demand for payment demande de paiement;∎ payable on demand payable sur demande;∎ wage demands revendications fpl salariales;∎ there have been many demands for the minister's resignation beaucoup de voix se sont élevées pour exiger la démission du ministre;∎ to give in to sb's demands céder aux exigences de qn;∎ you make too many demands on her tu exiges trop d'elle;∎ I have many demands on my time je suis très pris∎ to be in (great) demand être (très) demandé ou recherché;∎ American jeans were in great demand in Eastern Europe les jeans américains étaient très demandés ou recherchés dans les pays de l'Est;∎ due to public demand à la demande du public;∎ there is not much demand for books on the subject les livres sur ce sujet ne sont pas très demandés;∎ qualified maths teachers are in increasing demand les professeurs de mathématiques diplômés sont de plus en plus demandéssur demande;∎ she's in favour of abortion on demand elle est pour l'avortement libreFinance demand bill bon m à vue;demand curve courbe f (d'évolution) de la demande;demand driver dynamisant m de la demande;demand feeding (of baby) allaitement m à la demande;demand forecasting prévision f de la demande;demand function fonction f de demande;Commerce demand management contrôle m de la demande;Finance demand note bon m à vue -
22 trade
trade [treɪd]1 noun∎ the clothing trade la confection, l'industrie f de la confection;∎ she is in the tea trade elle est dans le commerce du thé, elle est négociante en thé;∎ trade is brisk les affaires vont bien;∎ to do a good or roaring trade faire des affaires en or;∎ it's good for trade cela fait marcher le commerce;∎ domestic/foreign trade commerce m intérieur/extérieur;∎ retail/wholesale trade commerce m de détail/de gros(b) (illicit dealings) trafic m;∎ the drug trade le trafic de drogue(c) (vocation, occupation) métier m;∎ she is an electrician by trade elle est électricienne de son métier ou de son état;∎ to be in the trade être du métier;∎ everyone to his trade chacun son métier;∎ as we say in the trade comme on dit dans le métier;∎ open to members of the trade only pour les membres de la profession seulement(d) (exchange) échange m;∎ to do a trade faire un échange;∎ fair trade échange m équitable(e) (regular customers) clientèle f(exchange) échanger, troquer;∎ he traded a marble for a toffee il a échangé ou troqué une bille contre un caramel;∎ they traded insults over the dinner table ils ont échangé des insultes pendant le dîner(a) (businessman, country) faire du commerce, commercer;∎ he trades in clothing il est négociant en confection, il est dans la confection;∎ what name do you trade under? quel est votre raison sociale?;∎ to trade at a loss vendre à perte;∎ to trade with sb avoir ou entretenir des relations commerciales avec qn;∎ they stopped trading with Iran ils ont arrêté toute relation commerciale avec l'Iran∎ to trade at or with faire ses courses à ou chez∎ corn is trading at £25 le maïs se négocie à 25 livres(winds) alizés mpl►► trade advertising publicité f auprès des intermédiaires;trade agreement accord m commercial;trade allowance remise f entre professionnels;trade association association f professionnelle;trade balance balance f commerciale;trade ban interdiction f de commerce;trade barriers barrières fpl douanières;trade bills effets mpl de commerce;trade body syndicat m professionnel;Accountancy trade credit crédit m fournisseur ou commercial;Accountancy trade creditor créancier(ère) m,f d'exploitation;trade cycle cycle m de commercialisation;Accountancy trade debt dettes fpl d'exploitation;Accountancy trade debtor compte m ou créance f client;trade deficit balance f commerciale déficitaire, déficit m extérieur ou commercial;trade delegation délégation f commerciale;British the Trade Descriptions Act = loi qui empêche la publicité mensongère;trade directory annuaire m de commerce;trade discount (to customer) escompte m commercial, escompte m d'usage; (to retailer) escompte m professionnel, remise f professionnelle;trade embargo embargo m commercial;trade exhibition foire-exposition f, exposition f commerciale;British trade fair foire f commerciale, salon m;trade figures chiffre m d'affaires;trade gap déficit m commercial;trade journal journal m professionnel, revue f professionnelle;trade marketing marketing m commercial, trade marketing m;trade mission mission f commerciale;trade paper revue f spécialisée;trade policy politique f commerciale;trade press presse f spécialisée, presse f professionnelle;trade price Commerce prix m marchand; Stock Exchange prix m de négociation;trade promotion promotion f auprès des intermédiaires;trade publication revue f spécialisée ou professionnelle;trade register registre m du commerce;trade route route f commerciale;trade secret secret m de fabrication;∎ humorous she won't tell me her recipe, she says it's a trade secret! elle ne veut pas me donner sa recette, elle dit que c'est un secret!;trade show salon m (professionnel);trade ticket avis m d'opéré, avis m d'opération sur titres;British the Trades Union Congress = la Confédération des syndicats britanniques;trade(s) union syndicat m;∎ to join a trade(s) union se syndiquer;∎ the workers formed a trade(s) union les ouvriers ont formé un syndicat;∎ I am in the trade(s) union je suis syndiqué, j'appartiens au syndicat;trade unionism syndicalisme m;trade(s) unionist syndicaliste mf;trade union tariff tarif m syndical;trade wind alizé m(a) Stock Exchange acheter des valeurs basses(b) (car owner) changer pour un modèle moins cher∎ I traded my television/car in for a new one ils ont repris mon vieux téléviseur/ma vieille voiture quand j'ai acheté le nouveau/la nouvelle(exchange) échanger, troquer; (as a compromise) accepter en compensation;∎ to trade sth off against sth laisser ou abandonner qch pour qch;∎ they have traded off quality against speed ils ont fait primer la rapidité sur la qualité;∎ you can't ask me to trade off reputation against profit vous ne pouvez pas me demander de choisir entre ma réputation et un profit∎ American they trade off every year for first place ils sont premiers chacun leur tour tous les ansexploiter, profiter de;∎ he trades on her gullibility il profite de sa crédulité;∎ I'd hate to trade on your kindness je ne voudrais pas abuser de votre gentillesse(a) Stock Exchange acheter des valeurs hautes(b) (car owner) changer pour un modèle plus cher -
23 Chevreul, Michel Eugène
SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology[br]b. 31 August 1786 Angers, Franced. 9 April 1889 Paris, France[br]French chemist who made significant research contributions to scientific knowledge in the field of colour contrast and standardization and demonstrated the chemical nature of fats.[br]Between 1811 and 1823, Chevreul's work on the fundamental basis of fats led to a great improvement in both the quality of wax candles and in the fats used in the manufacture of soap, and this had considerable advantageous implications for domestic life. The publication of his researches provided the first specific account of the nature of the fats used in the manufacture of soap. His work also led to the development and manufacture of the stearine candle. Stearine was first described by Chevreul in 1814 and was produced by heating glycerine with stearic acid. As early as 1825 M.Gay Lussac obtained a patent in England for making candles from a similar substance. The stearine candle was much more satisfactory than earlier products; it was firmer and gave a brighter light without any accompanying odour. Chevreul became Director of Dyeing in 1824 at the Royal Manufactory of Gobelins, the French national tapestry firm. While there, he carried out research into 1,442 different shades of colour. From 1830 he occupied the Chair of Chemistry at the Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris.[br]Further ReadingG.Bouchard, 1932, Chevreul (biography).Albert da Costa, 1962, Michel Eugène Chevreul: Pioneer of Organic Chemistry', Wisconsin: Dept of History, University of Wisconsin.DYBiographical history of technology > Chevreul, Michel Eugène
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