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81 verplichting
1 [het verplichten/verplicht zijn; noodzaak] obligation ⇒ commitment, liability 〈 in het bijzonder wettelijk, financieel〉♦voorbeelden:1 financiële verplichtingen • financial liabilities/obligationssociale verplichtingen • social dutieseen wettelijke verplichting • a liability, a legal commitmentverplichtingen aangaan • enter into obligations/a contractzijn verplichtingen nakomen • fulfil one's obligationsiemand een verplichting opleggen • put someone under an obligationkrachtens wettelijke verplichting • by virtue of statutory obligationverhinderd zijn wegens verplichtingen elders • be unable to come due to a previous engagementverplichtingen hebben jegens iemand • be indebted to someone -
82 commitment document
Fina contract, change order, purchase order, or letter of intent pertaining to the supply of goods and services that commits an organization to legal, financial, and other obligations -
83 exchange rate risk
Finthe risk of suffering loss on converting another currency to the currency of a company’s own country.EXAMPLEExchange rate risks can be arranged into three primary categories. (1.) Economic exposure: operating costs will rise due to changes in rates and make a product uncompetitive in the world market. Little can be done to reduce this routine business risk that every enterprise must endure. (2.) Translation exposure: the impact of currency exchange rates will reduce a company’s earnings and weaken its balance sheet. To reduce translation exposure, experienced corporate fund managers use a range of techniques known as currency hedging. (3.) Transaction exposure: there will be an unfavorable move in a specific currency between the time when a contract is agreed and the time it is completed, or between the time when a lending or borrowing is initiated and the time the funds are repaid. Transaction exposure can be eased by factoring: transferring title to foreign accounts receivable to a third-party factoring house.Although there is no definitive way of forecasting exchange rates, largely because the world’s economies and financial markets are evolving so rapidly, the relationships between exchange rates, interest rates, and inflation rates can serve as leading indicators of changes in risk. These relationships are as follows. Purchasing Power Parity theory (PPP): while it can be expressed differently, the most common expression links the changes in exchange rates to those in relative price indices in two countries:Rate of change of exchange rate = Difference in inflation ratesInternational Fisher Effect (IFE): this holds that an interest-rate differential will exist only if the exchange rate is expected to change in such a way that the advantage of the higher interest rate is offset by the loss on the foreign exchange transactions. Practically speaking, the IFE implies that while an investor in a low-interest country can convert funds into the currency of a high-interest country and earn a higher rate, the gain (the interest rate differential) will be offset by the expected loss due to foreign exchange rate changes. The relationship is stated as:Expected rate of change of the exchange rate = Interest-rate differentialUnbiased Forward Rate Theory: this holds that the forward exchange rate is the best unbiased estimate of the expected future spot exchange rate.Expected exchange rate = Forward exchange rate -
84 guarantee
Fina promise made by a third party, or guarantor, that he or she will be liable if one of the parties to a contract fails to fulfill their contractual obligations. A guarantee may be acceptable to a bank as security for borrowing provided the guarantor has sufficient financial means to cover his or her potential liability. -
85 witching hour
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86 Holland, John Philip
SUBJECT AREA: Ports and shipping[br]b. 29 February 1840 Liscanor, Co. Clare, Irelandd. 12 August 1915 Newark, New Jersey, USA[br]Irish/American inventor of the successful modern submarine[br]Holland was educated first in his native town and later in Limerick, a seaport bustling with coastal trade ships. His first job was that of schoolteacher, and as such he worked in various parts of Ireland until he was about 32 years old. A combination of his burning patriotic zeal for Ireland and his interest in undersea technology (then in its infancy) made him consider designs for underwater warships for use against the British Royal Navy in the fight for Irish independence. He studied all known works on the subject and commenced drawing plans, but he was unable to make real headway owing to a lack of finance.In 1873 he travelled to the United States, ultimately settling in New Jersey and continuing in the profession of teaching. His work on submarine design continued, but in 1875 he suffered a grave setback when the United States Navy turned down his designs. Help came from an unexpected source, the Irish Republican Brotherhood, or Fenian Society, which had been founded in Dublin and New York in 1858. Financial help enabled Holland to build a 4 m (13 ft) one-person craft, which was tested in 1878, and then a larger boat of 19 tonnes' displacement that was tested with a crew of three to depths of 20 m (65 ft) in New York's harbour in 1883. Known as the Fenian Ram, it embodied most of the principles of modern submarines, including weight compensation. The Fenians commandeered this boat, but they were unable to operate it satisfactorily and it was relegated to history.Holland continued work, at times independently and sometimes with others, and continuously advocated submarines to the United States Navy. In 1895 he was successful in winning a contract for US$150,000 to build the US Submarine Plunger at Baltimore. With too much outside interference, this proved an unsatisfactory venture. However, with only US$5,000 of his capital left, Holland started again and in 1898 he launched the Holland at Elizabeth, New Jersey. This 16 m (52 ft) vessel was successful, and in 1900 it was purchased by the United States Government.Six more boats were ordered by the Americans, and then some by the Russians and the Japanese. The British Royal Navy ordered five, which were built by Vickers Son and Maxim (now VSEL) at Barrow-in-Furness in the years up to 1903, commencing their long run of submarine building. They were licensed by another well-known name, the Electric Boat Company, which had formerly been the J.P.Holland Torpedo Boat Company.Holland now had some wealth and was well known. He continued to work, trying his hand at aeronautical research, and in 1904 he invented a respirator for use in submarine rescue work. It is pleasing to record that one of his ships can be seen to this day at the Royal Navy Submarine Museum, Gosport: HM Submarine Holland No. 1, which was lost under tow in 1913 but salvaged and restored in the 1980s.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsOrder of the Rising Sun, Japan, 1910.Bibliography1900, "The submarine boat and its future", North American Review (December). Holland wrote several other articles of a similar nature.Further ReadingR.K.Morris, 1966 John P.Holland 1841–1914, Inventor of the Modern Submarine, Annapolis, MD: US Naval Institute.F.W.Lipscomb, 1975, The British Submarine, London: Conway Maritime Press. A.N.Harrison, 1979, The Development of HM Submarines from Holland No. 1 (1901) toPorpoise (1930), Bath: MoD Ships Department (internal publication).FMW -
87 избирать на второй срок
Русско-английский военно-политический словарь > избирать на второй срок
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88 избравший на второй срок
Русско-английский военно-политический словарь > избравший на второй срок
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89 истечение срока
1. expiry of the term2. expirationБизнес, юриспруденция. Русско-английский словарь > истечение срока
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90 наем недвижимости на срок
Бизнес, юриспруденция. Русско-английский словарь > наем недвижимости на срок
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91 с оплатой в конце обусловленного срока
совпадающие, одновременно текущие сроки — concurrent terms
Бизнес, юриспруденция. Русско-английский словарь > с оплатой в конце обусловленного срока
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92 сдача в определенный срок
совпадающие, одновременно текущие сроки — concurrent terms
Бизнес, юриспруденция. Русско-английский словарь > сдача в определенный срок
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93 валютный фьючерс
валютный фьючерс
Финансовый фьючерсный контракт (financial futures contract), в соответствии с которым покупается или продается по определенному фиксированному курсу валюта с поставкой ее через определенное время.
[ http://www.vocable.ru/dictionary/533/symbol/97]Тематики
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Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > валютный фьючерс
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