-
121 proof
[pruːf] noun1) (a piece of) evidence, information etc that shows definitely that something is true:بُرْهانWe still have no proof that he is innocent.
2) a first copy of a printed sheet, that can be corrected before the final printing:نُسْخَة اولى من شيءٍ مَطْبوعShe was correcting the proofs of her novel.
3) in photography, the first print from a negative.الصّورة الأولى المَطبوعَة من الفلم السلْبي -
122 proof
[pru:f]1) ((a piece of) evidence, information etc that shows definitely that something is true: We still have no proof that he is innocent.) preuve2) (a first copy of a printed sheet, that can be corrected before the final printing: She was correcting the proofs of her novel.) épreuve3) (in photography, the first print from a negative.) épreuve•- - proof -
123 proof
[pru:f]1) ((a piece of) evidence, information etc that shows definitely that something is true: We still have no proof that he is innocent.) prova2) (a first copy of a printed sheet, that can be corrected before the final printing: She was correcting the proofs of her novel.) prova3) (in photography, the first print from a negative.) prova•- - proof -
124 drǫgъ
drǫ́gъ Grammatical information: m. o Accent paradigm: b Proto-Slavic meaning: `bar, pole'Page in Trubačev: V 129-130Old Church Slavic:drǫgy (Euch.) `sticks' [Inspm o]Czech:Slovak:drúh (dial.) `bar, club' [m o]Polish:drąg `bar' [m o], drąga [Gens]Slovincian:drȯ́ųg `bar, pole' [m o], drȯ́ųga [Gens]Serbo-Croatian:drȗg `rail' [m o]Slovene:drǫ̑g `bar, latticed side of a cart' [m o]Proto-Balto-Slavic reconstruction: drongosLithuanian:drañgas `pole (used as a lever)' [m o];dránga `pole (used as a lever), edge (of a cart)' [f ā]Comments: On the basis of the Balto-Slavic and Germanic evidence, we may reconstruct * dʰrongʰ-. The limited distribution of the etymon and the fact that we find variants without a nasal or with root-final *k leads us to consider non-Indo-European origin.Other cognates: -
125 vědrò
vědrò Grammatical information: n. o Accent paradigm: b Proto-Slavic meaning: `bucket'Old Church Slavic:vědro (Euch., Supr.) `barrel' [n o]Russian:vedró `bucket' [n o]Czech:vědro `bucket' [n o]Slovak:Polish:Serbo-Croatian:vjèdro `bucket' [n o];vijèdro (Montenegro) `bucket' [n o];Čak. vȉdro (Vrgada) `bucket' [n o]Slovene:vẹ́drọ `bucket' [n o]Bulgarian:vedró `bucket' [n o]Lithuanian:vė́daras `sausage, (dial.) belly, intestines' [m o] 3aLatvian:vę̂dars `belly' [m o]Old Prussian:weders (EV) `belly, stomach'Indo-European reconstruction: ued-rómComments: There are basically two etymologies for this noun. According to, among others, Meillet (1902-1905: 407-408) and Vasmer, *vědrò derives from the root of *uod-r/n- `water', cf. Gk. ὑδρία `water-pot, pitcher, vessel'. The other option is to connect the word for `bucket' with forms meaning `belly'. I prefer the latter etymology. In both cases the long vowel of the root can be attributed to Winter's law, which at first sight is incompatible with AP (b). In my framework, however, it is possible to assume that in Proto-Slavic the reflex of the laryngeal was lost in pretonic position (the sequence - dr- prevented the Balto-Slavic retraction of the stress from final open syllables). The remaining problem is the fact that the evidence points almost exclusively to a short root vowel, as words of the aforementioned type as a rule appear to have escaped the pretonic shortening that took place before Dybo's law.Other cognates:Skt. udára- `belly, womb' [n];Notes:\{1\} With unclear -t-. -
126 an
1 conj. and prep. "for" Nam, RGEO:66, an cé mo quernëfor if one turned VT49:8, also used adverbially in the formula an + a noun to express one more of the thing concerned: an quetta a word more, PE17:91. The an of the phrase es sorni heruion an! "the Eagles of the Lords are at hand" SD:290 however seems to denote motion towards the speaker: the Eagles are coming. Etym has an, ana "to, towards" NĀsup1/sup. The phrase an i falmalīPE17:127 is not clearly translated but seems to be a paraphrase of the word falmalinnar upon the foaming waves Nam, suggesting that an can be used as a paraphrase of the allative ending and if falmalīis seen as a Book Quenya accusative form because of the long final vowel, this is evidence that an governs the accusative case.In the "Arctic" sentence, an is translated "until". Regarding an as used in Namárië, various sources indicate that it means an moreover, furthermore, to proceed VT49:18-19 or properly further, plus, in addition PE17:69, 90. According to one late source ca. 1966 or later, an is very frequently used after a full stop, when an account or description is confirmed after a pause. So in Galadriels Elvish lament: An sí Tintallë, etc. = For now the Kindler, etc This is translated by me for, side an is as here often in fact used when the additional matter provides an explanation of or reason for what has already been said. Related is the use of an + noun to express one more; here an is presumably accented, something the word would not normally be when used as a conjunction or preposition. -
127 KING
aran (pl arani is attested) In Etym, the Quenya word for "king, chieftain" is haran pl. harni, but evidence from LotR, WJ and UT shows that Tolkien changed it to aran pl arani. Cf. asëa aranion "kingsfoil", i arani Eldaron "the Kings of the Eldar", Arandor "kingsland", aranya *"my king", arandil "king's friend, royalist", and arandur "king's servant, minister".) LT1:273 has vardar "king", but this is hardly a valid word in LotR-style Quenya. KINGLY BULL Aramund (this may not be pure Quenya, because of the final consonant cluster) –3AR, LotR:899, WJ:369, UT:165, 193, 313, Letters:386, 423 -
128 решать
гл.1. to decide; 2. to resolve; 3. to choose; 4. to conclude; 5. to clinch; 6. to make up one's mind; 7. to take it into one's head to do smth; 8. to be up to smb; 9. to rest with smbРусский глагол решать как и его ближайший эквивалент to decide дают общее название действия, не уточняя обстоятельств, при которых достигается решение. Нижеприведенные английские соответствия, сохраняя общее значение, уточняют характер решения и обстоятельства, при которых оно принято.1. to decide — решать, решить (нейтральный глагол, используется в разных стилях речи): to decide smth — решать что-либо; to decide to do smth — решить что-либо сделать; to decide when…, why…, where… — решить, когда…, почему…, где… It is difficult to decide what to do. — Трудно решить, что нужно сделать. You must decide one way or other. — Ты должен решить так или иначе. He should decide for himself. — Он должен сам решить. His opinion decided me. — Его мнение было для меня решающим./ Его мнение заставило меня принять рсшение./Ero мнение убедило меня. The question is not yel decided. — По этому вопросу еще нет решения. Nothing is decided yet. — Еше ничего не решено.2. to resolve — твердо решать, принять твердое решение ( особенно в результате прошлого опыта или ошибок): After the divorce she resolved never to marry again. — После развода она твердо решила больше никогда не выходить замуж. Не returned to the lab, resolving to stay there until the experiment was finished. — Он вернулся в лабораторию с твердым решением остаться там до конца эксперимента.3. to choose — решать, решить, выбрать одно из возможных решений, предпочитать какое-либо решение: I told him to drive slowly but as usual he chose to ignore my advice. — Я велел ему ехать медленно, но как обычно он решил проигнорировать мой совет. More and more young couples today are choosing not lo marry. — Все больше молодых пар в наши дни предпочитают не вступать в брак./Все больше молодых пар в наши дни решают не вступать в брак. Не believes people should be allowed to use drugs if they so chose. — Он считает, что людям нужно разрешить пользоваться наркотиками, если они так решили.4. to conclude — решать, решить, прийти к заключению ( особенно после учета всех фактов): The jury listened carefully to the evidence and concluded that the man was guilty. — Судьи внимательно выслушали все свидетельские показания и пришли к решению, что этот человек был виновен./Судьи внимательно выслушали все свидетельские показания и пришли к заключению, что этот человек был виновен. Не concluded from the analysis of traffic accidents that the speed limit should be lowered. — Проанализировав дорожные аварии, он пришел к выводу, что предел скорости должен быть снижен.5. to clinch — решить, принять окончательное решение ( в отношении чего-либо почти уже решенного): We had thought about living around here when we retired, then we saw this beautiful house and it clinched it. — Мы думали о том, чтобы поселиться здесь, когда отойдем отдел, и когда увидели этот прекрасный домик, то это окончательно убедило нас.6. to make up one's mind — решать, решить, останавливаться на каком-либо решении ( в результате обдумывания этого решения в течение длительного времени): Now that she has made up her mind to resign, there is no way you can persuade her not to. — Теперь, когда она решила уйти в отставку, ничто не может разубедить ее. I wish he would make up his mind — we can't wait forever. — Мне бы хотелось, чтобы он уже принял решение — мы не можем ждать до бесконечности.7. to take it into one's head to do smth — неожиданно решить; приходить в голову, забрать себе в галопу (особенно то, что другим кажется странным или глупым): Не met her only once and now he has taken it into his head to ask her to marry him. — Он видел ее только один раз, и теперь ему взбрело в голову просить ее стать его женой. For some reason they took it into their heads to go swimming at midnight. — Неизвестно по какой причине они вдруг решили пойти купаться в иолночь./Неизвестно по какой причине им вдруг взбрело в голову пойти купиться в полночь.8. to be up to smb — иметь право решать самому, Сыть в чьей-либо воле что-либо сделать, зависеть от решения кого-либо: Shall we finish the job now, or leave it till tomorrow? — I don't mind, it is up to you. — Мы закончим работу сегодня или оставим ее до завтра? — Не возражаю, как ты решишь. It is up to them what to do with the money. — Им решать, что делать с ними деньгами.9. to rest with smb — решать, решить, решиться (особенно, когда решение остается за кем-либо): The committee has made certain recommendations, but the final decision rests with the President. — Комиссия дала ряд рекомендаций, но окончательное решение остается за президентом.
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