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field+with+sources

  • 21 ahorro de energía

    (n.) = energy conservation, energy saving, savings in energy
    Ex. Let us attempt to examine these factors with particular reference to the field of energy conservation.
    Ex. The energy crisis of the early 1970s encouraged programmes on non-conventional energy sources and energy saving.
    Ex. Some of the advantages of renovating rather than constructing a new building include considerable savings in money and energy = Algunas de las ventajas de renovar más que construir un nuevo edificio son el ahorro considerable de dinero y esfuerzo.
    * * *
    (n.) = energy conservation, energy saving, savings in energy

    Ex: Let us attempt to examine these factors with particular reference to the field of energy conservation.

    Ex: The energy crisis of the early 1970s encouraged programmes on non-conventional energy sources and energy saving.
    Ex: Some of the advantages of renovating rather than constructing a new building include considerable savings in money and energy = Algunas de las ventajas de renovar más que construir un nuevo edificio son el ahorro considerable de dinero y esfuerzo.

    Spanish-English dictionary > ahorro de energía

  • 22 alternativo

    adj.
    alternative, alternating, to-and-fro.
    * * *
    1 alternative
    * * *
    (f. - alternativa)
    adj.
    * * *
    ADJ (Elec) alternating; [cultura, prensa] alternative
    * * *
    - va adjetivo
    a) <medicina/prensa/música> alternative
    b) ( en alternancia) in rotation
    * * *
    = alternative, competing, alternate.
    Ex. An appreciation of alternative approaches is particularly important in this field where trends towards standardisation are the norm.
    Ex. This article identifies predominant worldview and competing schools of thought regarding the teaching of reference work.
    Ex. Libraries which are not dependent upon the Library of Congress for cataloging copy are free to use the alternate rule.
    ----
    * de forma alternativa = alternatively.
    * de modo alternativo = alternatively.
    * enfrentarse a alternativas = be faced with choices, face + choices.
    * estilo de vida alternativo = alternative life-style.
    * estudiar alternativas = explore + alternative.
    * planificación alternativa = contingency planning.
    * ser la mejor alternativa = be the best bet.
    * título alternativo = alternative title.
    * fuente de energía(s) alternativa(s) = alternative energy source.
    * * *
    - va adjetivo
    a) <medicina/prensa/música> alternative
    b) ( en alternancia) in rotation
    * * *
    = alternative, competing, alternate.

    Ex: An appreciation of alternative approaches is particularly important in this field where trends towards standardisation are the norm.

    Ex: This article identifies predominant worldview and competing schools of thought regarding the teaching of reference work.
    Ex: Libraries which are not dependent upon the Library of Congress for cataloging copy are free to use the alternate rule.
    * de forma alternativa = alternatively.
    * de modo alternativo = alternatively.
    * enfrentarse a alternativas = be faced with choices, face + choices.
    * estilo de vida alternativo = alternative life-style.
    * estudiar alternativas = explore + alternative.
    * planificación alternativa = contingency planning.
    * ser la mejor alternativa = be the best bet.
    * título alternativo = alternative title.
    * fuente de energía(s) alternativa(s) = alternative energy source.

    * * *
    1 ‹medicina/prensa/música› alternative
    el desarrollo de las energías alternativas the development of alternative sources of energy
    2 (en alternancia) in rotation
    cultivos alternativos crops in rotation
    * * *

    alternativo
    ◊ -va adjetivo ‹medicina/prensa/música› alternative

    alternativo,-a adjetivo alternative

    ' alternativo' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    alternativa
    English:
    alternative
    - fallback
    - plan
    - fringe
    * * *
    alternativo, -a adj
    1. [movimiento] alternating
    2. [posibilidad] alternative
    3. [medicina, energía] alternative;
    [cine, teatro] alternative
    * * *
    adj alternative
    * * *
    alternativo, -va adj
    1) : alternating
    2) : alternative
    * * *
    alternativo adj alternative

    Spanish-English dictionary > alternativo

  • 23 colonización

    f.
    1 colonization, land settlement, colonisation.
    2 innidiation, colonization.
    * * *
    1 colonization
    * * *
    SF [de país, territorio] colonization
    * * *
    femenino colonization
    * * *
    = homesteading, colonisation [colonization, -USA], settlement.
    Ex. At our library in Minnesota we have clearly identified material that deals with affirmative action, alternative energy sources, homesteading, Chinese-American boys, androgyny, food co-ops.
    Ex. This article discusses the indexing of archival records relating to European colonisation of the northernmost portion of Western Australia.
    Ex. This document contains information on such concepts as settlement, urban growth, field patterns, forest clearance and many others.
    ----
    * anterior a la colonización = precontact.
    * * *
    femenino colonization
    * * *
    = homesteading, colonisation [colonization, -USA], settlement.

    Ex: At our library in Minnesota we have clearly identified material that deals with affirmative action, alternative energy sources, homesteading, Chinese-American boys, androgyny, food co-ops.

    Ex: This article discusses the indexing of archival records relating to European colonisation of the northernmost portion of Western Australia.
    Ex: This document contains information on such concepts as settlement, urban growth, field patterns, forest clearance and many others.
    * anterior a la colonización = precontact.

    * * *
    settling, colonization; (de un territorio extranjero) colonization
    * * *

    colonización sustantivo femenino
    colonization
    colonización sustantivo femenino colonization
    ' colonización' also found in these entries:
    English:
    colonization
    - settlement
    * * *
    colonization
    * * *
    f colonization
    * * *
    colonización nf, pl - ciones : colonization

    Spanish-English dictionary > colonización

  • 24 comprobar

    v.
    1 to check.
    tengo que comprobar si lo tengo I have to check o see if I've got it
    ¿podrías comprobar a qué hora sale el tren? could you check what time the train leaves?
    Ricardo comprobó los resultados Richard checked the results.
    2 to prove.
    se ha comprobado que la vacuna es efectiva the vaccine has been proved to be effective
    3 to find.
    María comprobó la solución Mary found the solution.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ CONTAR], like link=contar contar
    1 (verificar) to verify, check
    2 (demostrar) to prove
    3 (observar) to see, observe
    4 (confirmar) to confirm
    * * *
    verb
    2) verify, probe
    * * *
    VT
    1) (=examinar) [+ billete, documento, frenos] to check

    tendré que comprobar si se han cumplido los objetivos — I shall have to see o check whether the objectives have been met

    necesito algún documento para comprobar su identidad — I need some document that proves your identity, I need some proof of identity

    2) (=confirmar) [+ teoría, existencia] to prove; [+ eficacia, veracidad] to verify, confirm

    pudimos comprobar que era verdad — we were able to verify o confirm o establish that it was true

    3) frm (=darse cuenta) to realize
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    a) ( verificar) <operación/resultado> to check

    comprueba si funciona — see o check if it works

    b) ( demostrar) to prove

    ¿tiene algún documento que compruebe su identidad? — do you have any proof of identity?

    c) ( darse cuenta) to realize
    d) prueba ( confirmar) to confirm
    * * *
    = check, cross check, make + sure, verify, vet, double-check [doublecheck], collate, test, check out, check for.
    Ex. This would be the last stage in the compilation of the scheme in order to check that the scheme seems likely to be effective.
    Ex. All Allibone's work reveals how important it is for bibliographers to cross check their references and not take earlier work at its face value.
    Ex. DOBIS/LIBIS first checks the borrower's number to make sure that it is in the files and is valid.
    Ex. Cataloguers use the NUC and other LC catalogues to verify authors and titles and as sources of authoritative catalogue records.
    Ex. All three types of material, when first received by DG XIII, are submitted to the Technological Information and Patents Division of DG XIII in order to vet items for possible patentable inventions.
    Ex. Duplicates should be double-checked before being handled as duplicates.
    Ex. It is no longer necessary to collate unaided, since copies can now be compared mechanically with a Hinman collating machine, which rapidly shows up all variation between them.
    Ex. Inmate library workers often test a new librarian, but once he or she has passed the test, they usually become very protective and staunch promoters of the library.
    Ex. Where problems do arise it is sensible to check out the training programme before blaming the assistant for poor performance of duties.
    Ex. This was important before computers were invented, when calculations were all done by hand, and also were done repeatedly to check for calculation errors.
    ----
    * comprobar con = check against.
    * comprobar de antemano = pretest [pre-test], pilot-test.
    * comprobar en la práctica real = field-test.
    * comprobar las necesidades económicas = means test.
    * comprobar la validez = pilot-test.
    * comprobar la validez de = test + the validity of.
    * comprobar los ingresos = means test.
    * comprobar si el contenido de un vídeo es adecuado o no = vet + video.
    * comprobar si un dispositivo o dirección web está activa = ping.
    * comprobar una hipótesis = test + hypothesis.
    * haber sido comprobado exhaustivamente = be thoroughly tested.
    * sin comprobar = untested.
    * volver a comprobar = check back.
    * * *
    verbo transitivo
    a) ( verificar) <operación/resultado> to check

    comprueba si funciona — see o check if it works

    b) ( demostrar) to prove

    ¿tiene algún documento que compruebe su identidad? — do you have any proof of identity?

    c) ( darse cuenta) to realize
    d) prueba ( confirmar) to confirm
    * * *
    = check, cross check, make + sure, verify, vet, double-check [doublecheck], collate, test, check out, check for.

    Ex: This would be the last stage in the compilation of the scheme in order to check that the scheme seems likely to be effective.

    Ex: All Allibone's work reveals how important it is for bibliographers to cross check their references and not take earlier work at its face value.
    Ex: DOBIS/LIBIS first checks the borrower's number to make sure that it is in the files and is valid.
    Ex: Cataloguers use the NUC and other LC catalogues to verify authors and titles and as sources of authoritative catalogue records.
    Ex: All three types of material, when first received by DG XIII, are submitted to the Technological Information and Patents Division of DG XIII in order to vet items for possible patentable inventions.
    Ex: Duplicates should be double-checked before being handled as duplicates.
    Ex: It is no longer necessary to collate unaided, since copies can now be compared mechanically with a Hinman collating machine, which rapidly shows up all variation between them.
    Ex: Inmate library workers often test a new librarian, but once he or she has passed the test, they usually become very protective and staunch promoters of the library.
    Ex: Where problems do arise it is sensible to check out the training programme before blaming the assistant for poor performance of duties.
    Ex: This was important before computers were invented, when calculations were all done by hand, and also were done repeatedly to check for calculation errors.
    * comprobar con = check against.
    * comprobar de antemano = pretest [pre-test], pilot-test.
    * comprobar en la práctica real = field-test.
    * comprobar las necesidades económicas = means test.
    * comprobar la validez = pilot-test.
    * comprobar la validez de = test + the validity of.
    * comprobar los ingresos = means test.
    * comprobar si el contenido de un vídeo es adecuado o no = vet + video.
    * comprobar si un dispositivo o dirección web está activa = ping.
    * comprobar una hipótesis = test + hypothesis.
    * haber sido comprobado exhaustivamente = be thoroughly tested.
    * sin comprobar = untested.
    * volver a comprobar = check back.

    * * *
    vt
    1 (verificar) ‹operación/resultado› to check
    ¿le compruebo el nivel del aceite? shall I check the oil for you?
    compruébalo tú mismo si no me crees check o see for yourself if you don't believe me
    voy a comprobar si funciona I'm going to see o check if it works
    2 (demostrar) to prove
    ¿tiene algún documento que compruebe su identidad? do you have any proof of identity o any identification?
    3 (darse cuenta) to realize
    al examinarlo comprobó que le faltaba una pieza when he examined it he realized that there was a part missing
    comprobé con tristeza que era cierto I was sad to discover that it was true
    4 «prueba» (confirmar) to confirm
    * * *

     

    comprobar ( conjugate comprobar) verbo transitivo
    a) ( verificar) ‹operación/resultado/funcionamiento› to check




    comprobar verbo transitivo to check: déjame que compruebe que llevas bien atada la corbata, let me check to see whether your necktie is tied correctly
    ' comprobar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    constatar
    - controlar
    - interesar
    - ver
    English:
    authenticity
    - check
    - crosscheck
    - double-check
    - pace
    - prove
    - try
    - verify
    - test
    * * *
    1. [revisar] to check;
    comprueba los frenos antes de salir de viaje check your brakes before setting out on a journey;
    tengo que comprobar si lo tengo I have to check o see if I've got it
    2. [averiguar] to check;
    ¿podrías comprobar a qué hora sale el tren? could you check what time the train leaves?;
    he comprobado en carne propia que estabas en lo cierto I found out o discovered through personal experience that you were right
    3. [demostrar] to prove;
    esto comprueba que yo tenía razón this proves that I was right;
    se ha comprobado que la vacuna es efectiva the vaccine has been proved to be effective
    * * *
    v/t
    1 check
    2 ( darse cuenta de) realize
    * * *
    comprobar {19} vt
    1) : to verify, to check
    2) : to prove
    * * *
    comprobar vb (verificar) to check

    Spanish-English dictionary > comprobar

  • 25 crecimiento acelerado

    (n.) = mushrooming growth, rising tide
    Ex. This article identifies recent information sources for the field of fibre optics, a mushrooming growth technology in the communications, utilities, computers and instrumentation industry.
    Ex. Depository libraries in the USA can no longer cope with the rising tide of government information and they serve only a select segment of the population.
    * * *
    (n.) = mushrooming growth, rising tide

    Ex: This article identifies recent information sources for the field of fibre optics, a mushrooming growth technology in the communications, utilities, computers and instrumentation industry.

    Ex: Depository libraries in the USA can no longer cope with the rising tide of government information and they serve only a select segment of the population.

    Spanish-English dictionary > crecimiento acelerado

  • 26 profano

    adj.
    profane, worldly, irreligious.
    f. & m.
    1 lay person, non-specialist.
    2 layman.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: profanar.
    * * *
    1 (no sagrado) profane, secular
    ► nombre masculino,nombre femenino
    1 (hombre) layman; (mujer) laywoman
    \
    ser profano,-a en la materia to know nothing about the subject
    * * *
    profano, -a
    1. ADJ
    1) (=laico) profane, secular
    2) (=irrespetuoso) irreverent
    3) (=no experto) lay, uninitiated; (=ignorante) ignorant

    soy profano en música — I don't know anything about music, I'm a layman when it comes to music

    4) (=deshonesto) indecent, immodest
    2.
    SM / F (=inexperto) layman/laywoman; (=ajeno) outsider
    * * *
    I
    - na adjetivo
    1)
    a) ( no sagrado) <escritor/música> secular, profane (frml); < fiesta> secular
    b) ( antirreligioso) profane (frml), irreverent
    II
    - na masculino, femenino
    1) (Relig) (m) layman; (f) laywoman
    2) ( no especialista) non-specialist
    * * *
    = layman [laymen, -pl.], outsider, lay, lay person [layperson], unholy, pedestrian.
    Ex. Mechanization may yet force the issue, especially in the scientific field; whereupon scientific jargon would become still less intelligible to the layman.
    Ex. If we look at a totally different sort of book, romantic fiction, we find here a form of novel which, to the outsider who has never read one of them, may seem to be endlessly repetitious.
    Ex. Most public libraries in western countries are under local control and the smaller the local government unit, the more all embracing is the lay, and therefore uninformed, control.
    Ex. This is an evaluative tool which brings lay people together with experts, under pressure of limited time, for study of specific problems.
    Ex. The unholy and more holy sources of community information are mentioned from pimps and prostitutes to the preacher and the policeman.
    Ex. The article 'Modems: an overview for the pedestrian' offers help in selecting a modem for a personal computer.
    ----
    * profano en la materia = non-scholar.
    * representación de personas profanas en la materia = lay representation.
    * * *
    I
    - na adjetivo
    1)
    a) ( no sagrado) <escritor/música> secular, profane (frml); < fiesta> secular
    b) ( antirreligioso) profane (frml), irreverent
    II
    - na masculino, femenino
    1) (Relig) (m) layman; (f) laywoman
    2) ( no especialista) non-specialist
    * * *
    = layman [laymen, -pl.], outsider, lay, lay person [layperson], unholy, pedestrian.

    Ex: Mechanization may yet force the issue, especially in the scientific field; whereupon scientific jargon would become still less intelligible to the layman.

    Ex: If we look at a totally different sort of book, romantic fiction, we find here a form of novel which, to the outsider who has never read one of them, may seem to be endlessly repetitious.
    Ex: Most public libraries in western countries are under local control and the smaller the local government unit, the more all embracing is the lay, and therefore uninformed, control.
    Ex: This is an evaluative tool which brings lay people together with experts, under pressure of limited time, for study of specific problems.
    Ex: The unholy and more holy sources of community information are mentioned from pimps and prostitutes to the preacher and the policeman.
    Ex: The article 'Modems: an overview for the pedestrian' offers help in selecting a modem for a personal computer.
    * profano en la materia = non-scholar.
    * representación de personas profanas en la materia = lay representation.

    * * *
    profano1 -na
    A
    1 (no sagrado) ‹escritor/música› secular, profane ( frml); ‹fiesta› secular
    2 (antirreligioso) profane, irreverent
    B
    (no especializado): soy profano en la materia I'm not an expert on the subject
    profano2 -na
    masculine, feminine
    A ( Relig) ( masculine) layman; ( feminine) laywoman
    B (no especialista) non-specialist
    su nombre no dice demasiado a los profanos his name doesn't mean much to the non-specialist o the layperson o the layman
    * * *

    Del verbo profanar: ( conjugate profanar)

    profano es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    profanó es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    profanar    
    profano
    profanar ( conjugate profanar) verbo transitivo ‹templo/sepultura› to desecrate, defile
    profano
    ◊ -na adjetivo

    1
    a) ( no sagrado) ‹escritor/música› secular, profane (frml);

    ‹ fiesta› secular

    2 ( no especializado):

    ■ sustantivo masculino, femenino
    1 (Relig) (m) layman;
    (f) laywoman
    2 ( no especialista) non-specialist
    profanar verbo transitivo to desecrate
    profano,-a
    I adjetivo
    1 (no sacro) profane, secular
    2 (no experto) ignorant, lay
    II sustantivo masculino y femenino layperson
    (hombre) layman
    (mujer) laywoman
    ' profano' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    profana
    - temporal
    English:
    lay
    - profane
    - secular
    * * *
    profano, -a
    ♦ adj
    1. [no sagrado] profane, secular;
    literatura/música profana secular literature/music
    2. [ignorante] ignorant, uninitiated;
    soy profano en la materia I'm a layman when it comes to that subject, I know nothing about the subject
    ♦ nm,f
    layman, f laywoman;
    soy un profano en cuestiones de economía I'm a layman when it comes to economics, I know nothing about economics
    * * *
    I adj fig
    lay atr
    II m layman
    * * *
    profano, -na adj
    1) : profane
    2) : worldly, secular
    profano, -na n
    : nonspecialist

    Spanish-English dictionary > profano

  • 27 temático

    adj.
    1 thematic.
    2 theme, themed.
    * * *
    1 thematic
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) [acuerdo, trato] thematic
    2) (Ling) stem antes de s
    3) And (=poco prudente) injudicious, tasteless
    * * *
    - ca adjetivo thematic
    * * *
    = thematic, subject-oriented, topical, themed, theme-based, subject-based.
    Ex. In particular, a title that consists solely of the name(s) of type(s) of composition requires the following elements in addition to the statement of the medium of performance: serial number, opus number or thematic index number, key.
    Ex. The data base holds 18 subject-oriented subfiles covering over 5,000 sources.
    Ex. A new method of quantative evaluation of the topical content of scientific research is proposed.
    Ex. The 5 themed focus of National Library Week are described.
    Ex. This quarterly theme-based publication was launched as part of a multipronged effort connect research and practice in the field of adult education.
    Ex. He can carry out a subject-based search with a word or term, thus profiting fromthe structure of the classification system without knowing the numbers.
    ----
    * alcance temático = subject scope.
    * área temática = topic area.
    * cobertura temática = subject scope.
    * especialista temático = subject specialist.
    * especialización temática = subject specialty.
    * mapa temático = topic map.
    * sesión temática = topical session.
    * * *
    - ca adjetivo thematic
    * * *
    = thematic, subject-oriented, topical, themed, theme-based, subject-based.

    Ex: In particular, a title that consists solely of the name(s) of type(s) of composition requires the following elements in addition to the statement of the medium of performance: serial number, opus number or thematic index number, key.

    Ex: The data base holds 18 subject-oriented subfiles covering over 5,000 sources.
    Ex: A new method of quantative evaluation of the topical content of scientific research is proposed.
    Ex: The 5 themed focus of National Library Week are described.
    Ex: This quarterly theme-based publication was launched as part of a multipronged effort connect research and practice in the field of adult education.
    Ex: He can carry out a subject-based search with a word or term, thus profiting fromthe structure of the classification system without knowing the numbers.
    * alcance temático = subject scope.
    * área temática = topic area.
    * cobertura temática = subject scope.
    * especialista temático = subject specialist.
    * especialización temática = subject specialty.
    * mapa temático = topic map.
    * sesión temática = topical session.

    * * *
    las ponencias se agruparon en bloques temáticos the reports were grouped according to subject
    2 ( Mús) thematic
    3 ( Ling) ‹vocal› thematic
    * * *

    temático,-a adjetivo thematic
    ' temático' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    temática
    English:
    theme-park
    - theme
    * * *
    temático, -a adj
    1. [del tema, asunto] thematic;
    parque temático theme park
    2. Ling [vocal] thematic
    * * *
    adj thematic
    * * *
    temático, -ca adj
    : thematic

    Spanish-English dictionary > temático

  • 28 машинное оборудование

    1. machinery

     

    машинное оборудование
    термин " машинное оборудование" означает:
    - сборочную единицу, состоящую из соединенных частей или компонентов, по крайней мере, одна из которых находится в движении, имеет соответствующие приводы, схему управления, цепь питания, и т.д., соединенные вместе с целью специального применения, в частности, для производства, обработки, перемещения или упаковки материала;
    - группу машин, которые для достижения той же цели организованы и управляется таким образом, что они функционируют как единое целое;
    - взаимозаменяемое оборудование, модифицирующее функции машины, которое отдельно поставляется на рынок и предназначено для установки на машине или на серии различных машин или на приводном устройстве самим оператором, при условии, что данное оборудование не является запасной частью или инструментом.
    [Директива 98/37/ЕЭС по машинному оборудованию]

    EN

    machinery
    ‘machinery’ means:
    — an assembly of linked parts or components, at least one of which moves, with the appropriate
    actuators, control and power circuits, etc., joined together for a specific application, in particular
    for the processing, treatment, moving or packaging of a material,
    — an assembly of machines which, in order to achieve the same end, are arranged and controlled so that they function as an integral whole,
    — interchangeable equipment modifying the function of a machine, which is placed on the market for the purpose of being assembled with a machine or a series of different machines or with a tractor by the operator himself in so far as this equipment is not a spare part or a tool
    [DIRECTIVE 98/37/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL]

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    3. The following are excluded from the scope of this Directive:

    3. Из области применения данной Директивы исключаются:

    — machinery whose only power source is directly applied manual effort, unless it is a machine used for lifting or lowering loads,

    - машинное оборудование, для которых источником энергии является исключительно непосредственное применение ручной силы, за исключением механизмов для подъема и опускания грузов;

    — machinery for medical use used in direct contact with patients,

    - медицинские приборы;

    — special equipment for use in fairgrounds and/or amusement parks,

    - специальное оборудование для использования в аттракционах и/или парках для развлечений;

    — steam boilers, tanks and pressure vessels,

    - паровые котлы, резервуары и сосуды под давлением;

    — machinery specially designed or put into service for nuclear purposes which, in the event of failure, may result in an emission of radioactivity,

    - машинное оборудование, специально сконструированное или используемое в атомной отрасли, которые в случае аварии могут привести к выделению радиоактивных веществ;

    — radioactive sources forming part of a machine,

    - радиоактивные источники, составляющие часть машин;

    — firearms,

    - стрелковое оружие;

    — storage tanks and pipelines for petrol, diesel fuel, inflammable liquids and dangerous substances,

    - емкости для хранения или трубопроводы для бензина, дизельного топлива, огнеопасных жидкостей и опасных веществ;

    — means of transport, i.e. vehicles and their trailers intended solely for transporting passengers by air or on road, rail or water networks, as well as means of transport in so far as such means are designed for transporting goods by air, on public road or rail networks or on water. Vehicles used in the mineral extraction industry shall not be excluded,

    - транспортные средства, т.е. средства перевозки и их прицепы, предназначенные исключительно для перевозки пассажиров по воздуху, автодороге, железной дороге, или водными путями, а также транспортные средства, сконструированные для транспортировки грузов по воздуху, по общедоступным дорогам, железным дорогам или водным путям. Средства транспортировки, используемые в горнодобывающей промышленности, не исключаются из области применения настоящей Директивы;

    — seagoing vessels and mobile offshore units together with equipment on board such vessels or units,

    - морские суда и мобильные береговые агрегаты вместе с оборудованием на борту, такие как танки или установки;

    — cableways, including funicular railways, for the public or private transportation of persons,

    - канатные дороги, включая фуникулерные железные дороги для общественного или частного пользования, предназначенные для транспортировки людей;

    — agricultural and forestry tractors, as defined in Article 1(1) of Directive 74/150/EEC (1),

    (1) Council Directive 74/150/EEC of 4 March 1974 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the type-approval of wheeled agricultural or forestry tractors (OJ L 84, 28.3.1974, p. 10). Directive as last amended by Decision 95/1/EC, Euratom, ECSC (OJ L 1.1.1995, p. 1).

    -сельскохозяйственные и лесные тракторы, подпадающие под определение статьи 1 (1) Директивы Совета 74/150/ЕЭС(1);

    (1) Директива Совета 74/150/ЕЭС от 4 марта 1974 г. по сближению законодательных актов Государств-членов, относящихся к одобрению типов колесных сельскохозяйственных или лесных тракторов (Официальный журнал Европейских сообществ № L 84, 28.3.1974 г., стр.10). Директива, измененная последний раз Решением 95/1/ЕЭС, Евроатом, ECSC (Официальный журнал Европейских сообществ № L 1/1/1995 г., стр 1)

    — machines specially designed and constructed for military or police purposes,

    - машины, специально сконструированные и созданные для военных и полицейских целей;

    — lifts which permanently serve specific levels of buildings and constructions, having a car moving between guides which are rigid and inclined at an angle of more than 15 degrees to the horizontal and designed for the transport of:
    (i) persons;
    (ii) persons and goods;
    (iii) goods alone if the car is accessible, that is to say, a person may enter it without difficulty, and fitted with controls situated inside the car or within reach of a person inside,

    - лифты и подъемные устройства, постоянно обслуживающие определенные уровни зданий и конструкций, имеющие транспортную тележку, движущуюся между жесткими направляющими, которые имеют угол наклона более 15 градусов к горизонтальной поверхности и сконструированы для транспортировки:
    (i) людей;
    (ii) людей и имущества;
    (iii) только имущества, в том случае, если кабина лифта открыта, т.е. человек может легко войти в такое транспортное средство и манипулировать средствами управления, находящимися внутри кабины или в пределах досягаемости для человека;

    — means of transport of persons using rack and pinion rail mounted vehicles,

    - транспортные средства для перевозки людей, с использованием зубчатых или реечных рельс, по которым перемещается транспортные средства;

    — mine winding gear,

    - шахтные канатные подъемные устройства;

    — theatre elevators,

    - театральные подъемники;

    — construction site hoists intended for lifting persons or persons and goods.

    - строительные подъемники, предназначенные для подъема людей или людей и грузов.

    4. Where, for machinery or safety components, the risks referred to in this Directive are wholly or partly covered by specific Community Directives, this Directive shall not apply, or shall cease to apply, in the case of such machinery or safety components and of such risks on the implementation of these specific Directives.

    4. Когда для машинного оборудования и компонентов безопасности риски, определенные в настоящей Директиве, полностью или частично покрываются специальными Директивами Сообщества, настоящая Директива не применяется или прекращает свое действие, такое машинное оборудование и компоненты безопасности и такие риски подпадают под действие этих специальных Директив.

    5. Where, for machinery, the risks are mainly of electrical origin, such machinery shall be covered exclusively by Directive 73/23/EEC (2).

    (2) Council Directive 73/23/EEC of 19 February 1973 on the harmonisation of the laws of Member States relating to electrical equipment designed for use within certain voltage limits (OJ L 77, 26.3.1973, p. 29). Directive as last amended by Directive 93/68/EEC (OJ L 220, 30.8.1993, p. 1).

    5. Когда риски применения машинного оборудования связаны с электрическими источниками, то такое оборудование охватываются исключительно Директивой 73/23/ЕЭС(2).

    (2) Директива Совета 73/23/ЕЭС/ от 19 февраля 1973 года о гармонизации законов Государств-Участников в отношении электрооборудования, предназначенного для использования в условиях определенных пределов напряжения (Официальный журнал Европейских сообществ № L 77, 26.03.1973, стр. 29). Директива с последней поправкой Директивой 93/68/ЕЭС (Официальный журнал Европейских сообществ № L 220, 30.08.1993, стр.1).

    Article 2
    1. Member States shall take all appropriate measures to ensure that machinery or safety components covered by this Directive may be placed on the market and put into service only if they do not endanger the health or safety of persons and, where appropriate, domestic animals or property, when properly installed and maintained and used for their intended purpose.

    Статья 2
    1. Государства - члены должны предпринимать все необходимые меры для обеспечения того, чтобы машинное оборудование или компоненты безопасности, попадающие под действие настоящей Директивы, поставлялись на рынок и вводились в эксплуатацию, только если они не составляют угрозу для здоровья и безопасности людей и домашних животных, или имуществу при условии надлежащей установки и обслуживания, а также использования по прямому назначению.

    2. This Directive shall not affect Member States’ entitlement to lay down, in due observance of the Treaty, such requirements as they may deem necessary to ensure that persons and in particular workers are protected when using the machinery or safety components in question, provided that this does not mean that the machinery or safety components are modified in a way not specified in the Directive.

    2. Настоящая Директива не ограничивает права Государств - членов устанавливать при должном соблюдении Договора такие требования, которые они посчитают необходимыми для обеспечения защиты людей, особенно работников, при использовании машинного оборудования или компонентов безопасности, при условии, что модификация такого машинного оборудования и компонентов безопасности была произведена в соответствии с положениями настоящей Директивы.

    3. At trade fairs, exhibitions, demonstrations, etc., Member States shall not prevent the showing of machinery or safety components which do not conform to the provisions of this Directive, provided that a visible sign clearly indicates that such machinery or safety components do not conform and that they are not for sale until they have been brought into conformity by the manufacturer or his authorised representative established in the Community. During demonstrations, adequate safety measures shall be taken to ensure the protection of persons.

    3. На торговых ярмарках, выставках, демонстрациях и т.п. Государства - члены не должны препятствовать демонстрации машинного оборудования или компонентов безопасности, которые не соответствуют положениям настоящей Директивы, при условии, что видимый знак четко указывает, что такое машинное оборудование или компоненты безопасности не соответствуют данной Директиве, и что они не предназначаются для продажи до тех пор, пока изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе не приведет их в полное соответствие с Директивой. Во время демонстраций должны приниматься адекватные меры для обеспечения безопасности граждан.

    Article 3
    Machinery and safety components covered by this Directive shall satisfy the essential health and safety requirements set out in Annex I.

    Статья 3
    Машинное оборудование, а также компоненты безопасности, относящиеся к области действия настоящей Директивы, должны полностью удовлетворять основным требованиям по обеспечению здоровья и безопасности, изложенным в Приложении 1.

    Article 4
    1. Member States shall not prohibit, restrict or impede the placing on the market and putting into service in their territory of machinery and safety components which comply with this Directive.

    Статья 4
    1. Государства - члены не должны запрещать, ограничивать или препятствовать поставке на рынок машинного оборудования, а также компонентов безопасности, которые соответствуют
    требованиям настоящей Директивы.

    2. Member States shall not prohibit, restrict or impede the placing on the market of machinery where the manufacturer or his authorised representative established in the Community declares in accordance with point B of Annex II that it is intended to be incorporated into machinery or assembled with other machinery to constitute machinery covered by this Directive, except where it can function independently.

    ‘Interchangeable equipment’, as referred to in the third indent of Article 1(2)(a), must in all cases bear the CE marking and be accompanied by the EC declaration of conformity referred to in Annex II, point A.

    2. Государства - члены не должны запрещать, ограничивать или препятствовать поставке на рынок машинного оборудования, если изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе заявляет в соответствии с Приложением II B, что они предназначены для включения в машинное оборудование или компоноваться с другим оборудованием, так, что в соединении они составят машинное оборудование, отвечающее требованиям настоящей Директивы, за исключением тех случаев, когда они могут функционировать независимо.

    "Взаимозаменяемое оборудование" в смысле третьего абзаца с черточкой в Статье 1 (2) (a) должно во всех случаях иметь маркировку "СЕ" и сопровождаться декларацией соответствия, определенной в Приложении II, пункте А.

    3. Member States may not prohibit, restrict or impede the placing on the market of safety components as defined in Article 1(2) where they are accompanied by an EC declaration of conformity by the manufacturer or his authorised representative established in the Community as referred to in Annex II, point C.

    3. Государства - члены не имеют права запрещать, ограничивать или препятствовать распространению на рынке компонентов безопасности, определенных Статьей 1 (2), если эти компоненты сопровождаются декларацией соответствия ЕС, заявленной изготовителем или его уполномоченным представителем в Сообществе, как определено в Приложении II, пункте С.

    Article 5
    1. Member States shall regard the following as conforming to all the provisions of this Directive, including the procedures for checking the conformity provided for in Chapter II:
    — machinery bearing the CE marking and accompanied by the EC declaration of conformity referred to in Annex II, point A,
    — safety components accompanied by the EC declaration of conformity referred to in Annex II, point C.

    Статья 5
    1. Государства - члены должны считать нижеследующее соответствующим всем положениям настоящей Директивы, включая процедуры проверки соответствия, предусмотренной в Главе II:
    - машинное оборудование, имеющее маркировку "СЕ" и сопровождаемое декларацией соответствия ЕС, как указано в Приложении II, пункте A;
    - компоненты безопасности, сопровождаемые декларацией соответствия ЕС, как указано в Приложении II, пункте C.

    При отсутствии гармонизированных стандартов Государства - члены должны предпринимать любые меры, которые они сочтут необходимыми, для привлечения внимания заинтересованных сторон к существующим национальным техническим стандартам и спецификациям, которые считаются важными или относятся к выполнению основных требований по обеспечению здоровья и безопасности в соответствии с Приложением 1.

    2. Where a national standard transposing a harmonised standard, the reference for which has been published in the Official Journal of the European Communities, covers one or more of the essential safety requirements, machinery or safety components constructed in accordance with this standard shall be presumed to comply with the relevant essential requirements.
    Member States shall publish the references of national standards transposing harmonised standards.

    2. В тех случаях, когда национальный стандарт, заменяющий гармонизированный стандарт, ссылка на который была опубликована в Официальном журнале Европейских сообществ, покрывает одно или несколько основных требований безопасности, машинное оборудование или компоненты безопасности, сконструированные в соответствии с таким стандартом, должны считаться соответствующими основным требованиям.
    Государства - члены должны публиковать ссылки на национальные стандарты, заменяющие гармонизированные стандарты.

    3. Member States shall ensure that appropriate measures are taken to enable the social partners to have an influence at national level on the process of preparing and monitoring the harmonised standards.

    3. Государства - члены должны обеспечивать принятие необходимых мер для того, чтобы их социальные партнеры получали возможность влиять на национальном уровне на процессы подготовки и отслеживания гармонизированных стандартов.

    Article 6
    1. Where a Member State or the Commission considers that the harmonised standards referred to in Article 5(2) do not entirely satisfy the essential requirements referred to in Article 3, the Commission or the Member State concerned shall bring the matter before the committee set up under Directive 83/189/EEC, giving the reasons therefor. The committee shall deliver an opinion without delay.
    Upon receipt of the committee’s opinion, the Commission shall inform the Member States whether or not it is necessary to withdraw those standards from the published information referred to in Article 5(2).

    Статья 6
    1. В случае, если Государство - член или Комиссия считают, что гармонизированные стандарты, рассмотренные в Статье 5 (2), не полностью соответствуют основным требованиям, определенным в Статье 3, Комиссия или заинтересованное Государство - член должны поставить этот вопрос на рассмотрение комитета, созданного в соответствии с Директивой 83/189/ЕЭС, обосновав причины такого обращения. Комитет должен безотлагательно вынести решение.
    После получения такого решения комитета Комиссия должна информировать Государства – члены, необходимо или нет отозвать эти стандарты из опубликованной информации, определенной в Статье 5 (2).

    2. A standing committee shall be set up, consisting of representatives appointed by the Member States and chaired by a representative of the Commission.

    The standing committee shall draw up its own rules of procedure.

    Any matter relating to the implementation and practical application of this Directive may be brought before the standing committee, in accordance with the following procedure:

    The representative of the Commission shall submit to the committee a draft of the measures to be taken. The committee shall deliver its opinion on the draft, within a time limit which the chairman may lay down according to the urgency of the matter, if necessary by taking a vote.

    The opinion shall be recorded in the minutes; in addition, each Member State shall have the right to ask to have its position recorded in the minutes.
    The Commission shall take the utmost account of the opinion delivered by the committee.
    It shall inform the committee of the manner in which its opinion has been taken into account.

    2. Должен быть создан постоянно действующий комитет, состоящий из представителей, назначенных Государствами – членами, и возглавляемый представителем Комиссии.

    Постоянно действующий комитет будет сам устанавливать порядок действий и процедуры.

    Любой вопрос, относящийся к выполнению и практическому применению настоящей Директивы, может быть поставлен на рассмотрение постоянно действующего комитета, в соответствии со следующими правилами:

    Представитель Комиссии должен представить комитету проект предполагаемых к принятию мер. Комитет должен выразить свое мнение по проекту за время, установленное председателем в соответствии со срочностью вопроса, при необходимости определяемого путем голосования.

    Это мнение должно быть зафиксировано в протоколе; кроме того, каждое Государство - член имеет право потребовать отразить свою позицию в протоколе. Комиссия должна максимально учитывать мнение, вынесенное комитетом.
    Она должна проинформировать комитет, каким образом было учтено его мнение.

    Article 7
    1. Where a Member State ascertains that:
    — machinery bearing the CE marking, or
    — safety components accompanied by the EC declaration of conformity, used in accordance with their intended purpose are liable to endanger the safety of persons, and, where appropriate, domestic animals or property, it shall take all appropriate measures to withdraw such machinery or safety components from the market, to prohibit the placing on the market, putting into service or use thereof, or to restrict free movement thereof.

    Member States shall immediately inform the Commission of any such measure, indicating the reason for its decision and, in particular, whether non-conformity is due to:
    (a) failure to satisfy the essential requirements referred to in Article 3;
    (b) incorrect application of the standards referred to in Article 5(2);
    (c) shortcomings in the standards themselves referred to in Article 5(2).

    Статья 7
    1. Если Государство - член устанавливает, что:
    - машинное оборудование, имеющее маркировку "СЕ", либо
    - компоненты безопасности, сопровождаемые декларацией соответствия ЕС, используемые в соответствии с их назначением, могут нести угрозу безопасности людям, и, если это имеет место, домашним животным или собственности, оно должно принять все необходимые меры для изъятия такого машинного оборудования, либо компонентов безопасности с рынка, запретить их поставку на рынок, ввод в эксплуатацию или использование, либо ограничить их свободное обращение.

    Государства - члены должны немедленно информировать Комиссию о любых подобных мерах, указать причины такого решения и, в особенности, информировать о том, явилось ли это несоответствие результатом:
    a) неспособности удовлетворить основным требованиям, определенным в Статье 3;
    b) неправильного применения стандартов, определенных в Статье 5 (п.2);
    c) недостатков самих стандартов, определенных в Статье 5 (п. 2).

    2. The Commission shall enter into consultation with the parties concerned without delay. Where the Commission considers, after this consultation, that the measure is justified, it shall immediately so inform the Member State which took the initiative and the other Member States. Where the Commission considers, after this consultation, that the action is unjustified, it shall immediately so inform the Member State which took the initiative and the manufacturer or his authorised representative established within the Community.

    Where the decision referred to in paragraph 1 is based on a shortcoming in the standards, and where the Member State at the origin of the decision maintains its position, the Commission shall immediately inform the committee in order to initiate the procedures referred to in Article 6(1).

    2. Комиссия должна безотлагательно провести консультацию с заинтересованными сторонами. В случае, если после проведения такой консультации, Комиссия полагает, что такая мера обоснована, она должна немедленно информировать об этом Государство - член, которое выдвинуло эту инициативу, а также остальные Государства - члены. Если Комиссия после проведения такой консультации полагает, что действия не были обоснованными, она немедленно извещает об этом Государство - член, проявившее инициативу, и изготовителя, либо его уполномоченного представителя в Сообществе.

    Если решение, указанное в параграфе 1, основано на недостатках в стандартах, и если Государство - член на основании такого решения сохраняет свои позиции, то Комиссия должна немедленно информировать комитет для того, чтобы начать процедуры, описанные в Статье 6 (п. 1).

    3. Where:
    — machinery which does not comply bears the CE marking,
    — a safety component which does not comply is accompanied by an EC declaration of conformity,
    the competent Member State shall take appropriate action against whom so ever has affixed the marking or drawn up the declaration and shall so inform the Commission and other Member States.

    3. Если:
    - машинное оборудование, не соответствующие требованиям, имеют маркировку "СЕ",
    - компоненты безопасности, не соответствующие требованиям, имеют декларацию соответствия ЕС,
    компетентное Государство - член должно начать соответствующие действия против любого, кто поставил маркировку, или составил декларацию, и должно проинформировать об этом Комиссию и другие Государства - члены.

    4. The Commission shall ensure that Member States are kept informed of the progress and outcome of this procedure.

    4. Комиссия должна обеспечить, чтобы Государства – члены были постоянно информированы о ходе и результатах данной процедуры.

    CHAPTER II
    CONFORMITY ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES
    Article 8
    1. The manufacturer or his authorised representative established in the Community must, in order to certify that machinery and safety components are in conformity with this Directive, draw up for all machinery or safety components manufactured an EC declaration of conformity based on the model given in Annex II, point A or C as appropriate.

    In addition, for machinery alone, the manufacturer or his authorised representatives established in the Community must affix to the machine the CE marking.

    Глава II
    Процедуры оценки соответствия
    Статья 8
    1. Для подтверждения того, что машинное оборудование, а также компоненты безопасности соответствуют положениям настоящей Директивы, изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе должен составить декларацию ЕС о соответствии на произведенное машинное оборудование и компоненты безопасности по образцу, приведенному в Приложении II, соответственно пунктам A или C.

    Корме того, на машинное оборудование изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе должен нанести маркировку "СЕ" в соответствии со Статьей 10.

    2. Before placing on the market, the manufacturer, or his authorised representative established in the Community, shall:
    (a) if the machinery is not referred to in Annex IV, draw up the file provided for in Annex V;
    (b) if the machinery is referred to in Annex IV and its manufacturer does not comply, or only partly complies, with the standards referred to in Article 5(2) or if there are no such standards, submit an example of the machinery for the EC type-examination referred to in Annex VI;
    (c) if the machinery is referred to in Annex IV and is manufactured in accordance with the standards referred to in Article 5(2):
    — either draw up the file referred to in Annex VI and forward it to a notified body, which will acknowledge receipt of the file as soon as possible and keep it,
    — submit the file referred to in Annex VI to the notified body, which will simply verify that the standards referred to in Article 5(2) have been correctly applied and will draw up a certificate of adequacy for the file,
    — or submit the example of the machinery for the EC type-examination referred to in Annex VI.

    2. Перед поставкой на рынок изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе должен:
    (a) в случае, если машинное оборудование не указано в Приложении IV, составить документацию, предусмотренную Приложением V;
    (b) если машинное оборудование указано в Приложении IV, и их изготовитель не выполняет, либо выполняет лишь частично требования стандартов, упомянутых в Статье 5 (2), либо, если таких стандартов не существует, то представить образец машинного оборудования для его испытания ЕС, определенного в Приложении VI;
    (c) если машинное оборудование указано в Приложении IV и изготовлено в соответствии со стандартами, определенными в Статье 5 (п. 2):
    - либо составить документацию, указанную в Приложении VI, и передать ее нотифицированному органу, который подтверждает получение документации в возможно короткие сроки, а также сохраняет ее;
    - представить документацию, указанную в Приложении VI, нотифицированному органу, который просто проверит, что стандарты, упомянутые в Статье 5 (2), были применены правильно и составит сертификат соответствия по этой документации;
    - либо представить образец машинного оборудования для испытания ЕС типового образца, определенного в Приложении VI.

    3. Where the first indent of paragraph 2(c) of this Article applies, the provisions of the first sentence of paragraphs 5 and 7 of Annex VI shall also apply.

    Where the second indent of paragraph 2(c) of this Article applies, the provisions of paragraphs 5, 6 and 7 of Annex VI shall also apply.

    3. В тех случаях, когда может быть применен первый абзац параграфа 2 (с) этой Статьи должны также применяться положения первого предложения параграфов 5 и 7 Приложения VI.

    В тех случаях, когда может быть применен второй абзац пункта 2 (с), должны также применяться положения параграфов 5, 6 и 7 Приложения VI.

    4. Where paragraph 2(a) and the first and second indents of paragraph 2(c) apply, the EC declaration of conformity shall solely state conformity with the essential requirements of the Directive.

    Where paragraph 2(b) and the third indent of paragraph 2(c) apply, the EC declaration of conformity shall state conformity with the example that underwent EC type-examination.

    4. В тех случаях, когда применяется параграф 2 (а) и первый и второй абзацы параграфа 2 (c), декларация ЕС о соответствии должна удостоверить соответствие основным требованиям настоящей Директивы.

    В случае, когда применяется параграф 2 (b) и третий абзац параграфа 2 (c), декларация ЕС о соответствии должна удостоверить соответствие образцу, прошедшему испытание ЕС типового образца.

    5. Safety components shall be subject to the certification procedures applicable to machinery pursuant to paragraphs 2, 3 and 4. Furthermore, during EC type-examination, the notified body shall verify the suitability of the safety component for fulfilling the safety functions declared by the manufacturer.

    5.Компоненты безопасности должны подвергаться процедурам сертификации, применимым к машинному оборудованию в соответствии с параграфами 2, 3, 4. Более того, во время испытания ЕС типового образца нотифицированный орган должен проверить пригодность компонентов безопасности для выполнения тех функций безопасности, которые заявлены изготовителем.

    6. (a) Where the machinery is subject to other Directives concerning other aspects and which also provide for the affixing of the CE marking, the latter shall indicate that the machinery is also presumed to conform to the provisions of those other Directives.
    (b) However, where one or more of those Directives allow the manufacturer, during a transitional period, to choose which arrangements to apply, the CE marking shall indicate conformity only to the Directives applied by the manufacturer. In this case, particulars of the Directives applied, as published in the Official Journal of the European Communities, must be given in the documents, notices or instructions required by the directives and accompanying such machinery.

    6. (a) В тех случаях, когда машинное оборудование подпадает под действие Директив по другим аспектам, которые также предусматривают нанесение маркировки "СЕ", последняя указывает, что такое машинное оборудование соответствуют положениям этих прочих директив.
    (b) Тем не менее, когда одна или несколько таких Директив позволяют изготовителям в течение переходного периода выбирать, какие из положений применить, маркировка "СЕ" будет указывать на соответствие только тем Директивам, которые применялись изготовителем. В этом случае подробная информация о примененных Директивах, опубликованных в Официальном журнале Европейских сообществ, должен приводиться в документах, аннотациях или инструкциях, требуемых в соответствии с Директивами, и сопровождать такое машинное оборудование.

    7. Where neither the manufacturer nor his authorised representative established in the Community fulfils the obligations of paragraphs 1 to 6, these obligations shall fall to any person placing the machinery or safety component on the market in the Community. The same obligations shall apply to any person assembling machinery or parts thereof or safety components of various origins or constructing machinery or safety components for his own use.

    7. Если ни изготовитель, ни его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе не выполнят своих обязательств по предыдущим параграфам, то эти обязательства должны быть выполнены любыми лицами, поставляющими машинное оборудование или компоненты безопасности на рынок Сообщества. Такие же обязательства возлагаются на любые лица, осуществляющие сборку машинного оборудования, либо его частей или компонентов безопасности различного происхождения, либо создающие машинное оборудование или компоненты безопасности для собственного пользования.

    8. The obligations referred to in paragraph 7 shall not apply to persons who assemble with a machine or tractor interchangeable equipment as provided for in Article 1, provided that the parts are compatible and each of the constituent parts of the assembled machine bears the CE marking and is accompanied by the EC declaration of conformity.

    8. Обязательства, изложенные в параграфе 7, не применяются к лицам, которые собирают с машиной, механизмом или транспортным средством взаимозаменяемое оборудование, указанное в Статье 1, при условии, что эти части совместимы, и каждая из частей машины в сборе имеет маркировку "СЕ" и Декларацию ЕС о соответствии.

    Article 9
    1. Member States shall notify the Commission and the other Member States of the approved bodies which they have appointed to carry out the procedures referred to in Article 8 together with the specific tasks which these bodies have been appointed to carry out and the identification numbers assigned to them beforehand by the Commission.
    The Commission shall publish in the Official Journal of the European Communities a list of the notified bodies and their identification numbers and the tasks for which they have been notified. The Commission shall ensure that this list is kept up to date.

    Статья 9
    1. Государства - члены должны уведомить Комиссию и другие Государства - члены об утвержденных органах, которые назначаются для выполнения процедур, описанных в Статье 8, также как и для различных особых задач, которые этим органам предназначено выполнять, и об идентификационных номерах, предварительно присвоенных им Комиссией.

    В Официальном журнале Европейских сообществ Комиссия должна публиковать список таких нотифицированных органов и их идентификационные номера, а также задачи, для решения которых они предназначены. Комиссия должна обеспечить своевременность обновления списка.

    2. Member States shall apply the criteria laid down in Annex VII in assessing the bodies to be indicated in such notification. Bodies meeting the assessment criteria laid down in the relevant harmonised standards shall be presumed to fulfil those criteria.

    2. Государства - члены должны применять критерии, изложенные в Приложении VII, для определения органов, которые будут указаны в таких назначениях. Органы, удовлетворяющие критериям, изложенным в соответствующих гармонизированных стандартах, считаются соответствующими критериям.

    3. A Member State which has approved a body must withdraw its notification if it finds that the body no longer meets the criteria referred to in Annex VII. It shall immediately inform the Commission and the other Member States accordingly.

    3. Государство - член, утвердившее такой орган, должно отменить его назначение, если оно обнаружит, что он больше не соответствует критериям, изложенным в Приложении VII. Государство - член должно немедленно известить об этом Комиссию и другие Государства - члены.

    CHAPTER III
    CE MARKING
    Article 10
    1. The CE conformity marking shall consist of the initials ‘CE’. The form of the marking to be used is shown in Annex III.

    ГЛАВА III
    МАРКИРОВКА "СЕ"
    Статья 10
    1. Маркировка "СЕ" состоит из заглавных букв "СЕ". Форма маркировки, которая будет использоваться, указана в Приложении III.

    2. The CE marking shall be affixed to machinery distinctly and visibly in accordance with point 1.7.3 of Annex I.

    2. Маркировка "СЕ" должна наноситься на машинное оборудование четко, на видном месте в соответствии с пунктом 1.7.3. Приложения I.

    3. The affixing of markings on the machinery which are likely to deceive third parties as to the meaning and form of the CE marking shall be prohibited. Any other marking may be affixed to the machinery provided that the visibility and legibility of the CE marking is not thereby reduced.

    3. Нанесение маркировок на машинное оборудование таким образом, что это может ввести в заблуждение относительно значения и формы маркировки "СЕ", запрещено. Любые другие маркировки могут быть нанесены на машинное оборудование таким образом, чтобы не мешать видимости и различимости маркировки "СЕ".

    4. Without prejudice to Article 7:
    (a) where a Member State establishes that the CE marking has been affixed unduly, the manufacturer or his authorised representative established within the Community shall be obliged to make the product conform as regards the provisions concerning the CE marking and to end the infringement under the conditions imposed by the Member State;

    (b) where non-conformity continues, the Member State must take all appropriate measures to restrict or prohibit the placing on the market of the product in question or to ensure that it is withdrawn from the market in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 7.

    4. Без ограничения применения Статьи 7:
    (a) если Государство - член устанавливает, что маркировка "СЕ" была нанесена неправильно, изготовитель или его уполномоченный представитель в Сообществе будет обязан привести продукцию в соответствии с положениями, касающимися маркировки "СЕ" и положить конец нарушениям на условиях, установленных Государством - членом;

    (b) если такое несоответствие будет продолжаться, то Государство - член должно принять все соответствующие меры для ограничения или запрещения поставки на рынок такой продукции, либо обеспечить изъятие ее с рынка в соответствии с процедурами, изложенными в Статье 7.

    CHAPTER IV
    FINAL PROVISIONS
    Article 11
    Any decision taken pursuant to this Directive which restricts the placing on the market and putting into service of machinery or a safety component shall state the exact grounds on which it is based. Such a decision shall be notified as soon as possible to the party concerned, who shall at the same time be informed of the legal remedies available to him under the laws in force in the Member State concerned and of the time limits to which such remedies are subject.

    ГЛАВА IV
    ЗАКЛЮЧИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ПОЛОЖЕНИЯ
    Статья 11
    Любое решение, принятое в исполнение настоящей Директивы, ограничивающее поставку на рынок и ввод в эксплуатацию машинного оборудования или компонентов безопасности, должно указывать точные причины, на которых оно основано. Такое решение должно быть по возможности быстро доведено до сведения заинтересованных сторон, их также следует проинформировать о законных мерах, которые могут быть предприняты по действующему законодательству в соответствующем Государстве - члене и о сроках, в которые данные меры применяются.

    Article 12
    The Commission will take the necessary steps to have information on all the relevant decisions relating to the management of this Directive made available.

    Статья 12
    Комиссия предпримет все необходимые шаги для получения информации по всем соответствующим решениям, касающимся применения и распространения настоящей Директивы.

    Article 13
    1. Member States shall communicate to the Commission the texts of the provisions of national law which they adopt in the field governed by this Directive.

    2. The Commission shall, before 1 January 1994, examine the progress made in the standardisation work relating to this Directive and propose any appropriate measures.

    Статья 13
    1. Государства - члены должны передать Комиссии тексты положений национальных законодательных актов, принимаемых в сфере, определяемой настоящей Директивой.

    2. Комиссия должна до 1 января 1994 г. изучить развитие работ по стандартизации, относящиеся к области действия настоящей Директивы и предложить любые целесообразные меры.

    Тематики

    EN

    Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > машинное оборудование

  • 29 ἴδιος

    ἴδιος, ία, ον (Hom.+; s. B-D-F §286; W-S. §22, 17; Rob. 691f; Mlt-Turner 191f.—For the spelling ἵδιος s. on ὀλίγος.)
    ① pert. to belonging or being related to oneself, one’s own
    ⓐ in contrast to what is public property or belongs to another: private, one’s own (exclusively) (opp. κοινός, as Pla., Pol. 7, 535b; Appian, Bell. Civ. 5, 41 §171; Ath. 25, 4) οὐδὲ εἷς τι τῶν ὑπαρχόντων αὐτῷ ἔλεγεν ἴδιον εἶναι nor did anyone claim that anything the person had was private property or nor did anyone claim ownership of private possessions Ac 4:32; cp. D 4:8.
    ⓑ in respect to circumstance or condition belonging to an individual (opp. ἀλλότριος) κατὰ τὴν ἰδίαν δύναμιν according to each one’s capability (in contrast to that of others) Mt 25:15. τὴν δόξαν τὴν ἰ. ζητεῖ J 7:18; cp. 5:18, 43. ἕκαστος εἰς τὴν ἰδίαν πόλιν Lk 2:3 v.l. (for ἑαυτοῦ); sim. Mt 9:1 (noting the departure of Jesus to his home territory); cp. Dg 5:2. Christ ἐλευθερώσῃ πᾶσαν σάρκα διὰ τῆς ἰδίας σαρκός AcPlCor 2:6; cp. vs. 16 ἕκαστος τῇ ἰ. διαλέκτῳ ἡμῶν Ac 2:8; cp. 1:19 τῇ ἰ. διαλέκτῳ αὐτῶν, without pron. 2:6 (Tat. 26, 1 τὴν ἰ. αὐτῆς … λέξιν); ἰδίᾳ δυνάμει 3:12; cp. 28:30; τἡν ἰ. (δικαιοσύνην) Ro 10:3; cp. 11:24; 14:4f. ἕκαστος τ. ἴ. μισθὸν λήμψεται κατὰ τ. ἴ. κόπον each will receive wages in proportion to each one’s labor 1 Cor 3:8. ἑκάστη τὸν ἴδιον ἄνδρα her own husband 7:2 (Diog. L. 8, 43 πρὸς τὸν ἴδιον ἄνδρα πορεύεσθαι). ἕκαστος ἴδιον ἔχει χάρισμα 7:7. ἕκαστος τὸ ἴδιον δεῖπνον προλαμβάνει (s. προλαμβάνω 1c) 1 Cor 11:21 (Eratosth.: 241 Fgm. 16 Jac. of the festival known as Lagynophoria τὰ κομισθέντα αὑτοῖς δειπνοῦσι κατακλιθέντες … κ. ἐξ ἰδίας ἕκαστος λαγύνου παρʼ αὑτῶν φέροντες πίνουσιν ‘they dine on the things brought them … and they each drink from a flagon they have personally brought’. Evaluation: συνοίκια ταῦτα ῥυπαρά• ἀνάγκη γὰρ τὴν σύνοδον γίνεσθαι παμμιγοῦς ὄχλου ‘that’s some crummy banquet; it’s certainly a meeting of a motley crew’); cp. 1 Cor 9:7; 15:38. ἕκαστος τὸ ἴ. φορτίον βαστάσει Gal 6:5.—Tit 1:12; Hb 4:10; 7:27; 9:12; 13:12.—J 4:44 s. 2 and 3b.
    ② pert. to a striking connection or an exclusive relationship, own (with emphasis when expressed orally, or italicized in written form) κοπιῶμεν ταῖς ἰ. χερσίν with our own hands 1 Cor 4:12 (first pers., cp. UPZ 13, 14 [158 B.C.] εἰμὶ μετὰ τ. ἀδελφοῦ ἰδίου=w. my brother; TestJob 34:3 ἀναχωρήσωμεν εἰς τὰς ἰδίας χώρας). ἐν τῷ ἰ. ὀφθαλμῷ in your own eye Lk 6:41; 1 Th 2:14; 2 Pt 3:17 (here the stability of the orthodox is contrasted with loss of direction by those who are misled by error). Ac 1:7 (God’s authority in sharp contrast to the apostles’ interest in determining a schedule of events). ἰ. θέλημα own will and ἰδία καρδία own heart or mind 1 Cor 7:37ab contrast with μὴ ἔχων ἀνάγκην ‘not being under compulsion’; hence ἰ. is not simply equivalent to the possessive gen. in the phrase ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ αὐτοῦ. 1 Cor 6:18, ἰ. heightens the absurdity of sinning against one’s own body. Lk 10:34 (apparently the storyteller suggests that the wealthy Samaritan had more than one animal, but put his own at the service of the injured traveler). ἐπὶ τὸ ἴδιον ἐξέραμα 2 Pt 2:22 (cp. ἐπὶ τὸν ἑαυτοῦ ἔμετον Pr 26:11), with heightening of disgust. Some would put J 4:44 here (s. 1 end). εἰς τὸν ἴδιον ἀγρόν Mt 22:5 (the rude guest prefers the amenities of his own estate). Mk 4:34b (Jesus’ close followers in contrast to a large crowd). Ac 25:19 (emphasizing the esoteric nature of sectarian disputes). Js 1:14 (a contrast, not between types of desire but of sources of temptation: those who succumb have only themselves to blame). διὰ τοῦ αἵματος τοῦ ἰδίου through his own blood Ac 20:28 (so NRSV mg.; cp. the phrase SIG 547, 37; 1068, 16 ἐκ τῶν ἰδίων commonly associated with the gifts of generous officials, s. 4b. That the ‘blood’ would be associated with Jesus would be quite apparent to Luke’s publics).
    ③ pert. to a person, through substitution for a pronoun, own. Some of the passages cited in 2 may belong here. ἴ. is used for the gen. of αὐτός or the possess. pron., or for the possess. gen. ἑαυτοῦ, ἑαυτῶν (this use found in Hellenistic wr. [Schmidt 369], in Attic [Meisterhans3-Schw. 235] and Magnesian [Thieme 28f] ins; pap [Kuhring—s. ἀνά beg.—14; Mayser II/2, 73f]. S. also Dssm., B 120f [BS 123f], and against him Mlt. 87–91. LXX oft. uses ἴ. without emphasis to render the simple Hebr. personal suffix [Gen 47:18; Dt 15:2; Job 2:11; 7:10, 13; Pr 6:2 al.], but somet. also employs it without any basis for it in the original text [Job 24:12; Pr 9:12; 22:7; 27:15]. Da 1:10, where LXX has ἴ., Theod. uses μου. 1 Esdr 5:8 εἰς τὴν ἰδίαν πόλιν=2 Esdr 2:1 εἰς πόλιν αὐτοῦ; Mt 9:1 is formally sim., but its position in the narrative suggests placement in 1)
    ⓐ with the second pers. (Jos., Bell. 6, 346 ἰδίαις χερσίν=w. your own hands). Eph 5:22 (cp. vs. 28 τὰς ἑαυτῶν γυναῖκας); 1 Th 4:11; 1 Pt 3:1.
    ⓑ with the third pers. ἐν τῇ ἰδίᾳ πατρίδι J 4:44 (cp. ἐν τῇ πατρίδι αὐτοῦ: Mt 13:57; Mk 6:4; Lk 4:24, but J 4:44 is expressed in a slightly difft. form and may therefore belong in 1b above); Mt 25:14; 15:20 v.l.; J 1:41 (UPZ 13, s. 2 above: ἀδ. ἴ.); Ac 1:19; 24:24; 1 Ti 6:1; Tit 2:5, 9; 1 Pt 3:5; MPol 17:3; AcPl Ha 3, 21; 4, 27 (context uncertain); τὸ ἴδιον πλάσμα AcPlCor 2:12, 1; ἴδιον χωρίον Papias (3:3).
    ⓐ associates, relations οἱ ἴδιοι (comrades in battle: Polyaenus, Exc. 14, 20; SIG 709, 19; 22; 2 Macc 12:22; Jos., Bell. 1, 42, Ant. 12, 405; compatriots: ViHab 5 [p. 86, 7 Sch.]; Philo, Mos. 1, 177) fellow-Christians Ac 4:23; 24:23 (Just., D. 121, 3). The disciples (e.g., of a philosopher: Epict. 3, 8, 7) J 13:1. Relatives (BGU 37; POxy 932; PFay 110; 111; 112; 116; 122 al.; Vett. Val. 70, 5 ὑπὸ ἰδίων κ. φίλων; Sir 11:34; Just., A II, 7, 2 σὺν τοῖς ἰδίοις … Νῶε and D. 138, 2 Νῶε … μετὰ τῶν ἰδίων) 1 Ti 5:8; J 1:11b (the worshipers of a god are also so called: Herm. Wr. 1, 31).—Sg. τὸν ἴδιον J 15:19 v.l. (s. b below).
    ⓑ home, possessions τὰ ἴδια home (Polyb. 2, 57, 5; 3, 99, 4; Appian, Iber. 23; Peripl. Eryth. 65 εἰς τὰ ἴδια; POxy 4, 9f ἡ ἀνωτέρα ψυχὴ τ. ἴδια γεινώσκει; 487, 18; Esth 5:10; 6:12; 1 Esdr 6:31 [τὰ ἴδια αὐτοῦ=2 Esdr 6:11 ἡ οἰκία αὐτοῦ]; 3 Macc 6:27, 37; 7:8; Jos., Ant. 8, 405; 416, Bell. 1, 666; 4, 528) J 16:32 (EFascher, ZNW 39, ’41, 171–230); 19:27; Ac 5:18 D; 14:18 v.l.; 21:6; AcPl Ha 8, 5. Many (e.g. Goodsp, Probs. 87f; 94–96; Field, Notes 84; RSV; but not Bultmann 34f; NRSV) prefer this sense for J 1:11a and Lk 18:28; another probability in both these pass. is property, possessions (POxy 489, 4; 490, 3; 491, 3; 492, 4 al.). ἐκ τῶν ἰδίων from his own well-stocked supply (oft. in ins e.g. fr. Magn. and Priene, also SIG 547, 37; 1068, 16 [in such ins the focus is on the generosity of public-spirited officals who use their own resources to meet public needs]; Jos., Ant. 12, 158) J 8:44. The sg. can also be used in this way τὸ ἴδιον (SIG 1257, 3; BGU 1118, 31 [22 B.C.]) J 15:19 (v.l. τὸν ἴδιον, s. a above).—τὰ ἴδια one’s own affairs (X., Mem. 3, 4, 12; 2 Macc 9:20; 11:23 v.l., 26, 29) 1 Th 4:11, here πράσσειν τὰ ἴδια=mind your own business.— Jd 6 of one’s proper sphere.
    ⑤ pert. to a particular individual, by oneself, privately, adv. ἰδίᾳ (Aristoph., Thu.; Diod S 20, 21, 5 et al.; ins, pap, 2 Macc 4:34; Philo; Jos., Bell. 4, 224, C. Ap. 1, 225; Ath. 8, 1f) 1 Cor 12:11; IMg 7:1.—κατʼ ἰδίαν (Machon, Fgm. 11 vs. 121 [in Athen. 8, 349b]; Polyb. 4, 84, 8; Diod S 1, 21, 6; also ins [SIG 1157, 12 καὶ κατὰ κοινὸν καὶ κατʼ ἰδίαν ἑκάστῳ al.]; 2 Macc 4:5; 14:21; JosAs 7:1; Philo, Sacr. Abel. 136; Just., D. 5, 2) privately, by oneself (opp. κοινῇ: Jos., Ant. 4, 310) Mt 14:13, 23; 17:1, 19; 20:17; 24:3; Mk 4:34a; 6:31f; 7:33 (Diod S 18, 49, 2 ἕκαστον ἐκλαμβάνων κατʼ ἰδίαν=‘he took each one aside’); 9:2 (w. μόνος added), 28; 13:3; Lk 9:10; 10:23; Ac 23:19; Gal 2:2 (on the separate meeting cp. Jos., Bell. 2, 199 τ. δυνατοὺς κατʼ ἰδίαν κ. τὸ πλῆθος ἐν κοινῷ συλλέγων; Appian, Bell. Civ. 5, 40 §170); ISm 7:2.
    ⑥ pert. to being distinctively characteristic of some entity, belonging to/peculiar to an individual ἕκαστον δένδρον ἐκ τ. ἰδίου καρποῦ γινώσκεται every tree is known by its own fruit Lk 6:44. τὰ ἴδια πρόβατα his (own) sheep J 10:3f. εἰς τὸν τόπον τ. ἴδιον to his own place (= the place where he belonged) Ac 1:25; cp. 20:28. The expression τοῦ ἰδίου υἱοῦ οὐκ ἐφείσατο Ro 8:32 emphasizes the extraordinary nature of God’s gift: did not spare his very own Son (Paul’s association here with the ref. to pandemic generosity, ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν πάντων παρέδωκεν αὐτο͂ν, contributes a semantic component to ἰ. in this pass.; for the pandemic theme see e.g. OGI 339, 29f; for donation of one’s own resources, ibid. 104; IGR 739, II, 59–62. For the term ὁ ἴδιος υἱός, but in difft. thematic contexts, see e.g. Diod S 17, 80, 1 of Parmenio; 17, 118, 1 of Antipater. In relating an instance in which a son was not spared Polyaenus 8, 13 has υἱὸς αὐτοῦ, evidently without emphasis, but Exc. 3, 7 inserts ἴδιος υἱός to emphasize the gravity of an officer’s own son violating an order.). 1 Cor 7:4ab. ἕκαστος ἐν. τ. ἰδίῳ τάγματι each one in his (own) turn 15:23 (cp. En 2:1 τ. ἰ. τάξιν). καιροὶ ἴδιοι the proper time (cp. Diod S 1, 50, 7 ἐν τοῖς ἰδίοις χρόνοις; likew. 5, 80, 3; Jos., Ant. 11, 171; Ps.-Clemens, Hom. 3, 16; TestSol 6:3 ἐν καιρῷ ἰ.; Just., D. 131, 4 πρὸ τῶν ἰ. καιρῶν; Mel., P. 38, 258ff) 1 Ti 2:6; 6:15; Tit 1:3; 1 Cl 20:4; cp. 1 Ti 3:4f, 12; 4:2; 5:4. ἴδιαι λειτουργίαι … ἴδιος ὁ τόπος … ἴδιαι διακονίαι in each case proper: ministrations, … place, … services 1 Cl 40:5.—In ἰδία ἐπίλυσις 2 Pt 1:20 one’s own private interpretation is contrasted with the meaning intended by the author himself or with the interpretation of another person who is authorized or competent (s. ἐπίλυσις and WWeeda, NThSt 2, 1919, 129–35).—All these pass. are close to mng. 3; it is esp. difficult to fix the boundaries here.—DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Spicq. Sv.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > ἴδιος

  • 30 Talbot, William Henry Fox

    [br]
    b. 11 February 1800 Melbury, England
    d. 17 September 1877 Lacock, Wiltshire, England
    [br]
    English scientist, inventor of negative—positive photography and practicable photo engraving.
    [br]
    Educated at Harrow, where he first showed an interest in science, and at Cambridge, Talbot was an outstanding scholar and a formidable mathematician. He published over fifty scientific papers and took out twelve English patents. His interests outside the field of science were also wide and included Assyriology, etymology and the classics. He was briefly a Member of Parliament, but did not pursue a parliamentary career.
    Talbot's invention of photography arose out of his frustrating attempts to produce acceptable pencil sketches using popular artist's aids, the camera discura and camera lucida. From his experiments with the former he conceived the idea of placing on the screen a paper coated with silver salts so that the image would be captured chemically. During the spring of 1834 he made outline images of subjects such as leaves and flowers by placing them on sheets of sensitized paper and exposing them to sunlight. No camera was involved and the first images produced using an optical system were made with a solar microscope. It was only when he had devised a more sensitive paper that Talbot was able to make camera pictures; the earliest surviving camera negative dates from August 1835. From the beginning, Talbot noticed that the lights and shades of his images were reversed. During 1834 or 1835 he discovered that by placing this reversed image on another sheet of sensitized paper and again exposing it to sunlight, a picture was produced with lights and shades in the correct disposition. Talbot had discovered the basis of modern photography, the photographic negative, from which could be produced an unlimited number of positives. He did little further work until the announcement of Daguerre's process in 1839 prompted him to publish an account of his negative-positive process. Aware that his photogenic drawing process had many imperfections, Talbot plunged into further experiments and in September 1840, using a mixture incorporating a solution of gallic acid, discovered an invisible latent image that could be made visible by development. This improved calotype process dramatically shortened exposure times and allowed Talbot to take portraits. In 1841 he patented the process, an exercise that was later to cause controversy, and between 1844 and 1846 produced The Pencil of Nature, the world's first commercial photographically illustrated book.
    Concerned that some of his photographs were prone to fading, Talbot later began experiments to combine photography with printing and engraving. Using bichromated gelatine, he devised the first practicable method of photo engraving, which was patented as Photoglyphic engraving in October 1852. He later went on to use screens of gauze, muslin and finely powdered gum to break up the image into lines and dots, thus anticipating modern photomechanical processes.
    Talbot was described by contemporaries as the "Father of Photography" primarily in recognition of his discovery of the negative-positive process, but he also produced the first photomicrographs, took the first high-speed photographs with the aid of a spark from a Leyden jar, and is credited with proposing infra-red photography. He was a shy man and his misguided attempts to enforce his calotype patent made him many enemies. It was perhaps for this reason that he never received the formal recognition from the British nation that his family felt he deserved.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS March 1831. Royal Society Rumford Medal 1842. Grand Médaille d'Honneur, L'Exposition Universelle, Paris, 1855. Honorary Doctorate of Laws, Edinburgh University, 1863.
    Bibliography
    1839, "Some account of the art of photographic drawing", Royal Society Proceedings 4:120–1; Phil. Mag., XIV, 1839, pp. 19–21.
    8 February 1841, British patent no. 8842 (calotype process).
    1844–6, The Pencil of Nature, 6 parts, London (Talbot'a account of his invention can be found in the introduction; there is a facsimile edn, with an intro. by Beamont Newhall, New York, 1968.
    Further Reading
    H.J.P.Arnold, 1977, William Henry Fox Talbot, London.
    D.B.Thomas, 1964, The First Negatives, London (a lucid concise account of Talbot's photograph work).
    J.Ward and S.Stevenson, 1986, Printed Light, Edinburgh (an essay on Talbot's invention and its reception).
    H.Gernsheim and A.Gernsheim, 1977, The History of Photography, London (a wider picture of Talbot, based primarily on secondary sources).
    JW

    Biographical history of technology > Talbot, William Henry Fox

  • 31 Creativity

       Put in this bald way, these aims sound utopian. How utopian they areor rather, how imminent their realization-depends on how broadly or narrowly we interpret the term "creative." If we are willing to regard all human complex problem solving as creative, then-as we will point out-successful programs for problem solving mechanisms that simulate human problem solvers already exist, and a number of their general characteristics are known. If we reserve the term "creative" for activities like discovery of the special theory of relativity or the composition of Beethoven's Seventh Symphony, then no example of a creative mechanism exists at the present time. (Simon, 1979, pp. 144-145)
       Among the questions that can now be given preliminary answers in computational terms are the following: how can ideas from very different sources be spontaneously thought of together? how can two ideas be merged to produce a new structure, which shows the influence of both ancestor ideas without being a mere "cut-and-paste" combination? how can the mind be "primed," so that one will more easily notice serendipitous ideas? why may someone notice-and remember-something fairly uninteresting, if it occurs in an interesting context? how can a brief phrase conjure up an entire melody from memory? and how can we accept two ideas as similar ("love" and "prove" as rhyming, for instance) in respect of a feature not identical in both? The features of connectionist AI models that suggest answers to these questions are their powers of pattern completion, graceful degradation, sensitization, multiple constraint satisfaction, and "best-fit" equilibration.... Here, the important point is that the unconscious, "insightful," associative aspects of creativity can be explained-in outline, at least-by AI methods. (Boden, 1996, p. 273)
       There thus appears to be an underlying similarity in the process involved in creative innovation and social independence, with common traits and postures required for expression of both behaviors. The difference is one of product-literary, musical, artistic, theoretical products on the one hand, opinions on the other-rather than one of process. In both instances the individual must believe that his perceptions are meaningful and valid and be willing to rely upon his own interpretations. He must trust himself sufficiently that even when persons express opinions counter to his own he can proceed on the basis of his own perceptions and convictions. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 58)
       he average level of ego strength and emotional stability is noticeably higher among creative geniuses than among the general population, though it is possibly lower than among men of comparable intelligence and education who go into administrative and similar positions. High anxiety and excitability appear common (e.g. Priestley, Darwin, Kepler) but full-blown neurosis is quite rare. (Cattell & Butcher, 1970, p. 315)
       he insight that is supposed to be required for such work as discovery turns out to be synonymous with the familiar process of recognition; and other terms commonly used in the discussion of creative work-such terms as "judgment," "creativity," or even "genius"-appear to be wholly dispensable or to be definable, as insight is, in terms of mundane and well-understood concepts. (Simon, 1989, p. 376)
       From the sketch material still in existence, from the condition of the fragments, and from the autographs themselves we can draw definite conclusions about Mozart's creative process. To invent musical ideas he did not need any stimulation; they came to his mind "ready-made" and in polished form. In contrast to Beethoven, who made numerous attempts at shaping his musical ideas until he found the definitive formulation of a theme, Mozart's first inspiration has the stamp of finality. Any Mozart theme has completeness and unity; as a phenomenon it is a Gestalt. (Herzmann, 1964, p. 28)
       Great artists enlarge the limits of one's perception. Looking at the world through the eyes of Rembrandt or Tolstoy makes one able to perceive aspects of truth about the world which one could not have achieved without their aid. Freud believed that science was adaptive because it facilitated mastery of the external world; but was it not the case that many scientific theories, like works of art, also originated in phantasy? Certainly, reading accounts of scientific discovery by men of the calibre of Einstein compelled me to conclude that phantasy was not merely escapist, but a way of reaching new insights concerning the nature of reality. Scientific hypotheses require proof; works of art do not. Both are concerned with creating order, with making sense out of the world and our experience of it. (Storr, 1993, p. xii)
       The importance of self-esteem for creative expression appears to be almost beyond disproof. Without a high regard for himself the individual who is working in the frontiers of his field cannot trust himself to discriminate between the trivial and the significant. Without trust in his own powers the person seeking improved solutions or alternative theories has no basis for distinguishing the significant and profound innovation from the one that is merely different.... An essential component of the creative process, whether it be analysis, synthesis, or the development of a new perspective or more comprehensive theory, is the conviction that one's judgment in interpreting the events is to be trusted. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 59)
       In the daily stream of thought these four different stages [preparation; incubation; illumination or inspiration; and verification] constantly overlap each other as we explore different problems. An economist reading a Blue Book, a physiologist watching an experiment, or a business man going through his morning's letters, may at the same time be "incubating" on a problem which he proposed to himself a few days ago, be accumulating knowledge in "preparation" for a second problem, and be "verifying" his conclusions to a third problem. Even in exploring the same problem, the mind may be unconsciously incubating on one aspect of it, while it is consciously employed in preparing for or verifying another aspect. (Wallas, 1926, p. 81)
       he basic, bisociative pattern of the creative synthesis [is] the sudden interlocking of two previously unrelated skills, or matrices of thought. (Koestler, 1964, p. 121)
        11) The Earliest Stages in the Creative Process Involve a Commerce with Disorder
       Even to the creator himself, the earliest effort may seem to involve a commerce with disorder. For the creative order, which is an extension of life, is not an elaboration of the established, but a movement beyond the established, or at least a reorganization of it and often of elements not included in it. The first need is therefore to transcend the old order. Before any new order can be defined, the absolute power of the established, the hold upon us of what we know and are, must be broken. New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive that world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." (Ghiselin, 1985, p. 4)
       New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive our world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." Chaos and disorder are perhaps the wrong terms for that indeterminate fullness and activity of the inner life. For it is organic, dynamic, full of tension and tendency. What is absent from it, except in the decisive act of creation, is determination, fixity, and commitment to one resolution or another of the whole complex of its tensions. (Ghiselin, 1952, p. 13)
       [P]sychoanalysts have principally been concerned with the content of creative products, and with explaining content in terms of the artist's infantile past. They have paid less attention to examining why the artist chooses his particular activity to express, abreact or sublimate his emotions. In short, they have not made much distinction between art and neurosis; and, since the former is one of the blessings of mankind, whereas the latter is one of the curses, it seems a pity that they should not be better differentiated....
       Psychoanalysis, being fundamentally concerned with drive and motive, might have been expected to throw more light upon what impels the creative person that in fact it has. (Storr, 1993, pp. xvii, 3)
       A number of theoretical approaches were considered. Associative theory, as developed by Mednick (1962), gained some empirical support from the apparent validity of the Remote Associates Test, which was constructed on the basis of the theory.... Koestler's (1964) bisociative theory allows more complexity to mental organization than Mednick's associative theory, and postulates "associative contexts" or "frames of reference." He proposed that normal, non-creative, thought proceeds within particular contexts or frames and that the creative act involves linking together previously unconnected frames.... Simonton (1988) has developed associative notions further and explored the mathematical consequences of chance permutation of ideas....
       Like Koestler, Gruber (1980; Gruber and Davis, 1988) has based his analysis on case studies. He has focused especially on Darwin's development of the theory of evolution. Using piagetian notions, such as assimilation and accommodation, Gruber shows how Darwin's system of ideas changed very slowly over a period of many years. "Moments of insight," in Gruber's analysis, were the culminations of slow long-term processes.... Finally, the information-processing approach, as represented by Simon (1966) and Langley et al. (1987), was considered.... [Simon] points out the importance of good problem representations, both to ensure search is in an appropriate problem space and to aid in developing heuristic evaluations of possible research directions.... The work of Langley et al. (1987) demonstrates how such search processes, realized in computer programs, can indeed discover many basic laws of science from tables of raw data.... Boden (1990a, 1994) has stressed the importance of restructuring the problem space in creative work to develop new genres and paradigms in the arts and sciences. (Gilhooly, 1996, pp. 243-244; emphasis in original)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Creativity

  • 32 combinación

    f.
    1 combination, combine, composite, mixture.
    2 mixing, conjugation, combination.
    3 petticoat, skirtlike feminine undergarment, underskirt, slip.
    4 combination, permutation.
    5 synthesis.
    6 ring.
    * * *
    1 combination
    2 (prenda) slip
    3 (cóctel) cocktail
    4 (lotería, quiniela) permutation, numbers plural
    5 figurado (artimaña) fiddle, wangle
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF
    1) [de elementos, factores] combination
    2) [de números] combination
    3) (Quím) compound
    4) [de transportes] connection
    5) (=prenda) slip
    6) (Literat)

    combinación métrica — stanza form, rhyme scheme

    * * *
    1)
    a) (de colores, sabores) combination
    b) (Mat) permutation
    c) ( de caja fuerte) combination
    2) (Indum) slip
    3) (Transp) connection
    * * *
    1)
    a) (de colores, sabores) combination
    b) (Mat) permutation
    c) ( de caja fuerte) combination
    2) (Indum) slip
    3) (Transp) connection
    * * *
    combinación1

    Ex: But until these new pretty garments are ready, the boy will still have to put up with his girl cousins' left-off petticoats and pinnies.

    combinación2
    2 = bedfellow, blend, congeries, juxtaposition, mix, piecing together, concatenation, meshing, combination, interweaving, cocktail, ensemble, meld, coupling, conjoining.

    Ex: I would like to devote a couple of moments each to what may seem strange bedfellows at first: Sholom Aleichem, Melvil's Rib, the CIA, and La Jolla, California.

    Ex: Thus in index or catalogue or data base design the indexer must choose an appropriate blend of recall and precision for each individual application.
    Ex: To be sure, it still has its congeries of mills and factories, its grimy huddle of frame dwellings and congested tenements, its stark, jagged skyline, but its old face is gradually changing.
    Ex: It achieves this aim principally through the juxtaposition of related subjects in a classified order.
    Ex: There are important employment opportunities available to people equipped with the right mix of skills and experience.
    Ex: Progress in research is dependent on the piecing together of items of information from many sources.
    Ex: Facilities are being developed to enable fast, effective communication over a concatenation of terrestrial and satellite networks.
    Ex: This paper describes the importance of team management to career development, as well as the meshing of organizational and individual needs, and views the career as a longitudinal concept.
    Ex: The software can search each field or a combination of fields.
    Ex: This paper illustrates the possible future interweaving of information retrieval and entertainment.
    Ex: He rightly characterizes his book as a ' cocktail of personal and public observations.
    Ex: DIANE is the name that has been given to the ensemble of available information services.
    Ex: The article is entitled 'Scholars and media: an unmixable mess of oil and water or a perfect meld of oil and vinegar?'.
    Ex: Will the coupling of libraries and museums mean unprecedented cooperation between these venerable institutions?.
    Ex: This sign is in effect a prototypical example of the conjoining of words and images.
    * combinación de colores = colour pattern, colour scheme.
    * combinación perfecta = perfect match.
    * en combinación con = in parallel to/with, in combination with.
    * orden de combinación de encabezamiento = citation order.
    * orden de combinación de encabezamientos = citation order.
    * realizar una combinación = perform + combination.
    * una combinación de = a mixture of, a mix of, a rollup of.

    combinación3
    3 = code, combination.

    Ex: The user can page forward through the file by entering the forward code (f) and page backward by entering the backward code (b).

    Ex: Combinations are to be given only to a minimum number of employees required to have access to the safe.
    * cerradura de combinación = combination lock.
    * combinación de la caja fuerte = safe code, safe combination.

    * * *
    A
    1 (de colores, sabores) combination
    la película es una combinación de amor, intriga y suspense the movie is a combination o mixture of love, mystery and suspense
    2 ( Quím) compound
    3 ( Mat) permutation
    4 (de una caja fuerte) combination
    B ( Indum) slip
    C ( Transp) connection
    hay que hacer combinación en Diagonal ( Arg); you have to change at Diagonal
    * * *

    combinación sustantivo femenino
    a) (de colores, sabores) combination


    c) (Mat) permutation

    d) (Indum) slip

    e) (Transp) connection

    combinación sustantivo femenino
    1 combination
    2 (prenda interior femenina) slip
    ' combinación' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    acertante
    - acierto
    - mezcla
    - síntesis
    English:
    brunch
    - combination
    - match
    - petticoat
    - scheme
    - slip
    - underskirt
    - blend
    - color
    * * *
    1. [unión, mezcla] combination;
    una combinación explosiva an explosive combination;
    la perfecta combinación entre juventud y experiencia the perfect combination o mix of youth and experience;
    no tomar en combinación con otros analgésicos [en etiqueta] not to be taken with other painkillers
    2. [de bebidas] cocktail
    3. [de caja fuerte] combination;
    la combinación ganadora fue… [en lotería] the winning numbers were…
    4. [prenda] slip
    5. [plan] scheme
    6. Mat permutation
    7. Quím compound
    8. [de medios de transporte] connections;
    no hay buena combinación para ir de aquí allí there's no easy way of getting there from here;
    hay muy buena combinación para llegar al aeropuerto there's a very good connection to the airport
    9. Dep [pases] pass;
    una perfecta combinación entre los dos jugadores acabó en gol the two players combined perfectly to score a goal
    * * *
    f
    1 combination;
    combinación numérica combination of numbers
    2 prenda slip
    3
    :
    * * *
    1) : combination
    2) : connection (in travel)
    * * *
    1. (en general) combination
    3. (prenda) slip

    Spanish-English dictionary > combinación

  • 33 Carlson, Chester Floyd

    [br]
    b. 8 July 1906 Seattle, Washington, USA
    d. 19 September 1968 New York, USA
    [br]
    [br]
    Carlson studied physics at the California Institute of Technology and in 1930 he took a research position at Bell Telephone Laboratories, but soon transferred to their patent department. To equip himself in this field, Carlson studied law, and in 1934 he became a patent attorney at P.R.Mallory \& Co., makers of electrical apparatus. He was struck by the difficulty in obtaining copies of documents and drawings; indeed, while still at school, he had encountered printing problems in trying to produce a newsletter for amateur chemists. He began experimenting with various light-sensitive substances, and by 1937 he had conceived the basic principles of xerography ("dry writing"), using the property of certain substances of losing an electrostatic charge when light impinges on them. His work for Mallory brought him into contact with the Battelle Memorial Institute, the world's largest non-profit research organization; their subsidiary, set up to develop promising ideas, took up Carlson's invention. Carlson received his first US patent for the process in 1940, with two more in 1942, and he assigned to Battelle exclusive patent rights in return for a share of any future proceeds. It was at Battelle that selenium was substituted as the light-sensitive material.
    In 1946 the Haloid Company of Rochester, manufacturers of photographic materials and photocopying equipment, heard of the Xerox copier and, seeing it as a possible addition to their products, took out a licence to develop it commercially. The first Xerox Copier was tested during 1949 and put on the market the following year. The process soon began to displace older methods, such as Photostat, but its full impact on the public came in 1959 with the advent of the Xerox 914 Copier. It is fair to apply the overworked word "revolution" to the change in copying methods initiated by Carlson. He became a multimillionaire from his royalties and stock holding, and in his last years he was able to indulge in philanthropic activities.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    Obituary, 1968, New York Times, 20 September.
    R.M.Schaffert, 1954, "Developments in xerography", Penrose Annual.
    J.Jewkes, 1969, The Sources of Invention, 2nd edn, London: Macmillan, pp. 405–8.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Carlson, Chester Floyd

  • 34 combinación2

    2 = bedfellow, blend, congeries, juxtaposition, mix, piecing together, concatenation, meshing, combination, interweaving, cocktail, ensemble, meld, coupling, conjoining.
    Ex. I would like to devote a couple of moments each to what may seem strange bedfellows at first: Sholom Aleichem, Melvil's Rib, the CIA, and La Jolla, California.
    Ex. Thus in index or catalogue or data base design the indexer must choose an appropriate blend of recall and precision for each individual application.
    Ex. To be sure, it still has its congeries of mills and factories, its grimy huddle of frame dwellings and congested tenements, its stark, jagged skyline, but its old face is gradually changing.
    Ex. It achieves this aim principally through the juxtaposition of related subjects in a classified order.
    Ex. There are important employment opportunities available to people equipped with the right mix of skills and experience.
    Ex. Progress in research is dependent on the piecing together of items of information from many sources.
    Ex. Facilities are being developed to enable fast, effective communication over a concatenation of terrestrial and satellite networks.
    Ex. This paper describes the importance of team management to career development, as well as the meshing of organizational and individual needs, and views the career as a longitudinal concept.
    Ex. The software can search each field or a combination of fields.
    Ex. This paper illustrates the possible future interweaving of information retrieval and entertainment.
    Ex. He rightly characterizes his book as a ' cocktail of personal and public observations.
    Ex. DIANE is the name that has been given to the ensemble of available information services.
    Ex. The article is entitled 'Scholars and media: an unmixable mess of oil and water or a perfect meld of oil and vinegar?'.
    Ex. Will the coupling of libraries and museums mean unprecedented cooperation between these venerable institutions?.
    Ex. This sign is in effect a prototypical example of the conjoining of words and images.
    ----
    * combinación de colores = colour pattern, colour scheme.
    * combinación perfecta = perfect match.
    * en combinación con = in parallel to/with, in combination with.
    * orden de combinación de encabezamiento = citation order.
    * orden de combinación de encabezamientos = citation order.
    * realizar una combinación = perform + combination.
    * una combinación de = a mixture of, a mix of, a rollup of.

    Spanish-English dictionary > combinación2

  • 35 prac|a

    Ⅰ f 1. sgt (działalność) work; (fizyczna) labour
    - mieć dużo pracy to have a lot of work (to do)
    - jest jeszcze dużo pracy there’s still a lot of work to be done
    - zabrać się a. wziąć się do pracy to set to a. get down to a. go to work
    - przykładać się do pracy to apply oneself to one’s work
    - przerwać pracę (zastrajkować) to come out a. go (out) on strike
    - włożyć w coś wiele pracy to put a lot of work into sth
    - dojść do majątku (własną) pracą to get wealthy through one’s own efforts
    - wszystko osiągnął ciężką pracą he owes everything to his own hard work
    - cała jego praca poszła na marne all his work came to naught a. went down the drain pot.
    - (jego) praca nad filmem/nową rolą (his) work on a film/a new role
    - praca przy a. na komputerze/taśmie work on the computer/the production line
    - praca z dziećmi upośledzonymi umysłowo work with mentally handicapped children
    - praca fizyczna physical work, manual labour
    - praca umysłowa (urzędnicza) white-collar work; (intelektualna) intellectual work
    - praca zarobkowa paid work, gainful employment
    - praca badawcza research work
    - praca społeczna voluntary a. community work
    - praca polityczna political activity
    - praca charytatywna charity work
    - praca papierkowa paperwork
    - praca niewolnicza slave labour
    - praca ponad siły superhuman work
    - praca zespołowa team work
    - praca w grupach group work
    - człowiek pracy a working man
    - świat pracy the working classes, the world of work
    - narzędzia pracy tools; przen. the tools of the trade
    - nawał a. ogrom pracy pressure of work
    - podział pracy Ekon. the division of labour
    - tempo pracy the pace of work
    - wypadek przy pracy an accident at work; an industrial accident; przen. a mishap; a slip-up pot.
    - mieć pracę to be in work, to have a job
    - nie mieć pracy to be out of work a. out of a job
    - szukać pracy to look a. to be looking for work a. a job, to job-hunt
    - iść do pracy (zacząć zarabiać) to begin a. start work
    - rozpoczynać/kończyć pracę to begin a. start/finish work
    - dostać/stracić pracę to get/lose a job
    - zmienić pracę to change jobs
    - żyć z pracy własnych rąk to earn one’s living by honest work
    - dać komuś pracę to give sb work a. a job
    - zwolnić kogoś z pracy to give sb (their) notice, to dismiss sb
    - podziękować komuś za pracę to let sb go euf.
    - praca w pełnym/niepełnym wymiarze godzin a full-time/a part-time job
    - praca etatowa/stała a permanent/a steady job
    - praca dorywcza (fizyczna) an odd job, casual work; (biurowa) a temping job
    - praca sezonowa seasonal work
    - praca sezonowa przy zbiorze truskawek seasonal work as a strawberry picker
    - praca wakacyjna a holiday job
    - praca dodatkowa an extra job
    - praca na akord piecework
    - praca zlecona a. na zlecenie contract work
    - dorabiał do pensji pracami zleconymi he supplemented his income with contract work
    - praca na własny rachunek self-employment
    - praca z utrzymaniem a live-in job, work with bed and board
    - dobrze płatna praca a well-paid job
    - ciągłość pracy continuity of employment
    - staż pracy seniority, length of service
    - długi/krótki staż pracy long/short service
    - czas pracy working time a. hours
    - ruchomy czas pracy flexitime
    - dzień pracy a working day
    - godziny pracy (pracownika) working hours; (biura, sklepu) business hours
    - miejsce pracy work(place)
    - rynek pracy the labour market
    - zakład pracy workplace
    - umowa o pracę contract of employment, employment contract
    - nagroda za 10 lat pracy a bonus for 10 years of service
    3. (miejsce zatrudnienia) work
    - być w pracy to be at work
    - pójść/przyjść do pracy to go/come to work
    - jeszcze nie wrócił (do domu) z pracy he’s not home from work yet
    - ona zawsze spóźnia się do pracy she’s always late for work
    - nie dzwoń do mnie do pracy don’t phone me at work
    - koledzy/koleżanki z pracy colleagues from work, fellow workers, workmates
    - nieobecność w pracy absence from work
    4. (utwór, książka, obraz) work
    - praca monograficzna a monograph
    - praca źródłowa a study based on sources a. on source materials
    - praca o muzyce/sztuce a. na temat muzyki/sztuki a work on a. about music/art
    - praca z (zakresu a. dziedziny) genetyki a work on genetics
    - napisać/ogłosić pracę z zakresu fizyki to write/publish a paper on physics
    - wystawa prac młodych artystów an exhibition of work(s) by young artists
    - na konkurs zgłoszono 20 prac there were 20 entries for the competition
    - praca domowa homework
    - odrabiać pracę domową to do homework
    - zadać uczniom pracę domową to give pupils homework a. an assignment US
    - praca klasowa a class test
    - praca semestralna a term a. an end-of-term paper
    - praca egzaminacyjna an examination paper a. script
    - praca dyplomowa/magisterska a Bachelor’s dissertation/a Master’s dissertation a. master’s thesis
    - praca doktorska/habilitacyjna a doctoral/a postdoctoral dissertation
    - poprawiać prace studentów to mark students’ work
    6. sgt (funkcjonowanie) workings pl, functioning, operation
    - praca serca the action of the heart
    - zatrzymanie pracy serca cardiac arrest
    - praca mięśni the work of the muscles
    - praca nerek the functioning of the kidneys
    - praca nóg Sport footwork
    - praca umysłu ludzkiego the workings of the human mind
    - praca maszyny/silnika the work a. operation of a machine/an engine
    - praca bez zakłóceń smooth running
    7. Komput. job
    - sterowanie pracami job control
    - język sterowania pracami job control language
    - kolejka prac a job queue
    8. sgt Fiz. work
    - jednostka pracy unit of work
    Ⅱ prace plt work U
    - prace badawcze/badawczo-rozwojowe research/research and development work
    - prace przygotowawcze/wykończeniowe preparatory/completion work
    - prace murarskie/transportowe masonry a. bricklaying work/transport
    - prace remontowe/restauracyjne repair/restoration work
    - prace polowe/żniwne work in the field/harvesting
    - prace budowlane building work(s)
    - prace ziemne earthworks
    - prace budowlane jeszcze trwają the building work is still going on a. in progress
    - □ praca mechaniczna Techn. mechanical work także przen.
    - praca nieprodukcyjna Ekon. non-productive labour
    - praca organiczna Hist. ≈ organic work (a programme of economic and cultural development, launched by the Polish positivists)
    - praca produkcyjna Ekon. productive labour
    - praca u podstaw Hist. ≈ work at the grass roots (a programme of spreading literacy and popularizing science among the masses, launched by the Polish positivists)
    - prace domowe housework
    - prace ręczne Szkol. handicrafts
    ■ praca benedyktyńska książk. painstaking work
    - praca herkulesowa a Herculean task
    - praca syzyfowa książk. Sisyphean task a. labours
    - cześć pracy! pot. (pożegnanie) cheerio! pot.; (powitanie) howdy! US pot.
    - bez pracy nie ma kołaczy przysł. no gains without pains
    - cierpliwością i pracą ludzie się bogacą przysł. all things come to those who wait przysł.
    - jaka praca, taka płaca przysł. ≈ you only get paid for what you do
    - żadna praca nie hańbi przysł. ≈ honest work is nothing to be ashamed of
    - praca nie zając, nie ucieknie pot. work can wait

    The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > prac|a

  • 36 обычный

    •

    Using either conventional or laser excitation sources...

    •

    With the advent of new engineering techniques, X-ray diffraction has become a commonplace tool for studies of...

    •

    This phenomenon is rather common in plants.

    •

    Customary (or Conventional) techniques can be...

    •

    We used familiar methods.

    •

    Ordinary paint is of little value in...

    •

    The automatic press embodies all the regular features of the semi-automatic press plus...

    •

    Another standard technique is vacuum fusion.

    •

    The usual practice is...

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > обычный

  • 37 fuga

    f.
    1 escape (huida).
    darse a la fuga to take flight
    fuga de cerebros brain drain
    2 leak (escape).
    3 fugue (Music).
    4 jailbreak.
    pres.indicat.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: fugar.
    * * *
    1 (huida) flight, escape
    2 (escape) leak
    3 MÚSICA fugue
    \
    darse a la fuga to take flight
    poner en fuga to put to flight
    fuga de cerebros brain drain
    fuga de divisas flight of capital
    * * *
    noun f.
    1) flight, escape
    2) leak
    * * *
    I
    SF
    1) [gen] flight, escape; [de enamorados] elopement

    darse a la o ponerse en fuga — to flee, take flight

    fuga de la cárcel — escape from prison, jailbreak

    2) [de gas] leak, escape
    3) (=ardor) ardour, ardor (EEUU), impetuosity
    II
    SF (Mús) fugue
    * * *
    1) ( huida) escape
    2) (de líquido, gas) leak, escape (frml)
    3) (Mús) fugue
    * * *
    1) ( huida) escape
    2) (de líquido, gas) leak, escape (frml)
    3) (Mús) fugue
    * * *
    fuga1
    1 = getaway, escape, flight.

    Ex: The article 'The great getaway' reviews a range of multimedia CD-ROM databases designed to assist in holiday travel planning.

    Ex: The public library is a way of escape from the narrow area of our individual lives into the field, finite, no doubt, but unbounded, of the wisdom and experience of all mankind.
    Ex: Cases keep discussion grounded on certain persistent facts that must be faced, and keep a realistic rein on airy flights of academic speculation.
    * accidente en el que el causante se da a la fuga = hit-and-run accident.
    * a la fuga = on the run, on the lam.
    * conductor que se da a la fuga tras causar un accidente o atropello = hit-and-run driver.
    * darse a la fuga = flee, lam (it), go into + hiding, make + a quick getaway, take to + Posesivo + heels, run off.
    * fuga de cerebros = brain drain.
    * fuga de la cárcel = prison break, jailbreak [gaolbreak, UK], gaolbreak [jailbreak, US].
    * fuga de la prisión = prison break, jailbreak [gaolbreak, UK], gaolbreak [jailbreak, US].
    * fuga por amor = elopement.

    fuga2
    2 = leakage, outflow, leak, seepage.

    Ex: An earlier leakage had prompted library staff to make arrangements with a nearby firm of book conservation specialists in the event of a further disaster.

    Ex: A dam at the Strait of Gibraltar could be constructed to limit the outflow and reverse the climate deterioration, thus holding off the next ice age.
    Ex: Water can enter computer rooms from numerous sources: air conditioners; roof, floor, and wall leaks; backed-up floor drains; and fire sprinklers.
    Ex: The location, rate of flow, and turbidity (clear or murky) are the critical factors when evaluating the seriousness of seepage from a dam.
    * fuga de agua = water leakage, water leak.
    * fuga de gas = gas leak.
    * fuga de gas tóxico = toxic gas leak.
    * tener una fuga = have + a leak.

    * * *
    A (huida) escape
    la fuga de prisioneros que tuvo lugar el mes pasado the jailbreak o escape that took place last month
    poner a algn en fuga to put sb to flight
    Compuestos:
    ● fuga de capitales or divisas
    flight of capital
    brain drain
    B (de un líquido, gas) leak, escape ( frml)
    C ( Mús) fugue
    * * *

     

    Del verbo fugarse: ( conjugate fugarse)

    se fuga es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

    fuga sustantivo femenino
    1 ( huida) escape;

    se dieron a la fuga they fled;
    fuga de capitales or divisas flight of capital;
    fuga de cerebros brain drain
    2 (de líquido, gas) leak, escape (frml)
    3 (Mús) fugue
    fuga sustantivo femenino
    1 (de una persona) escape, flight
    fuga de cerebros, brain drain
    2 (de un líquido, gas, etc) leak
    ' fuga' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    escapada
    - tentativa
    - divisa
    - escape
    - huida
    English:
    bolt
    - brain
    - breakout
    - escape
    - flight
    - jailbreak
    - get
    - hit
    - rout
    * * *
    fuga nf
    1. [huida] escape;
    darse a la fuga to take flight;
    poner a alguien en fuga to rout sb, to put sb to flight
    fuga de capitales capital flight;
    fuga de cerebros brain drain;
    fuga de divisas capital flight
    2. [de gas, líquido] leak
    3. Mús fugue
    * * *
    f
    1 escape;
    fuga masiva mass escape;
    2 de gas, agua leak
    * * *
    fuga nf
    1) huida: flight, escape
    2) : fugue
    3) : leak
    fuga de gas: gas leak
    * * *
    fuga n
    1. (de persona) escape
    2. (de gas, agua) leak
    darse a la fuga to run away [pt. ran; pp. run]
    Si fuese en coche sería to drive away [pt. drove; pp. driven; a caballo o en bicicleta sería to ride [pt. rode; pp. ridden

    Spanish-English dictionary > fuga

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