-
21 sądownictw|o
n sgt 1. (ogół sądów) judiciary, judicature- sądownictwo miejskie/państwowe/federalne the municipal/national/federal judiciary- niezawisłość sądownictwa the independence of the judiciary2. (władza sądów) judicature, the administration of justice- prawodawstwo i sądownictwo są od siebie niezależne the legislature and the judicature are independent of each other- □ sądownictwo administracyjne Prawo administrative judiciary- sądownictwo konstytucyjne Prawo constitutional judiciary- sądownictwo kościelne Prawo, Relig. ecclesiastical judiciary- sądownictwo międzynarodowe Polit., Prawo international judiciary- sądownictwo polubowne książk. system of conciliation and arbitration- sądownictwo szczególne Prawo special jurisdiction- sądownictwo wojskowe military jurisdictionThe New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > sądownictw|o
-
22 establishment
1) основание, создание, учреждение2) доказывание, установление ( факта)3) учреждение; предприятие4) истэблишмент (установившаяся система и аппарат власти, властвующая элита, официально принятые взгляды)5) закон, постановление, правило, норма•- burglarized establishment
- business establishment
- commercial establishment
- congressional establishment
- executive establishment
- federal establishment
- gambling establishment
- governmental establishment
- judicial establishment
- legislative establishment
- legislature establishment
- mercantile establishment
- official establishment
- police establishment
- presidential establishment -
23 assembly
1. n сбор, собрание, общество2. n ассамблея, собрание3. n обыкн. законодательное собрание, нижняя палата законодательного органа штата4. n тех. комплект5. n тех. агрегат6. n тех. узел, сборка7. n тех. спец. монтаж, сборка8. n воен. сигнал для сбора9. n воен. сбор, сосредоточение10. n воен. физ. ансамбль11. n воен. биол. наименьшее сообщество организмов12. n воен. вчт. трансляцияСинонимический ряд:1. assembling (noun) assembling; attachment; collection; construction; joining; molding; putting together; welding2. group (noun) aggregation; assemblage; band; bevy; body; bunch; cluster; company; conference; congeries; congregation; convention; convocation; covey; crew; crowd; gathering; group; meeting; mob; muster; party; ruck; throng; troop3. legal body (noun) conclave; congress; council; diet; legal body; legislature; lower house; parliament; synodАнтонимический ряд:dispersion; disruption; dissipation; disunion -
24 Evans, Oliver
SUBJECT AREA: Agricultural and food technology[br]b. 13 September 1755 Newport, Delaware, USAd. 15 April 1819 New York, USA[br]American millwright and inventor of the first automatic corn mill.[br]He was the fifth child of Charles and Ann Stalcrop Evans, and by the age of 15 he had four sisters and seven brothers. Nothing is known of his schooling, but at the age of 17 he was apprenticed to a Newport wheelwright and wagon-maker. At 19 he was enrolled in a Delaware Militia Company in the Revolutionary War but did not see active service. About this time he invented a machine for bending and cutting off the wires in textile carding combs. In July 1782, with his younger brother, Joseph, he moved to Tuckahoe on the eastern shore of the Delaware River, where he had the basic idea of the automatic flour mill. In July 1782, with his elder brothers John and Theophilus, he bought part of his father's Newport farm, on Red Clay Creek, and planned to build a mill there. In 1793 he married Sarah Tomlinson, daughter of a Delaware farmer, and joined his brothers at Red Clay Creek. He worked there for some seven years on his automatic mill, from about 1783 to 1790.His system for the automatic flour mill consisted of bucket elevators to raise the grain, a horizontal screw conveyor, other conveying devices and a "hopper boy" to cool and dry the meal before gathering it into a hopper feeding the bolting cylinder. Together these components formed the automatic process, from incoming wheat to outgoing flour packed in barrels. At that time the idea of such automation had not been applied to any manufacturing process in America. The mill opened, on a non-automatic cycle, in 1785. In January 1786 Evans applied to the Delaware legislature for a twenty-five-year patent, which was granted on 30 January 1787 although there was much opposition from the Quaker millers of Wilmington and elsewhere. He also applied for patents in Pennsylvania, Maryland and New Hampshire. In May 1789 he went to see the mill of the four Ellicot brothers, near Baltimore, where he was impressed by the design of a horizontal screw conveyor by Jonathan Ellicot and exchanged the rights to his own elevator for those of this machine. After six years' work on his automatic mill, it was completed in 1790. In the autumn of that year a miller in Brandywine ordered a set of Evans's machinery, which set the trend toward its general adoption. A model of it was shown in the Market Street shop window of Robert Leslie, a watch-and clockmaker in Philadelphia, who also took it to England but was unsuccessful in selling the idea there.In 1790 the Federal Plant Laws were passed; Evans's patent was the third to come within the new legislation. A detailed description with a plate was published in a Philadelphia newspaper in January 1791, the first of a proposed series, but the paper closed and the series came to nothing. His brother Joseph went on a series of sales trips, with the result that some machinery of Evans's design was adopted. By 1792 over one hundred mills had been equipped with Evans's machinery, the millers paying a royalty of $40 for each pair of millstones in use. The series of articles that had been cut short formed the basis of Evans's The Young Millwright and Miller's Guide, published first in 1795 after Evans had moved to Philadelphia to set up a store selling milling supplies; it was 440 pages long and ran to fifteen editions between 1795 and 1860.Evans was fairly successful as a merchant. He patented a method of making millstones as well as a means of packing flour in barrels, the latter having a disc pressed down by a toggle-joint arrangement. In 1801 he started to build a steam carriage. He rejected the idea of a steam wheel and of a low-pressure or atmospheric engine. By 1803 his first engine was running at his store, driving a screw-mill working on plaster of Paris for making millstones. The engine had a 6 in. (15 cm) diameter cylinder with a stroke of 18 in. (45 cm) and also drove twelve saws mounted in a frame and cutting marble slabs at a rate of 100 ft (30 m) in twelve hours. He was granted a patent in the spring of 1804. He became involved in a number of lawsuits following the extension of his patent, particularly as he increased the licence fee, sometimes as much as sixfold. The case of Evans v. Samuel Robinson, which Evans won, became famous and was one of these. Patent Right Oppression Exposed, or Knavery Detected, a 200-page book with poems and prose included, was published soon after this case and was probably written by Oliver Evans. The steam engine patent was also extended for a further seven years, but in this case the licence fee was to remain at a fixed level. Evans anticipated Edison in his proposal for an "Experimental Company" or "Mechanical Bureau" with a capital of thirty shares of $100 each. It came to nothing, however, as there were no takers. His first wife, Sarah, died in 1816 and he remarried, to Hetty Ward, the daughter of a New York innkeeper. He was buried in the Bowery, on Lower Manhattan; the church was sold in 1854 and again in 1890, and when no relative claimed his body he was reburied in an unmarked grave in Trinity Cemetery, 57th Street, Broadway.[br]Further ReadingE.S.Ferguson, 1980, Oliver Evans: Inventive Genius of the American Industrial Revolution, Hagley Museum.G.Bathe and D.Bathe, 1935, Oliver Evans: Chronicle of Early American Engineering, Philadelphia, Pa.IMcN
- 1
- 2
См. также в других словарях:
Législature de l'État de Californie — California State Legislature Type … Wikipédia en Français
Legislature de l'Etat de Californie — Législature de l État de Californie Capitole de Sacramento, siège de la législature La Législature de l État de Californie est la branche législative du gouvernement de l État de Californie. Elle siège au Capitole de Californie dans la capitale… … Wikipédia en Français
Législature De L'État De Californie — Capitole de Sacramento, siège de la législature La Législature de l État de Californie est la branche législative du gouvernement de l État de Californie. Elle siège au Capitole de Californie dans la capitale de l État à Sacramento. Sur le modèle … Wikipédia en Français
Législature de l'état de californie — Capitole de Sacramento, siège de la législature La Législature de l État de Californie est la branche législative du gouvernement de l État de Californie. Elle siège au Capitole de Californie dans la capitale de l État à Sacramento. Sur le modèle … Wikipédia en Français
Legislature — Leg is*la ture (l[e^]j [i^]s*l[=a] t[ u]r; 135), n. [Cf. F. l[ e]gislature.] The body of persons in a state or kingdom invested with power to make and repeal laws; a legislative body. [1913 Webster] Without the concurrent consent of all three… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Federal common law — is a term of United States law used to describe common law that is developed by the federal courts, instead of by the courts of the various states. The United States is the only country to combine the creation of common law doctrines with a… … Wikipedia
Federal Council — may refer to:Governmental bodies* Federal Council of Australasia, a forerunner to the current Commonwealth of Australia * Federal Council of Austria, the upper house of the Austrian federal parliament * Federal Council of Germany, the… … Wikipedia
Législature d'État des États-Unis — Contrôle partisan des Sénats des États en 2010 … Wikipédia en Français
Federal subjects of Russia — Russia This article is part of the series: Politics and government of Russia … Wikipedia
Legislature of the Virgin Islands — Infobox Legislature name = Legislature of the Virgin Islands coa pic = LegVIseal.jpg coa pic = session room = Legisla.jpg house type = Unicameral houses = leader1 type = President of the Legislature leader1 = Usie R. Richards party1 = Independent … Wikipedia
Federal government of the United States — The federal government of the United States is the central United States governmental body, established by the United States Constitution. The federal government has three branches: the legislative, executive, and judiciary. Through a system of… … Wikipedia