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81 Robert, Nicolas Louis
SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing[br]b. 2 December 1761 Paris, Franced. 8 August 1828 Dreux, France[br]French inventor of the papermaking machine.[br]Robert was born into a prosperous family and received a fair education, after which he became a lawyer's clerk. In 1780, however, he enlisted in the Army and joined the artillery, serving with distinction in the West Indies, where he fought against the English. When dissatisfied with his prospects, Robert returned to Paris and obtained a post as proof-reader to the firm of printers and publishers owned by the Didot family. They were so impressed with his abilities that they promoted him, c. 1790, to "clerk inspector of workmen" at their paper mill at Essonnes, south of Paris, under the control of Didot St Leger.It was there that Robert conceived the idea of a continuous papermaking machine. In 1797 he made a model of it and, after further models, he obtained a patent in 1798. The paper was formed on a continuously revolving wire gauze, from which the sheets were lifted off and hung up to dry. Didot was at first scathing, but he came round to encouraging Robert to make a success of the machine. However, they quarrelled over the financial arrangements and Robert left to try setting up his own mill near Rouen. He failed for lack of capital, and in 1800 he returned to Essonnes and sold his patent to Didot for part cash, part proceeds from the operation of the mill. Didot left for England to enlist capital and technical skills to exploit the invention, while Robert was left in charge at Essonnes. It was the Fourdrinier brothers and Bryan Donkin who developed the papermaking machine into a form in which it could succeed. Meanwhile the mill at Essonnes under Robert's direction had begun to falter and declined to the point where it had to be sold. He had never received the full return from the sale of his patent, but he managed to recover his rights in it. This profited him little, for Didot obtained a patent in France for the Fourdrinier machine and had two examples erected in 1814 and the following year, respectively, neatly side-tracking Robert, who was now without funds or position. To support himself and his family, Robert set up a primary school in Dreux and there passed his remaining years. Although it was the Fourdrinier papermaking machine that was generally adopted, it is Robert who deserves credit for the original initiative.[br]Further ReadingR.H.Clapperton, 1967, The Papermaking Machine, Oxford: Pergamon Press, pp. 279–83 (provides a full description of Robert's invention and patent, together with a biography).LRD -
82 Spence, Peter
SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology[br]b. 19 February 1806 Brechin, Forfarshire, Scotlandd. 5 July 1883 Manchester, England[br]Scottish industrial chemist.[br]Spence was first apprenticed to a grocer and then joined his uncle's business. When that failed, he found work in a Dundee gasworks. During his spare time he had been studying chemistry, and in 1834 he established a small chemical works in London, which was none too successful. It was after a move to Burgh, near Carlisle, that his prospects brightened, with an improved method for making alum, a substance much used in the dyeing and textile industries. Spence obtained a patent in 1845 for extracting the substance from alum-containing shale by treating the burned shale and iron pyrites with sulphuric acid. He set up a plant at Pendleton, near Manchester, and enlarged the scale of his operation to become the largest manufacturer of alum in the world. The most profitable product was a crude form of alum known as aluminoferric. This came to be much in demand by the paper industry and in the treatment of sewage, an activity of growing importance in mid-Victorian Britain.Not all of Spence's ventures met with success; his attempts to exploit the phosphate deposits on the island of Redmonds in the West Indies lost heavily. He was an active citizen of Manchester, with a strongly Nonconformist tendency. He supported the cause against atmospheric pollution, although he himself was successfully prosecuted for pollution from his alum works at Pendleton; that prompted a move to Miles Platting, also near Manchester. In 1900, his firm became part of Laporte Industries Ltd.[br]Further ReadingJ.Fenwick Allen, 1907, Some Founders of the Chemical Industry, London.Proc. Manchester Lit. Phil. Soc. (1883–4) 23:121.LRD -
83 руль со струйными закрылками
Русско-английский военно-политический словарь > руль со струйными закрылками
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84 вал привода внешней секции закрылка
Авиация и космонавтика. Русско-английский словарь > вал привода внешней секции закрылка
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85 внешний закрылок
Авиация и космонавтика. Русско-английский словарь > внешний закрылок
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86 выдвижной закрылок
Авиация и космонавтика. Русско-английский словарь > выдвижной закрылок
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87 выпустит закрылки
1. extend the flaps2. extending flaps3. lower the flaps4. lowering the flapsАвиация и космонавтика. Русско-английский словарь > выпустит закрылки
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88 выпускать закрылки
1. extend the flaps2. lower the flapsАвиация и космонавтика. Русско-английский словарь > выпускать закрылки
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89 закрылок
Авиация и космонавтика. Русско-английский словарь > закрылок
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90 заход на посадку с выпущенными закрылками
Авиация и космонавтика. Русско-английский словарь > заход на посадку с выпущенными закрылками
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91 заход на посадку с отклоненными закрылками
Авиация и космонавтика. Русско-английский словарь > заход на посадку с отклоненными закрылками
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92 конфигурация с частично отклоненными закрылками
Авиация и космонавтика. Русско-английский словарь > конфигурация с частично отклоненными закрылками
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93 концевой закрылок
Авиация и космонавтика. Русско-английский словарь > концевой закрылок
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94 носок закрылка
1. flap leading edge2. flap leading-edgeАвиация и космонавтика. Русско-английский словарь > носок закрылка
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95 отклонит закрылки
1. deflected flap2. lower flaps3. lowering flapsАвиация и космонавтика. Русско-английский словарь > отклонит закрылки
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96 отклонение закрылка
1. flap setting2. trailing-edge flap deflectionАвиация и космонавтика. Русско-английский словарь > отклонение закрылка
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97 подъемник закрылков
Авиация и космонавтика. Русско-английский словарь > подъемник закрылков
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98 раздвижка звеньев закрылка
Авиация и космонавтика. Русско-английский словарь > раздвижка звеньев закрылка
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99 разница в углах отклонения частей закрылка
Авиация и космонавтика. Русско-английский словарь > разница в углах отклонения частей закрылка
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100 рассогласование закрылков
Авиация и космонавтика. Русско-английский словарь > рассогласование закрылков
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