fá+sigur

n. [þing], mod. form alþing, by dropping the inflective i; the gen., however, still remains unchanged, alþingis. The parliament or general assembly of the Icel. Commonwealth, invested with the supreme legislative and judicial power, consisting of the legislative lögrétta (q. v.), and the courts, v. dómr, fimtardómr, fjórðungsdómar; v. also goði, goðorð, lügsögumaðr, lögsaga, lögberg, and many other words referring to the constitution and functions of the alþingi. It was founded by Ulfljot about A. D. 930, Ib. ch. 3; and reformed by Thord Gellir A. D. 964, who instituted the courts and carried out the political divisions of Icel. into goðorð, fjórðungar, and þing, ch. 5. In the years 1272 and 1281 the alþing, to some extent, changed its old forms, in order to comply with the new state of things. In the year 1800 it was abolished altogether. A kind of parliament, under the old name alþingi, was again established in the year 1843, and sat at Reykjavík. Before the year 930 a general assembly was held in Kjalarnes, whence it was removed under the name of alþingi to the river Öxará, near to the mountain Ármannsfell. The much-debated passage in Hænsaþ. S. ch. 14—en þingit var þá undir Ármannsfelli—therefore simply means that the events referred to happened after the removal of the Kjalarnesping. The parliament at first met on the Thursday beginning the tenth week of the summer, which fell between the 11th and the 17th of June; by a law of the year 999 its opening was deferred to the next following Thursday, between the 18th and 24th of June, old style; after the union with Norway, or after A. D. 1272 or 1281, the time of meeting was further deferred to June 29. July 2 (Vis. B. V. M.) is hence called Þing-Maríumessa. The parliament lasted for a fortnight; the last day of the session, called vápnatak, because the weapons having been laid aside during the session were again taken (cp. Engl. wapentake), thus fell on the first or second Wednesday in July. As to the rules of the alþingi, vide esp. the first chapter of the Þ. Þ. Grág. (Kb.) i. p. 38 sqq. The most eventful years in the history of the alþingi are, A. D. 930 (foundation), 964 (reform), 1000 (introduction of Christianity), 1004 (institution of the Fifth Court), 1024 (repudiation of the attempt of the king of Norway to annex Iceland), 1096 (introduction of tithes), 1117 (first codification of laws), 1262–1264 (submission to the king of Norway), 1272 and 1281 (new codes introduced). In the year 1338 there was no alþing held because of civil disturbances, eytt alþingi ok þóttu þat údærni, Ann. s. a., Grág. (Þ. Þ.) Íslend. bók, Kristni S., Njála, Sturl., Árna b. S., Ó. H. (1853), ch. 114; of modern writers, vide esp. Maurer, Entsteh. des Ísl. Staates; Dasent, Introd. to Burnt Njal; some of the Introductions by Jón Sigurðsson in D. I., esp. that to the Gamli Sáttmáli of the year 1262.

COMPDS: alþingisdómr, alþingisför, alþingishelgun, alþingislof, alþingismál, alþingisnefna, alþingisreið, alþingissátt, alþingissáttarhald, alþingissekt, alþingissektarhald.

ð, [v. andóf; Ivar Aasen andöva and andov], a boating term, to paddle against tide, current, and wind, so as to prevent the boat from drifting astern; þá féll á stormr svá mikill, at þeir fengu eigi betr en andæft, had nothing better than to lay to, Sturl. ii. 121; the vellum MSS. wrongly andhætt.

2. metaph. in the corrupt form andæpta, to reply feebly against; with dat., ekki er þess getið at Þórðr andæpti þessari vísu, Th. returned no reply to this libel, Sturl. i. 22. Now absol. to speak in a disjointed way, to ejaculate; andæpti skáld upp úr móðu, fram eru feigs götur; skilja sköp, skamt er að landi, brosir bakki mót, of rhymed incoherent words of a poet in the act of sinking beneath the waves, vide Espól. Ísl. Árb. the year 1823, Sigurðr Breiðfjörð in a poem in the Smámunir.

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(eys, jós, jósum, ausinn), v.

1) to sprinkle, pour, with dat.;

þær taka hvern dag vatn í brunninum ok ausa (viz. því) upp yfir askinn, pour it over the ash-tree;

ausa síld ór netjum, to empty the nets of the herrings;

fig., ausa sauri á e-n, to bespatter with abuse;

ausa e-m e-u í augu upp, to throw … in one’s face;

2) ausa e-n (or e-t) e-u, to besprinkle with a thing;

ausa e-n moldu, to sprinkle with earth, to bury;

ausa barn vatni, a sort of baptism in the heathen age (Sigurðr jarl jós sveininn vatni ok kallaði Hákon);

3) with acc., to bale;

ausa skip upp, to bale the ship out;

fig., ausa bát sinn, to make wetter;

4) of a horse, to kick or lash out with the hind legs.

f. ladle;

ekki er enn sopit, þó í ausuna sé komit, there’s many a slip ‘twixt the cup and lip.

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u, f. a ladle, ekki er sopið kálið Þó í ausuna sé komit (a proverb), many a slip ‘twixt the cup and the lip, Grett. 132, Þórð. 51.

n. a hardship, shock, calamity; þat á. ( spell) hafði legit á því fólki, at hver kona fæddi dauðan frumburð sinn er hon ól, Mar. 656; afskaplig á., Stj. 90 (also of a spell); þreynging ok á., 121; með hversu miklu á. ( injustice) Sigurðr konungr vildi heimta þetta mál af honum, Hkr. iii. 257; standa undir á., to be wider great lordship, Fms. iv. 146, vi. 147; með miklu á. (of insanity), vii. 150; þeir vóru sex vetr í þessu á., viz. in bondage, x. 225; hvert á. jarl hafði veitt honum, what penalties the earl bad laid upon him, Orkn. 284, Fms. iv. 310.

β. damnation, condemnation, = áfall; nú vil ek at þú snúir eigi svá skjótt málinu til áfellis honum, Band. 4.

COMPD: áfellisdómr.

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f. bait, esp. for fish.

(-tta, -ttr), v.

1) to ‘cause to bite’, graze, with the animals in dat. (beita nautum), the pasture in acc. (beita haga, land, engi);

absol. to pasture cattle (beita í skógi);

beita upp land, to exhaust by grazing;

beita upp ( to consume) engjum ok heyjum;

2) to handle, use a weapon (beita sverði);

3) to hunt or chase (with dogs or hawks);

beita e-n hundum, to set dogs on one;

4) fig., beita e-n brögðum, úlögum, illu, to deal cunningly, unlawfully, badly with one;

recipr., við höfum opt brögðum beizt, schemed against each other;

5) to harness (a horse, &c.) to a vehicle (beita hest fyrir vagn);

beittu enn blakka mar, saddle thy black steed;

fig., beita e-n fyrir e-t, to put one at the head of;

refl., beitast fyrir e-t or e-u, to lead the cause;

6) to furnish (a vehicle) with horses (vagn at beita);

7) to steer or sail near the wind, to cruise (beita þeir í brot, frá landinu);

fengu þeir beitt fyrir Skotland, they weathered S.

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tt, [v. bita, beit, mordere], prop. mordere facere.

I. to graze, feed sheep and cattle; the animals in dat., b. svínum, Grág. ii. 231; nautum, Eg. 721: the pasture in acc., b. haga, Grág. ii. 224, 225; engi, 228; afrétt, 302, 329; land, 329, Eg. 721: absol., Grág. ii. 249: with ‘í’ and dat., b. í skógi, 299: ‘í’ with acc., b. svínum í land annars manns, 231: b. upp land (acc.), to spoil the pasture by grazing, lay it bare; beittust þá upp allar engjar, Eg. 712: with dat., b. upp ( to consume) engjum ok heyjum, Fms. vi. 104.

II. to handle, manage a (cutting) instrument; with dat., b. skutli, a harpoon, Fbr. 144; sverði, a sword, Fms. viii. 96, xi. 270; vápnum, 289.

III. a nautical term, to cruise, prop. to let the ship ‘bite’ the wind; undu þeir segl sin ok beittu út at Njcirvasundum allfagran byr, Orkn. 356; beita þeir í brott frá landinu, Ld. 76; fengu þeir beitt fyrir Skotland, they sailed round, weathered S., Eg. 405; beittu þá sem þverast austr fyrir landit, 161; b. undir veðrit, to tack, Vb. i. 511; b. í haf út, Orkn. 402: metaph., varð jafnan þeirra hlutr betri, er til hans hnigu, en hinna, er frá beittu, who steered away from him, Fms. viii. 47.

IV. a hunting term, to hunt (cp. beiða), the deer in acc., the dogs or hawks in dat.; b. e-n hundum, to set hounds on him; konungr sagði at hann skyldi afklæða, ok b. hundum til bana, Fms. ii. 173, x. 326; beita haukum, to chase with hawks, Fas. 1. 175: to chase, svá beitum vér björnuna, Hkr. ii. 369 MS. B, vide bauta; hann … hafði beitt fimm trönur, he had caught five cranes, Fagrsk. 77, where Hkr. l. c. has ‘veitt;’ svá beitu vér bjarnuna á mörkinni norðr, sagði hann, O. H. L. 70, cp. above; verðr Salomon konungr varr at dýr hans eru beitt, biðr. 231; þeir beita bar mart dýr, hjörtu ok björnu ok hindr, 232: metaph. and reflex., b. e-m, sögðu þeir mundu eigi þeim birni bcitast, at deila um mál hans við ofreflismenn slíka, they said they would not hunt that bear, Ölk. 34: metaph., b. e-n brögðum, vélum, vélræðum…, to hunt one down with tricks or schemes; þykist þér nú allmjök hafa komizt fyrir mik í viti, ok beittan brögðum í þessu, Ísl. ii. 164; vélum, 623; úlögum, Sks. 22; illu, Fas. i. 208: recipr., við höfum opt brögðum beizt, … schemed against each other, Fms. xi. 263; stundum beittust þau velræðum, i. 57.

β. to bait; the bait in dat., the angle in acc.

V. to yoke to, of horse or cattle for a vehicle, the cattle almost always in acc.; þá vóru yxn fyrir sleða beittir, Eb. 172; bjó sér vagn ok beitti hest, Fms. x. 373, Gkv. 2. 18; ok beittu fyrir tvá sterka yxn, Eb. 176, Grett. 112, Stj. 206: with dat., b. hestum, vagni, to drive; but acc., beittu, Sigurðr, hinn blakka mar, S. saddle thy black steed, Ghv. 18: metaph., b. e-n fyrir e-t, to put one at the head of it, Sks. 710: reflex., beitast fyrir e-t, to lead a cause, to manage it, Ld. 196, Fms. viii. 22, Hkr. ii. 168.

VI. to hammer iron or metal into plates, v. beit, f.

(-ða, -ðr), v., birgja e-n at e-u, to furnish, provide one with a thing (nú vil ek birgja bú þitt at málnytuísumar).

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ð, to furnish, provide; skal ek víst b. hann at nökkuru, Nj. 73; segir Sigurðr, at hann mun b. þá með nökkuru móti, Fær. 237; hann birgði þá ok um búfé, Ld. 144; nú vil ek b. bú þitt at málnytu í sumar, Hrafn. 9. [In the Edd. sometimes wrongly spelt with y, as it is quite different from byrgja, to enclose.]

a. black, dun-coloured (beittu, Sigurðr, enn blakka mar).

m. poet. a dun-coloured horse.

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m. (for. word), a sort of measure, N. G. L. i. 324.

m., poët. a horse, cp. Blanka, the mythical horse of Thideric (Dietrich) of Bern, Lex. Poët.

a. black, dun-coloured (beittu, Sigurðr, enn blakka mar).

m. poet. a dun-coloured horse.

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adj. [A. S. blac; Engl. black; O. H. G. plak: in Icel. svartr, as in A. S. and other kindred tongues swart, etc., represents the Lat. niger; while blakkr corresponds to the Lat. ater, dead or dusky black], in poetry used as an epithet of wolves, etc., Lex. Poët., in prose it is very rare, Fas. iii. 592; hence blekkja, to defraud: the mod. Icel. blek, n. ink, Swed. blak, Dan. blæk, come from blakkr, corresponding to Lat. atramentum, Str. 63 (blez), Pr. 474.

II. = bleikr, pale; blakkr hestr, Ghv. 18 (perh. corrupt for bleikr, pale, cp. fölvan jó, Hkv. 2. 47), the colour of death; to dream of riding on a pale horse forebodes death, Bjarni 136; on a red horse a bloody death, Fs. (Vd.) 67.