-
21 BLÓRAR
a, m. [cp. Dan. blår, the refuse of flax, and the phrase, at kaste een blår í öjnene, to throw dust in one’s eyes] in Icel. only used in the metaph. phrase, at göra e-t í blóra við e-n, to commit an offence behind another person so that suspicion falls upon him: and blóra-maðr, m., en ef svá verðr sem mér er grunr á at, dóttir þín sé með barni, þá eru þar fáir blóramenn, ok vil ek ganga við faðerni. Fas. iii. 344. -
22 EFRI
(older form øfri), a. compar.,bera efra skjöld, to gain the victory;verða e-m efri, to be superior to;hit efra,a) high above ground (fara hit efra í trjám sem apynjur eða íkornar);b) the upper or inland road, opp. to ‘hit ytra’, along the shore (sumir fóru hit efra til Þríhyrningshálsa);by land, opp. to the sea;c) of the inner part of a building, opposed to ‘hit fremra’ or the part nearest the door (konungr settist í hásæti ok alskipat var hit efra ok hit fremra);2) latter;þetta var inn efra hlut sumars, towards the end of summer;á efra aldri, advanced in years.* * *compar.; EFSTR, superl.; older form öfri, Hkv. 2. 36, Ó. H. ch. 248 (in a verse), Greg. 42, N. G. L. i. 10, 384, Íb. 5, Hom. 116; öfstr, Fms. x. 394, 686 C. 2, Ls. 50, 51, Hbl. 18, Edda 115, 116 (Gl.); compar. and superl. without the positive [as Lat. superior, supremus, Gr. ὑπέρτερος], but formed from the root syllable ‘of-,’ cp. ofar, yfir; very old MSS. therefore mostly spell with ö, a vowel change of o; the mod. form, as well as that of most MSS., is with e, efri, efstr, Am. 50, Og. 23:I. the upper, higher; the phrase, bera efra skjöld, to carry the higher shield, i. e. carry the day, Fms. x. 394 (MS. æfra): opp. to neðri = upper, at Mosfelli enu öfra, Íb. 5: the adverb, phrase ‘it efra’ denoting the upper or inland road, opp. to the shore; allt hit efra suðr, Eg. 58; sumir fóru it efra til Þríhyrnings-hálsa, Nj. 207; hit efra um Upplönd, Fms. i. 22: by land, opp. to the sea, Hkr. ii. 8: of the inner part of a building, opp. to fremri or the part nearest the door, Eg. 43: in the air, opp. to the earth, Sks. 115: superl. efstr, the hindermost, e. liðr, the hindermost joint, 623. 32: neut. efst as adv. highest up, uppermost, efst á stólpanum, 655 xxv. 2.β. metaph. superior, better; er öllum öfri er, Greg. 43.II. the latter, last part:1. temp., á efra aldri, in the decline of life, Eg. 4; inn öfri, the latter, opp. to fyrri, N. G. L. i. 342; efri hluti sumars, in the decline of summer, Eg. 712; Ólafs-messa hin öfri (= síðari), the latter (i. e. second) day of St. Olave (viz. Aug. 3), opp. to Ólafs-messa fyrri (July 29), N. G. L. i. 10; efsti dómr, the last judgment, Stj. 58; öfsti dómr, id., 686 l. c.; efsta vika, the last week of Lent = the Passion week, Orkn. 386, Mar. 78; öfsti dagr Paska, the last day in Easter, N. G. L. i. 348; efsta bæn, the last prayer, 623. 50; þeim gef ek erni efstum bráðir, Fas. i. 429 (in a verse); efsta sinni, for the last time, 227; þó vér ritim hana öfri en aðrar, Hom. 116.2. loc., where aptari and aptastr or eptri and eptstr are the common words; fyrstr and efstr are opposed, foremost and last, in a rank, Ls. l. c.; sá fyrstr er efstr gekk inn, Grág. i. 32. -
23 HREKJA
* * *(hrek; hrakta, hröktum; hrakiðr, hraktr), v.1) to drive away, chase off (h. e-n af máli);2) to annoy, vex, ill-treat (Sigmundr sagðist heldr vilja h. þá sem mest); h. e-n í orðum, to scold and abuse one;3) to damage, spoil (h. mál fyrir e-m); absol., h. fyrir e-m, to do damage to one;4) to abuse (= h. e-n í orðum).* * *pret. hrakti; part. hrakiðr, Orkn. 424, mod. hrakinn, neut. hrakt, Sturl. ii. 169: [akin to Goth. vrikan, A. S. wrecan, Engl. wreak, wreck, see introduction to letter H]:—to worry, vex; h. e-n í orðum, to scold and abuse one, Fms. vii. 319, Fs. 173; þau bityrði er Skarphéðinn hrakti yðr Ljósvetninga, Nj. 223; ámæla þær honum í hverju orði ok hrekja, Finnb. 228: to confound, mér þaetti bezt við þann at eiga, er allir hrekjask fyrir áðr, by whom all people are confounded, Hrafn. 16; Sigmundr sagðisk heldr vilja h. þá sem mest, Fær. 165, Fs. 33, 129, Sturl. ii. 169, Bs. ii. 143; hann eyðir málit fyrir Erni ok hrekr hann sem mest af málinu, Fs. 125: víghestrinn hafði hrakit hrossin, Eb. 36 new Ed.β. a naut. term, of ships driven out of their course, freq. in mod. usage; either impers., e-n hrekr, one is driven and wrecked; or reflex., þeir hröktust fimm vikur sjávar, they were driven for five miles on the sea: also of a ship, skipið (acc.) hrekr, the ship has drifted, cp. Bs. i. 817; of sheep in a snow storm. -
24 HVÍ
1) an old dat. of ‘hvat’; þá spurði Hallr, hví þat sætti, then H. asked what was the matter; fyrir hví, why, wherefore (fyrir h. biðr þú eigi lækningar?);2) adv. why? = fyrir hví (hví ertu svá fölr?).* * *prop. a dat. of an old and partly obsolete pron. hvat, [see hvat and hverr]:—Lat. cui, for what:I. interrog., þá var séð yfir hví stafrinn hafði búit, 655 iii. 2; kviðr berr hví hann orkar, of what it is capable, Grág. i. 252; at hví neyt sé, w hat it is good for, ii. 260; þá spurði Hallr hví þat sætti, H. asked what was the matter, Fms. ii. 193; hví sætir hark þetta ok hlaup? Ó. H. 109; fyrir hví, wherefore? (in vulgar Engl. still, for why?), fyrir hví biðr þú eigi lækningar? 222; spurði hann fyrir hví þeir væri þar? Eg. 375, Eluc. 4: with compar., hví verri, how much the worse, quanta pejor; skulu búar telja hví hann var þá verri at hafa er hann var sjúkr en þá er hann tók vistina, Grág. i. 155, 475.II. indef. any; Guð mun við hví (= hverju) faðerni ganga, er hann játar oss í skirninni, 655 i. 2.B. Adverb interrog., prop. ellipt. [cp. Goth. du hwe = διατί; A. S. hwi; Engl. why; Germ. wie]:—why? (see fyrir hví above); hví freistið mín? Vsp. 22; hví þú einn sitr? Skm. 3; hví sitið? Gk. 2; hví þá, why then? Vþm. 9, Ls. 47 is dubious; hví þykkir dóttur minni svá íllt vestr þar? Nj. 11; hví skal eigi þegar drepa hann? Eg. 414; eigi veit ek hví þú gengr með slíku máli, 523; mun ek ákveðit gera hví þannig er til skipt, Ísl. ii. 346: hví-ligr, adj. (q. v.), Fms. x. 107: hví-likr, adj. = Lat. qualis, (q. v.)2. with subj.; hví um segjak þér? Skm. 4; hví þú vitir? Vþm. 42; hví sé drengr at feigri? Km. 22.3. = hve, instrumental, Skm. 17, (q. v.). -
25 MÆTA
* * *( mœta), t, [mót; Ulf. môtjan; A. S. mêtan; Engl. meet; Hel. môtjan; Dan. möde; Swed. möta]:—to meet, with dat. to meet a person; mætti hann Þór miðra garða, Þkv. 9; mæta e-m á brautu, Hm. 88; mættu þeir Ögmundi, Nj. 5; eigi veit hvar manni mætir, a saying (= mod. eigi veit hvar manni kann at mæta), Fs. 106; ok mætir austmanninum Erni, Ísl. ii. 149; þat mætti hann Grím inum rauða, Nj. 245; þá mætti Þorgeirr Þorvaldi, id., passim:—láta ráð ráði mæta, to pay like for like, Fms. i. 15; þá skal mæta horn horni, hófr hófi, N. G. L. i. 41; láta dal mæta hóli, Fms. vii.2. metaph. to meet with, suffer, undergo; mæta skaða, Bs. ii. 137; mæta kvölum, 623. 64; mæta görningum, passim.II. recipr. to meet one another; þeir mættusk á förnum vegi, Nj. 60.2. to join; þar er mætisk Sogn ok Hörðaland, where the two counties S. and H. meet, Fms. i. 95; í flæðar-máli þar sem sær mætisk ok græn torfa, N. G. L. i. 13; ok skal þat grafa út við kirkju-garð, þar sem mætisk vigð mold ok úvígð, K. Þ. K. 16; menn eigu at æja hrossum sínum í annarra manna landi of sumar þar er mætisk slátta ok sina, Grág. ii. 291. -
26 SKÍRA
baptize, baptise* * *(-ða, -ðr), v.1) to cleanse, purify (s. silfr); skira sik, to clear (pure) oneself by an oath or ordeal;2) to baptize, christen (skírði prestr barnit); láta skírast, to be baptized.* * *ð; a distinction is made between skíra (with í) = to purify, and skýra (with y) metaph. = to explain; but that both words are identical is shewn from the Goth.: [Ulf. skeirjan = ἑρμηνεύειν, skeireins = ἑρμηνεία, skeirs = clear]:—to cleanse, purify; s. silfr, Hkr. i. 185; þat skírir ok birtir augu, … þat bætir myrk augu ok skírir, Pr. 472, 473; skíra sik, to cleanse oneself.2. of an oath or ordeal, to clear, purge; skíra sik með tylptar-eiði, Gþl. 151; ok skíri hón sik, ok handsala faðerni ef hón verðr skír, Lv. 77; er þó ván at þú skírir þik í hreinsunar-eldi, Fms. vii. 38.II. eccl. [as translation of A. S. fullian = to cleanse], to baptize, christen; skíra barn, K. Þ. K., N. G. L., Fms., Nj., Bs., in countless instances, old and mod.2. reflex. skírask, to be baptized; láta skírask, Jb. 10, Fms. i. 23, 129. -
27 SUMAR
* * *(dat. sumri, pl. sumur), n. summer; um sumarit, in the course of the summer, during the summer; at sumri, next summer; mitt s., midsummer; í s., this summer.* * *n., dat. sumri; pl. sumur; sumra, sumrum; in the old language this word was masculine in the form sumarr, of which gender a trace may still be seen in the contracted forms sumri, sumra, sumrum, for a genuine neuter does not admit these contractions. But there remains a single instance of the actual use of the masculine in the rhyme of a verse of the beginning of the 11th century, sumar hv ern frekum erni, Skálda,—from which one might infer that at that time the word was still masc.; if so, it is not likely that in a poem so old as the Vsp. it would be neuter, and ‘sumur’ in ‘of sumur eptir’ perhaps ought to be corrected ‘sumra’ or ‘sumar’ (acc. sing.); as also ‘varmt sumar’ should be ‘varmr sumarr,’ Vþm. 26: [A. S. sumar; a word common to all Teut. languages; in the Orm. sumerr, denoting a long u; the mod. Dan., Germ., and Engl. have sommer, summer, with a double m]:—a summer, passim.II. mythical, Sumarr, the son of Svásað, Edda 13.B. CHRONOLOGICAL REMARKS.—The old Northmen, like the Icel. of the present time, divided the year into two halves, summer and winter; the summer began on the Thursday next before the 16th of April in the old calendar, which answers to the 26th of the Gregorian calendar (used in Icel. since A. D. 1700). The Northern and Icelandic summer is therefore a fixed term in the calendar, and consists of 184 days, viz. six months of thirty days, plus four days, called aukanætr (‘eke-nights’). Summer is divided into two halves, each of three months (= ninety days), before and after midsummer (mið-sumar); and the four ‘eke-nights’ are every summer intercalated immediately before midsummer: thus in the Icel. Almanack of 1872—Sumar-dagr fyrsti, or the first summer-day, falls on Thursday the 25th of April; Auka-nætr from the 24th to the 27th of July; Mið-sumar on the 28th of July; Sumar-dagr síðasti, or the last day of summer, on the 25th of October; cp. sumar-nátt siðasta, Gísl. 67. In mod. usage the time from April to October is counted by the summer weeks, the first, second, … twentieth … week of the summer, and in Icel. Almanacks every Thursday during summer is marked by the running number of the week. The ancients, too, counted the summer by weeks, but only down to midsummer, thus, tíu vikur skulu vera af sumri er menn koma til alþingis, K. Þ. K. 166; but in the latter part of the summer they counted either by the weeks from midsummer or by the weeks still left of the summer, thus, hálfum mánaði eptir mitt sumar, Nj. 4; er átta vikur lifa sumars, Grág. i. 122; frá miðju sumri til vetrar, 147; er átta vikur eru til vetrar, Nj. 192; er tveir mánaðir vóru til vetrar, 195; líðr á sumarit til átta vikna, 93; ellipt., var Rútr heima til sex vikna (viz. sumars), 10.C. COMPDS: sumarauki, sumarávöxtr, sumarbjörg, sumarbók, sumarbú, sumarbær, sumardagr, sumarfang, sumarfullr, sumargamall, sumargjöf, sumarhagi, sumarherbergi, sumarhiti, sumarhluti, sumarhold, sumarhöll, sumarkaup, sumarlangt, sumarliði, sumarligr, sumarmagn, sumarmál, sumarnátt, sumarnætr, SumarPáskar, sumarsetr, sumarskeið, sumarstefna, sumarsöngr, sumartíð, sumartími, sumartungl, sumarverk, sumarviðr. -
28 varnaðr
(gen. -ar), m.1) protection, keeping (hafði hann tekit mál þeira á. sinn varnað);2) warning, caution; láta sér annars víti at varnaði verða, to be warned by another’s woe; bjóða, setja e-m varnað ð e-u, to bid one beware of a thing; margir hlutir vóru þar til varnaðar mæltir, were forbidden;3) wares, goods (Egill lét upp setja skip sín ok fœra varnað til staðar);4) household people.* * *1.m. safeguard, protection, keeping; taka mál þeirra á sinn varnað, Fms. x. 24; ek hefi þá menn á mínum varnaði ( in my keeping) er yðr megu svá styrkja, at …, 655 xiii. B. 2; Guð er vörn ok v. saklausra ok meinlausra, Str. 29; varnaðar-skjöldr, a shield of defence, MS. 4. 12.II. wariness, caution; láta sér annars víti at varnaði verða, Nj. 23, Barl. 51; vil ek þar mikinn varnað á bjóða, bid you strictly beware, Fms. xi. 94, Hrafn. 6, Akv. 8; er þó einna mest v. á at þit gangit aldri á þann skóg, Fms. ii. 100; margir hlutir vóru þar til varnaðar mæltir, forbidden, Fagrsk. 58.COMPDS: varnaðarár, varnaðarbréf, varnaðarmaðr.2.m. [vara, f.], wares, goods; Egill lét upp setja skip sín ok færa varnað ( cargo) til staðar, Eg. 535; hann mætir Austmanninum Erni er hann gékk at varnaði sínum, Ísl. ii. 149; reiða ok annan varnað, Ó. H. 170: goods, fjárhluti, hús ok híbýli ok allan sinn varnað, Sks. 159, 454 B, H. E. i. 432, Fms. vi. 301, ix. 398; ek hefi sett hann yfir varnað minn, Ó. H. 112; hertoginn hafði sent frú Ragnilldi ok frú Ragnfríði margan annan varnað sinn, Fms. ix. 486; konungr gaf frið öllum mönnum ok allra manna varnaði, Hkr. iii. 210; erkibiskups-stólinn ok allan hans varnað, N. G. L. i. 446. -
29 við-taka
or viðr-taka, u, f. a reception, receipt, receiving; fé heimt at viðtökum eðr handsölum, Grág. i. 84; frændr skolu skipta viðtökunni með sér, ii. 181; synja viðrtöku, Gþl. 147; beiða sér viðtöku, Fms. i. 110; hann fékk þar enga viðtöku, he was rejected, vii. 207; veita konungi viðrtöku, Hkr. ii. 40; beiddi sér viðtöku af landsmönnum, 262, Orkn. 384; til varðveizlu ok viðtöku, Grág. i. 245; handsala faðerni at barni ok viðtöku, 361; biðja e-m viðtöku, Sks. 336, Ld. 232; þar verðr rúmfátt til viðrtöku, Al. 79; hann hlaut mikla tign ok viðrtöku, Fms. x. 417.2. plur., esp. hospitality; vera góðr viðtakna, to be a good host, Ld. 268, Al. 79; þakka, fá góðar viðtökur, Fms. i. 20, vii. 247, Eg. 15, 75, 81, 172, Ld. 34, Nj. 4.3. resistance; var þar lítil viðtaka, Orkn. 296; viðrtaka, 292, Fms. i. 60: varð þar all-hörð viðrtaka, 178; varð engin viðrtakan í bænum, viii. 333; líkligt at þar mundi vera v. er bæjarmenn væri. Eg. 241; hann hafði enga viðtöku. Fms. i. 258; hann sá engi sín efni til viðtöku móti Hákoni, 22, v. l. viðtöku-maðr, m. a receiver, Grág. i. 394; v. arfs, Jb. 153. -
30 þý-borinn
part. born of a bondwoman; Ismael var þ., Post. 645. 62; hón er þ. at móðerni, Eg. 338; sunr þ., N. G. L. i. 48. -
31 ÖRN
* * *(gen. arnar, pl. ernir, acc. örnu), m. eagle (gunni at heyja ok glaða örnu).* * *m., gen. arnar, dat. erni, pl. ernir, acc. örnu; in mod. usage the word has become fem. örn, arnar, örn, pl. nom. acc. arnir; örn is like björn, an enlarged form from ari, q. v.: [A. S. earn; Chaucer erne; Dan. örn]:—an eagle; erninum, Bs. i. 350; örno ok hrafna, Grág. ii. 346, K. Þ. K. 136; snapir örn á aldinn mar, a saying, Hm. 62; seðja örnu, Hkv. 1. 35; gunni at heyja ok glaða örnu, id.; drúpir örn yfir, Gm.; er á asklimum ernir sitja, Hkv. 2. 48; falla forsar, flýgr örn yfir, Vsp. 58: mythical, örn gól árla, Hkv. Hjörv. 6 (an eagle telling the fate to a young hero): the eagle is the bird of the giants, jötunn í arnarham, Vþm., cp. the legend of giant Þjazi: arnar-flaug, f. eagle’s flight, as an ‘omen’ boding battle; nú er arnar-flaug; of vangi, Edda (in a verse): arnar-leir, m., Gd. 2; see leir II.II. Örn, as a pr. name, and Örn-ólfr, Veðr-örn: of a woman, Arna. III. = blóð-örn, q. v.; rista örn á baki e-m, Hkr. i. 108, Fas. i. 292, Skv. 2. 26.COMPDS: arnar-hamr, -kló, -fjöðr, -vængr, m. an eagle’s skin, … wing, Edda 13, 46, Fas. iii. 653, Stj. arnar-hreiðr, n. an eyrie. arnar-ungi, m. a young eagle, Sturl. iii. 185.
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