erecting

ἐπεγ-είρω,

A awaken, rouse up,

τινά Od.22.431

, Thgn.469, Ar.Av. 83:—[voice] Pass., to be roused from sleep, wake up, Hom., only in [tense] aor. forms ἐπέγρετο, ἐπεγρόμενος, Il.10.124, 14, 256, Od.20.57;

μέχρι ἐπέγρωνται Hp.Morb.Sacr.1

;

φεύγετε.. ἄνδρ' ἐπεγειρόμενον E.HF 1083

(anap.);

δόξαι, αἳ ἐρωτήσει ἐπεγερθεῖσαι ἐπιστῆμαι γίγνονται Pl.Men. 86a

: [tense] pf. ἐπήγερται is dub. l. in Luc.Zeux.4.

II metaph., awaken, excite,

πόλεμον εὕδοντ' Sol.4.19

;

διωγμόν Act.Ap.13.50

;

τὸ πάλαι κείμενον κακόν S.OC 510

(lyr.); ἐπὶ.. θρῆνον ἐ. ib. 1778 (anap.);

ὅσον ἑσμὸν λόγων ἐπεγείρετε Pl.R. 450b

; stir up,

τὸ Ἑλληνικόν Hdt.7.139

;

τὰς ψυχάς Act.Ap.14.2

;

ἡμᾶς εἰς τὴν νεότητα μνήμῃ ἐ. Pl.Lg. 657d

;

τοῦ ἐπεγείροντος ὥσπερ μύωπος δεήσει Socr.Ep.1.6

:—[voice] Pass., ἐπηγέρθη [ἡ Ταλθυβίου μῆνις] Hdt.7.137;

ἐπηγείροντο ταῖς ψυχαῖς D.S.

14.52.

III erect, raise, τὰς ἀκάνθας -ων erecting his prickles, like certain fish when irritated, Com.Adesp. 1338 ( = [S.]Fr. 1121);

ὅταν ἐπεγερθῶσιν φλύκταιναι Philum.Ven.17.5

.

λίθος, ου, ὁ (Hom.+; in our lit. always masc.)

① stone, in general: Mt 3:9 (ZNW 9, 1908, 77f; 341f); 4:3, 6 (Ps 90:12); 7:9; Mk 5:5; Lk 3:8; 4:3, 11 (Ps 90:12); 11:11 v.l.; 19:40 (cp. 4 Esdr 5:5 and the ‘hearing’ πέτραι PGM 36, 263); 22:41; J 8:7, 59; 10:31; Ox 1 recto, 6 (ASyn. 171, 5)=GTh 77 (s. AWalls, VigChr 16, ’62, 71–78; cp. Lucian, Hermotim. 81 p. 826 ὁ θεὸς οὐκ ἐν οὐρανῷ ἐστιν, ἀλλὰ διὰ πάντων πεφοίτηκεν, οἷον ξύλων κ. λίθων κ. ζῴων). Of blood (but πτῶμα pap) of Zachariah, which turned to stone GJs 24:3.

② stone, of a special kind

ⓐ of stones used in building (Dio Chrys. 57 [74], 26; Oenomaus in Eus., PE 5, 24, 4 λίθοι καὶ ξύλοι; Palaeph. p. 62, 7; PPetr II, 13 [18a], 7 [258 B.C.]; Dt 27:5f; 3 Km 6:7; TestSol 2:5 al.; JosAs 2:17) Mt 24:2; Mk 13:1f (LGaston, No Stone on Another, ’70 [fall of Jerus.]); Lk 19:44; 21:6 (λίθος ἐπὶ λίθῳ as Aristippus Fgm. 20 FPhGr [in Diog. L. 2, 72]); Hv 3, 2, 4–9; 3, 4, 2f; 3, 5, 1–3; 3, 6, 3; 6f; 3, 7, 1; 5; Hs 9, 3, 3ff al.; λ. καλοί costly stone(s) (prob. kinds of marble; cp. Diod S 1, 66, 3 κάλλιστοι λίθοι; Jos., Ant. 15, 392) Lk 21:5.—1 Cor 3:12 is also classed here by Blass and Dssm., Pls² 1925, 245f (Paul, 1926, 212ff); s. b below.

ⓑ of precious stones, jewels (TestSol 1:3 al.; TestAbr, JosAs, Joseph.; Ant. 17, 197; Synes., Ep. 3 p. 158b) λίθος καθαρός Rv 15:6 v.l. Mostly in the combination λίθος τίμιος (τιμιώτατος) and mentioned beside gold, silver, or even pearls (Appian, Liby. 66 §297; Herodian 5, 2, 4; Da 11:38 Theod.; 2 Km 12:30; TestSol 1:6; TestAbr A 6 p. 83, 23 [Stone p. 14]; JosAs 2:3; 18:4; cp. TestAbr A 3 p. 80, 12 [Stone p. 8] πολύτιμοι; TestJob 28:5 πολυτελεῖς, ἔνδοξοι; JosAs 2:7 al. πολυτελεῖς); Rv 17:4; 18:12, 16; 21:11, 19 (s. the lit. s.v. ἀμέθυστος. Also FCumont³ 246, 87). Likewise in 1 Cor 3:12 the way in which the word is used scarcely permits another mng., and hence we must assume (unless it is enough to think of the edifice as adorned w. precious stones [Diod S 3, 47, 6f: the use of gold, silver, and precious stones in the building of palaces in Sabae; Lucian, Imag. 11 ὁ νεὼς λίθοις τ. πολυτελέσιν ἠσκημένος κ. χρυσῷ]) that Paul either had in mind imaginary buildings (Ps.-Callisth. 3, 28, 4: in the city of Helios on the Red Sea there are 12 πύργοι χρυσῷ καὶ σμαράγδῳ ᾠκοδομημένοι• τὸ δὲ τεῖχος ἐκ λίθου Ἰνδικοῦ κτλ.) as Rv 21:18ff; Is 54:11f; Tob 13:17, or simply mentioned the costliest materials, without considering whether they could actually be used in erecting a building (in Phoenix of Colophon [III B.C.] 1, 9: AnthLG I/3³ ’54 Diehl the rich snob thinks of houses ἐγ [=ἐκ] λίθου σμαραγδίτου. S. χρυσίον.—S. a above).—λ. ἴασπις (q.v.) Rv 4:3.

ⓒ of millstones λ. μυλικός Lk 17:2. Two times as v.l. for μύλος ὀνικός: Mt 18:6; Mk 9:42. v.l. λ. ὡς μύλινος Rv 18:21.

ⓓ of large stones used to seal graves (Chariton 3, 3, 1 παραγενόμενος εὗρε τ. λίθους κεκινημένους κ. φανερὰν τὴν εἴσοδον) Mt 27:60, 66; 28:2; Mk 15:46; 16:3f; Lk 24:2; J 11:38f, 41; 20:1; GPt 8:32 al. Also of the tables of the Mosaic law 2 Cor 3:7.

ⓔ of stone images of the gods (Dt 4:28; Ezk 20:32; Just., D. 113, 6) Ac 17:29; 2 Cl 1:6; cp. PtK 2 p. 14, 14; Dg 2:2.

ⓕ in imagery relating to God’s people and the transcendent (in the pass. fr. Hv 3 and Hs 9 mentioned in 2a above, the tower and its stones are symbolic): of Christ (cp. Just., D. 86, 3) λ. ζῶν 1 Pt 2:4. Likew. of the Christians λίθοι ζῶντες living stones (in the spiritual temple) vs. 5 (JPlumpe, Vivum saxum, vivi lapides: Traditio 1, ’43, 1–14). ὡς ὄντες λίθοι ναοῦ πατρός as building-stones of the Father’s temple IEph 9:1. 1 Pt and B 6:2c, 3 (s. LBarnard, Studia Evangelica, ed. FCross, ’64, III, 306–13: NT and B) also refer to Christ as the λ. ἐκλεκτὸς ἀκρογωνιαῖος 1 Pt 2:6 (cp. Is 28:16; ESiegman, CBQ 18, ’56, 364–79; JElliott, The Elect and the Holy ’66, esp. 16–38; s. ἀκρογωνιαῖος), the λ., ὸ̔ν ἀπεδοκίμασαν οἱ οἰκοδομοῦντες vs. 7 (Ps 117:22)—likew. Mt 21:42; Mk 12:10; Lk 20:17; cp. Ac 4:11; Eph 2:20 v.l. (for lit. s. on κεφαλή 2b)—and finally the λ. προσκόμματος 1 Pt 2:8 (Is 8:14)—likew. Ro 9:32f. The same OT (Is 8:14f) infl. is felt in Mt 21:44; Lk 20:18 (Daimachus [IV B.C.]: 65 Fgm. 8 Jac. speaks in his work περὶ εὐσεβείας of the fall of a holy stone fr. heaven πεσεῖν τὸν λίθον).—SKottek, Names, Roots and Stones in Jewish Lore: Proceedings XXXII Intern. Congr. of History of Medicine, Antwerp n.d. [’91] 63–74; also idem: ANRW II/37/3 p. 2855 n. 53 on use of stones in antiquity. B. 51; 442. DELG. M-M. TW. Spicq.

μάρτυς, μάρτυρος, ὁ dat. pl. μάρτυσιν (Pind., Hdt.+; ins, pap, LXX; TestAbr A 13 p. 92, 22 [Stone p. 32]; TestLevi 19:3; Philo, Joseph.; apolog. exc. Ar.)

① one who testifies in legal matters, witness (Just., A I, 23, 3; Ath. 3, 2) Ac 7:58; Mt 18:16; 2 Cor 13:1; 1 Ti 5:19 (the last 3 after Dt 19:15; cp. Jos., Vi. 256 and Hipponax [VI B.C.] 47 D.³ ἐλθὼν σὺν τριοῖσι μάρτυσιν); Hb 10:28 (Dt 17:6.—ἐπὶ μάρτυσι also Appian, Bell. Civ. 3, 14 §49). τί ἔτι χρείαν ἔχομεν μαρτύρων; what further need have we of witnesses? (Pla., Rep. 1, 340a τί δεῖται μάρτυρος; αὐτὸς γὰρ ὁ Θρασύμαχος ὁμολογεῖ) Mt 26:65; Mk 14:63. μάρτυρες ψευδεῖς false witnesses (Demosth. 29, 28) Ac 6:13 (Mel., P. 79, 572). There is a suggestion of bureaucratic protocol relating to the account of the prudent and blameless men whom the Roman church sent to Corinth and who μάρτυρες ἔσονται μεταξὺ ὑμῶν κ. ἡμῶν 1 Cl 63:3.

② one who affirms or attests, testifier, witness transf. sense of mng. 1, of anyone who can or should testify to anything.

ⓐ of God (or the exalted Christ) as witness (deities as witnesses oft. Pind. et al.; Philo; Jos., Bell. 1, 595, Ant. 1, 209; TestLevi 19:3; SibOr, Fgm. 1, 4; Just., A II, 12, 4 θεὸν … μάρτυρα ἔχοντες. Orig., C. Cels. 1, 46, 26 θεὸς [sc. ἐστιν] μ. τοῦ ἡμετέρου συνειδότος); as a formula God is my witness (that I am telling the truth) Ro 1:9; Phil 1:8; shortened θεὸς μ. 1 Th 2:5; cp. vs. 10 (here also Jos., Ant. 15, 130 μ. ὑμᾶς ποιούμενος). μ. μοι ἐν ᾧ δέδεμαι IPhld 7:2. μάρτυρα τὸν θεὸν ἐπικαλεῖσθαι call upon God as witness 2 Cor 1:23 (cp. 1 Km 12:5f; 20:23; Polyb. 11, 6, 4 τ. θεοὺς ἐπικαλέσεσθε μάρτυρας; Heliod. 1, 25, 1; Galen VI 775 Kühn; likewise of calling upon deities, Hippol., Ref. 9, 15, 6: τοὺς ἑπτὰ μάρτυρας μαρτύρομαι).

ⓑ of humans (cp. Pind. O. 4, 5): witnessing by eye and ear (X., Ages. 4, 5; Pla., Ep. 1 p. 309a; Aelian, VH 10, 6; Jos., Ant. 18, 299; Tat. 31, 1; 36, 1) 1 Th 2:10; 1 Ti 6:12; 2 Ti 2:2.—Also of those witnesses whose faith is tried and true τοσοῦτον νέφος μαρτύρων Hb 12:1.—Of witnesses of events which they know about, without having experienced them personally (acc. to Strabo 7, 3, 7 p. 300 Hesiod is μάρτυς with regard to the Scythians): the teachers of the law bear witness to the murder of the prophets by their ancestors, by erecting tombs for the prophets Lk 11:48 (μαρτυρεῖτε v.l.).

ⓒ of witnesses who bear a divine message (Epict. 3, 26, 28 God uses the wise men as his μάρτυρες) Rv 11:3 (though the mng. approaches martyr [s. 3 below] here; cp. vs. 7. S. DHaugg, D. zwei Zeugen-Apk 11:1–13, ’36; JConsidine, CBQ 8, ’46. 377–92). In this sense, above all, of Jesus’ disciples as the witnesses of his life, death, and resurrection: ἔσεσθέ μου μάρτυρες you will be my witnesses Ac 1:8; cp. 13:31 (Ps.-Demetr. 222 μάρτυς σου γίνεται). W. obj. gen. of the thing witnessed: witness for/of (Jos., C. Ap. 1, 4 τῶν ὑπʼ ἐμοῦ λεγομένων μ., Ant. 4, 40; ἀληθείας μ. of Polycarp Iren. 3, 3, 4 [Harv. II 13, 4]; παραδόσεως of the Ephesian congregation 3, 3, 4 [Harv. II 15, 6]; Orig., C. Cels. 1, 47, 24) Lk 24:48; Ac 1:22; 3:15; 5:32; 10:39; 26:16. μ. τῶν τοῦ Χριστοῦ παθημάτων a witness of the sufferings of Christ 1 Pt 5:1. ἔσῃ μ. αὐτῷ πρὸς πάντας ἀνθρώπους you will be a witness for him to all people Ac 22:15 (Epict. 3, 24, 113 μ. πρὸς τοὺς ἄλλους).—10:41. Danker, Benefactor 442–47.

③ one who witnesses at cost of life, martyr, in the usage of the persecuted church τὸ αἷμα Στεφάνου τοῦ μάρτυρός σου Ac 22:20. Of Antipas ὁ μ. μου ὁ πιστός μου Rv 2:13 (cp. Pind., P. 1, 88 μάρτυρες πιστοί=dependable witnesses; on the textual problems of Rv 2:13 s. RBorger, TRu 52, ’87, 45–47). Onesimus μ. Χριστοῦ γεγένηται Phlm subscr. v.l. Gener. μάρτυρες Ἰησοῦ Rv 17:6; cp. MPol 2:2; 14:2; 15:2; 16:2 v.l.; 17:3; 19:1. Of Zacharias μ. εἰμι τοῦ θεοῦ GJs 25:3 (s. de Strycker ad loc.). Since Rv also calls Jesus (as well as Antipas) ὁ μάρτυς ὁ πιστός 1:5; 3:14, these pass. are prob. to be classed here (cp. Ps 88:38), but with awareness of strong focus in all the NT passages in this classification on the fact of witness. The death of Jesus was early regarded as the first martyrdom.—For an analysis of the question how μάρτυς=‘witness’ came to mean ‘martyr’, s. FKattenbusch, ZNW 4, 1903, 111ff; KHoll, variously, then Gesamm. Aufsätze II 1928, 103ff; ASchlatter, BFChTh 19, 3, 1915; PCorssen, NJklA 35, 1915, 481ff, 37, 1916, 424ff, ZNW 15, 1914, 221ff w. several continuations until 18, 1917, 249ff, Sokrates 6, 1918, 106ff; Rtzst., Hist. Mon. 1916, 85; 257, NGG 1916, 417ff, Her 52, 1917, 442ff; FDornseiff, ARW 22, 1923/24, 133ff; HDelehaye, Analecta Bollandiana 39, 1921, 20ff, Sanctus 1927 (²’33), 74ff (75, 1 lit.). ELohmeyer, D. Idee des Martyriums im Judent. u. Urchristent.: ZST 5, 1927/28, 232–49; GFitzer, D. Begriff des μ. im Judent. u. Urchristent., diss. Bresl. 1929; HLietzmann, Martys: Pauly-W. XIV 2, 1930, 2044–52; OMichel, Prophet u. Märt. ’32; RCasey, Μάρτυς: Beginn. I 5, ’33, 30–37; EStauffer, Märtyrertheologie u. Täuferbewegg.: ZKG 52, ’33, 545–98; DRiddle, The Martyr Motif in Mk: JR 4, 1924, 174–91, Hb, 1 Cl and the Persecution of Domitian: JBL 43, 1924, 329–48, From Apocalypse to Martyrology: ATR 9, 1927, 260–80, The Martyrs: A Study in Social Control ’31, Die Verfolgungslogien im formgesch. u. soziol. Bed.: ZNW 33, ’34, 271–89; HvCampenhausen, D. Idee des Martyriums in d. alten Kirche² ’64; EPeterson, Zeuge d. Wahrh. ’37; EBurnier, Le notion de témoignage dans le NT ’37; HSurkau, Martyrien in jüd. u. frühchristl. Zt. ’38; HFischel, Martyr and Prophet (in Jewish lit.), JQR 37, ’46/47, 265–80; 363–86; EGünther, Μάρτυς, D. Gesch. eines Wortes ’41, Zeuge u. Märtyrer, ZNW 47, ’56, 145–61. ELohse, Märtyrer u. Gottesknecht ’55; HvanVliet, No Single Testimony (Dt 19:15) ’58; NBrox, Zeuge u. Märtyrer ’61.—B. 1436; ATrites, Μάρτυς and Martyrdom in the Apocalypse, A Semantic Study: NovT 15, ’73, 72–80, The NT Concept of Witness ’77; GDragas, Martyrdom and Orthodoxy in the NT Era: Greek Orthodox Theological Review 30, ’85, 287–96; PVassiliadis, The Translation of μαρτυρία Ιησοῦ in Rv: BT 36, ’85, 129–34; M-ERosenblatt, Paul the Accused ’95, 1–21; Kl. Pauly III 1059f; BHHW II 1156f.—DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Spicq. Sv.

περιβάλλω fut. περιβαλῶ; 2 aor. περιέβαλον, impv. περίβαλε, inf. περιβαλεῖν. Mid.: fut. περιβαλοῦμαι; 2 aor. περιεβαλόμην. Pass.: aor. ptc. pl. περιβληθέντες Wsd 19:17; pf. ptc. περιβεβλημένος (Hom.+)

① to encompass by erecting someth. around, lay, put around, of an encircled city (περιβ. of the walling of a city by its inhabitants: Aelian, VH 6, 12; Palaeph. 17; SIG 344, 14; Pr 28:4. Of a piece of ground that is fenced in: POxy 707, 32) περιβαλοῦσιν οἱ ἐχθροί σου χάρακά σοι throw up an embankment around you Lk 19:43 v.l. (for παρεμβαλοῦσιν; cp. Nearchus of Crete [c. 300 B.C.]: 133 Fgm. 1, 33, 10 Jac.; Arrian, Anab. 5, 23, 6 Ἀλέξανδρος χάρακι περιβάλλει τ. πόλιν; Ezk 4:2; s. χάραξ).

② to put on, esp. of articles of clothing, put on

ⓐ τί τινι someth. on someone (TestLevi 8:7; cp. Plut., Popl. 99 [5, 3] ἱμάτια τοῖς τραχήλοις; Ps.-Clem., Hom. 8, 22); hence (or fr. d below) the mid. περιβάλλομαί τι put someth. on (oneself) (Hom. et al.; 1 Km 28:8; 4 Km 19:1; Jon 3:8; Is 37:1; TestAbr A 17 p. 99, 14 [Stone p. 46]; TestNapht 6:8; JosAs 3:9; 15:10) τί περιβαλώμεθα; Mt 6:31. Cp. Ac 12:8; Rv 19:8. περιβέβλημαί τι have put someth. on, wear as a garment (EpJer 11; Da 12:6f; AscIs 2:10; Jos., Ant. 8, 207; Mel., P. 19, 132) νεανίσκον περιβεβλημένον στολὴν λευκήν Mk 16:5 (Lucian, Philops. 25 of a messenger from heaven: νεανίας λευκὸν ἱμάτιον περιβεβλημένος). Cp. Rv 7:9, 13; 11:3; 17:4; 18:16; 19:13; GPt 13:55. ἄγγελον περιβεβλημένον νεφέλην Rv 10:1. γυνὴ περιβεβλημένη τὸν ἥλιον 12:1. περιβεβλημένος σινδόνα ἐπὶ γυμνοῦ who wore (nothing but) a linen cloth on his naked body Mk 14:51.

ⓑ τινά τινι clothe someone in someth. (Eur. et al.) περιβεβλημένη πορφυρᾷ καὶ κοκκίνῳ Rv 17:4 t.r. (Erasmian rdg.; cp. Pla., Critias 116c περιβεβλημένος περιβόλῳ χρυσῷ; 3 Km 11:29).

ⓒ περιβάλλεσθαι ἔν τινι clothe oneself in or with someth. (Dt 22:12; 1 Ch 21:16; Ps 44:10, 14) Rv 3:5; 4:4.

ⓓ w. a double acc. τινά τι put someth. on someone (Ezk 27:7.—B-D-F §155, 5; Rob. 483) ἱμάτιον πορφυροῦν περιέβαλον αὐτόν J 19:2. Cp. GPt 3:7. The acc. of pers. is easily supplied Lk 23:11.

ⓔ with no mention of the garment περιβάλλω τινά clothe someone (Ezk 18:7, 16; TestJob 39, 7) Mt 25:36, 43; B 3:3 (Is 58:7); w. the acc. supplied Mt 25:38. Mid. περιβάλλομαι dress oneself (Hg 1:6; Lev 13:45) Mt 6:29; Lk 12:27; Rv 3:18.

③ to envelop someone in torture, thereby involving the pers. in misfortune (Eur. et al.; PSI 330, 7 [258/257 B.C.]; 3 Macc 6:26 τοὺς … περιέβαλεν αἰκίαις; Jos., Ant. 2, 276; cp. EpArist 208; 167; Tat. 19, 1 θανάτῳ περιβαλεῖν), fig. ext. of the prim. mng. ‘put around’, τοὺς δουλεύοντας τῷ θεῷ εἰς αἰκίαν περιβαλεῖν treat cruelly those who serve God 1 Cl 45:7.—M-M.