-
1 OUR
As described in the entry WE, the 3rd person pl. pronouns distinguish plural forms from dual (depending on whether two or more persons are involved) and exclusive forms from inclusive (depending on whether the party addressed is included in “we/our”). Tolkien revised the relevant endings repeatedly. According to one late resolution described in VT49:16, the endings for exclusive “our” are –lma in the plural and –mma as a dual form, hence *aldalma “our tree” (with an “our” of at least three persons, not including the party addressed), but *aldamma “our tree = my and one other person’s tree”. The corresponding inclusive forms are –lwa (plural) and –ngwa (dual). Since the subject ending corresponding to the former is attested as “-lwe, –lve” (VT49:51), –lwa can surely also appear as *-lva, as in *omentielva “our meeting” (attested in the genitive case: omentielvo “of our meeting”, WJ:367). Hence *aldalwa/aldalva “our tree” (an “our” of at least three persons, including the party addressed), dual *aldangwa “our tree = thy and my tree”. – An independent word for plural exclusive "our" appears in VT43:19, 35: menya (also menyë modifying a plural noun). The corresponding plural inclusive form should apparently be *venya (pl. *venyë) for archaic *wenya (pl. wenyai > wenyë). The dual forms would most likely be *mentya (excl.) and *ventya (incl.); compare me, we/ve as the independent pronouns for “we” (with dual forms met, wet/*vet and dative forms *ment, * went/vent, from which the independent possessive pronouns are apparently derived by adding the adjectival ending -ya). – Notice that in an earlier conceptual phase, the forms in –mm- were plural (not as later dual) inclusive, and the forms in –lm- were plural inclusive rather than exclusive. This is why the word translated “of our meeting” appeared as omentielmo in the first edition of LotR, but was changed to omentielvo in the Second Edition. Cf. also Átaremma “our Father” as the first word of Tolkien’s translation of the Lord’s Prayer (VT43:12); this “our” is obviously meant to be plural exclusive rather than dual as it later became (according to Tolkien’s later conventions, “our Father” would be *Átarelma when a group of three or more persons addresses a party not included in “our”, in this case the Father himself).
См. также в других словарях:
phase in — verb introduce gradually • Ant: ↑phase out • Hypernyms: ↑introduce, ↑innovate • Verb Frames: Somebody s something * * * phase in ● phase … Useful english dictionary
phase out — verb terminate gradually • Ant: ↑phase in • Hypernyms: ↑end, ↑terminate • Verb Frames: Somebody s something * * * [verb] wind down, close, ease off, eliminate, pull out, remove, run down, terminate, wind up, withdraw … Useful english dictionary
phase-contrast microscope — noun see phase microscope * * * phase contrast microscope or phase difference microscope noun One in which phase differences due to the refractive index of cellular components are converted to differences of light intensity, of particular value… … Useful english dictionary
phase-difference microscope — noun see phase microscope * * * phase contrast microscope or phase difference microscope noun One in which phase differences due to the refractive index of cellular components are converted to differences of light intensity, of particular value… … Useful english dictionary
Entry-Inhibitor — Entry Inhibitoren sind Arzneistoffe aus der Gruppe der Virostatika. Sie inhibitieren (unterbrechen) den Eintritt bestimmter Viren in die Wirtszelle. Es gibt drei Schlüsselstellen im Eintrittsvorgang an denen Entry Inhibitoren ansetzen: Bindung… … Deutsch Wikipedia
Entry inhibitor — Entry inhibitors, also known as fusion inhibitors, are a class of antiretroviral drugs, used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection. This class of drugs interferes with the binding, fusion and entry of an HIV virion to a human… … Wikipedia
phase something in — INTRODUCE GRADUALLY, begin to use, ease in. → phase * * * ˌphase sthˈin derived to introduce or start using sth gradually in stages over a period of time • The new tax will be phased in over two years. Main entry: ↑phasederived … Useful english dictionary
phase something out — WITHDRAW GRADUALLY, discontinue, stop using, run down, wind down. → phase * * * ˌphase sthˈout derived to stop using sth gradually in stages over a period of time • Subsidies to farmers will be phased out by next year. Main entry: ↑phasederived … Useful english dictionary
phase 2 — in cardiac physiology, the phase representing the plateau of the action potential, which contributes to the refractory period of the heart; there is a slow entry of calcium into the cell. It is the result of a balance between inward and outward… … Medical dictionary
in phase — ► in (or out of) phase in (or out of) synchrony. Main Entry: ↑phase … English terms dictionary
out of phase — ► in (or out of) phase in (or out of) synchrony. Main Entry: ↑phase … English terms dictionary
