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engineer+by+training

  • 21 Clark, Edwin

    SUBJECT AREA: Civil engineering
    [br]
    b. 7 January 1814 Marlow, Buckinghamshire, England
    d. 22 October 1894 Marlow, Buckinghamshire, England
    [br]
    English civil engineer.
    [br]
    After a basic education in mathematics, latin, French and geometry, Clark was articled to a solicitor, but he left after two years because he did not like the work. He had no permanent training otherwise, and for four years he led an idle life, becoming self-taught in the subjects that interested him. He eventually became a teacher at his old school before entering Cambridge, although he returned home after two years without taking a degree. He then toured the European continent extensively, supporting himself as best he could. He returned to England in 1839 and obtained further teaching posts. With the railway boom in progress he decided to become a surveyor and did some work on a proposed line between Oxford and Brighton.
    After being promised an interview with Robert Stephenson, he managed to see him in March 1846. Stephenson took a liking to Clark and asked him to investigate the strains on the Britannia Bridge tubes under various given conditions. This work so gained Stephenson's full approval that, after being entrusted with experiments and designs, Clark was appointed Resident Engineer for the Britannia Bridge across the Menai Straits. He not only completed the bridge, which was opened on 19 October 1850, but also wrote the history of its construction. After the completion of the bridge—and again without any professional experience—he was appointed Engineer-in-Chief to the Electric and International Telegraph Company. He was consulted by Captain Mark Huish of the London \& North Western Railway on a telegraphic system for the railway, and in 1853 he introduced the Block Telegraph System.
    Clark was engaged on the Crystal Palace and was responsible for many railway bridges in Britain and abroad. He was Engineer and part constructor of the harbour at Callao, Peru, and also of harbour works at Colón, Panama. On canal works he was contractor for the marine canal, the Morskoy Canal, in 1875 between Kronstadt and St Petersburg. His great work on canals, however, was the concept with Edward Leader Williams of the hydraulically operated barge lift at Anderton, Cheshire, linking the Weaver Navigation to the Trent \& Mersey Canal, whose water levels have a vertical separation of 50 ft (15 m). This was opened on 26 July 1875. The structure so impressed the French engineers who were faced with a bottleneck of five locks on the Neuffossée Canal south of Saint-Omer that they commissioned Clark to design a lift there. This was completed in 1878 and survives as a historic monument. The design was also adopted for four lifts on the Canal du Centre at La Louvière in Belgium, but these were not completed until after Clark's death.
    JHB

    Biographical history of technology > Clark, Edwin

  • 22 Leonardo da Vinci

    [br]
    b. 15 April 1452 Vinci, near Florence, Italy,
    d. 2 May 1519 St Cloux, near Amboise, France.
    [br]
    Italian scientist, engineer, inventor and artist.
    [br]
    Leonardo was the illegitimate son of a Florentine lawyer. His first sixteen years were spent with the lawyer's family in the rural surroundings of Vinci, which aroused in him a lifelong love of nature and an insatiable curiosity in it. He received little formal education but extended his knowledge through private reading. That gave him only a smattering of Latin, a deficiency that was to be a hindrance throughout his active life. At sixteen he was apprenticed in the studio of Andrea del Verrochio in Florence, where he received a training not only in art but in a wide variety of crafts and technical arts.
    In 1482 Leonardo went to Milan, where he sought and obtained employment with Ludovico Sforza, later Duke of Milan, partly to sculpt a massive equestrian statue of Ludovico but the work never progressed beyond the full-scale model stage. He did, however, complete the painting which became known as the Virgin of the Rocks and in 1497 his greatest artistic achievement, The Last Supper, commissioned jointly by Ludovico and the friars of Santa Maria della Grazie and painted on the wall of the monastery's refectory. Leonardo was responsible for the court pageants and also devised a system of irrigation to supply water to the plains of Lombardy. In 1499 the French army entered Milan and deposed Leonardo's employer. Leonardo departed and, after a brief visit to Mantua, returned to Florence, where for a time he was employed as architect and engineer to Cesare Borgia, Duke of Romagna. Around 1504 he completed another celebrated work, the Mona Lisa.
    In 1506 Leonardo began his second sojourn in Milan, this time in the service of King Louis XII of France, who appointed him "painter and engineer". In 1513 Leonardo left for Rome in the company of his pupil Francesco Melzi, but his time there was unproductive and he found himself out of touch with the younger artists active there, Michelangelo above all. In 1516 he accepted with relief an invitation from King François I of France to reside at the small château of St Cloux in the royal domain of Amboise. With the pension granted by François, Leonardo lived out his remaining years in tranquility at St Cloux.
    Leonardo's career can hardly be regarded as a success or worthy of such a towering genius. For centuries he was known only for the handful of artistic works that he managed to complete and have survived more or less intact. His main activity remained hidden until the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, during which the contents of his notebooks were gradually revealed. It became evident that Leonardo was one of the greatest scientific investigators and inventors in the history of civilization. Throughout his working life he extended a searching curiosity over an extraordinarily wide range of subjects. The notes show careful investigation of questions of mechanical and civil engineering, such as power transmission by means of pulleys and also a form of chain belting. The notebooks record many devices, such as machines for grinding and polishing lenses, a lathe operated by treadle-crank, a rolling mill with conical rollers and a spinning machine with pinion and yard divider. Leonardo made an exhaustive study of the flight of birds, with a view to designing a flying machine, which obsessed him for many years.
    Leonardo recorded his observations and conclusions, together with many ingenious inventions, on thousands of pages of manuscript notes, sketches and drawings. There are occasional indications that he had in mind the publication of portions of the notes in a coherent form, but he never diverted his energy into putting them in order; instead, he went on making notes. As a result, Leonardo's impact on the development of science and technology was virtually nil. Even if his notebooks had been copied and circulated, there were daunting impediments to their understanding. Leonardo was left-handed and wrote in mirror-writing: that is, in reverse from right to left. He also used his own abbreviations and no punctuation.
    At his death Leonardo bequeathed his entire output of notes to his friend and companion Francesco Melzi, who kept them safe until his own death in 1570. Melzi left the collection in turn to his son Orazio, whose lack of interest in the arts and sciences resulted in a sad period of dispersal which endangered their survival, but in 1636 the bulk of them, in thirteen volumes, were assembled and donated to the Ambrosian Library in Milan. These include a large volume of notes and drawings compiled from the various portions of the notebooks and is now known as the Codex Atlanticus. There they stayed, forgotten and ignored, until 1796, when Napoleon's marauding army overran Italy and art and literary works, including the thirteen volumes of Leonardo's notebooks, were pillaged and taken to Paris. After the war in 1815, the French government agreed to return them but only the Codex Atlanticus found its way back to Milan; the rest remained in Paris. The appendix to one notebook, dealing with the flight of birds, was later regarded as of sufficient importance to stand on its own. Four small collections reached Britain at various times during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries; of these, the volume in the Royal Collection at Windsor Castle is notable for its magnificent series of anatomical drawings. Other collections include the Codex Leicester and Codex Arundel in the British Museum in London, and the Madrid Codices in Spain.
    Towards the end of the nineteenth century, Leonardo's true stature as scientist, engineer and inventor began to emerge, particularly with the publication of transcriptions and translations of his notebooks. The volumes in Paris appeared in 1881–97 and the Codex Atlanticus was published in Milan between 1894 and 1904.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    "Premier peintre, architecte et mécanicien du Roi" to King François I of France, 1516.
    Further Reading
    E.MacCurdy, 1939, The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci, 2 vols, London; 2nd edn, 1956, London (the most extensive selection of the notes, with an English translation).
    G.Vasari (trans. G.Bull), 1965, Lives of the Artists, London: Penguin, pp. 255–271.
    C.Gibbs-Smith, 1978, The Inventions of Leonardo da Vinci, Oxford: Phaidon. L.H.Heydenreich, Dibner and L. Reti, 1981, Leonardo the Inventor, London: Hutchinson.
    I.B.Hart, 1961, The World of Leonardo da Vinci, London: Macdonald.
    LRD / IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Leonardo da Vinci

  • 23 Stanley, Robert Crooks

    [br]
    b. 1 August 1876 Little Falls, New Jersey, USA
    d. 12 February 1951 USA
    [br]
    American mining engineer and metallurgist, originator of Monel Metal
    [br]
    Robert, the son of Thomas and Ada (Crooks) Stanley, helped to finance his early training at the Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey, by working as a manual training instructor at Montclair High School. After graduating in mechanical engineering from Stevens in 1899, and as a mining engineer from the Columbia School of Mines in 1901, he accepted a two-year assignment from the S.S.White Dental Company to investigate platinum-bearing alluvial deposits in British Columbia. This introduced him to the International Nickel Company (Inco), which had been established on 29 March 1902 to amalgamate the major mining companies working the newly discovered cupro-nickel deposits at Sudbury, Ontario. Ambrose Monell, President of Inco, appointed Stanley as Assistant Superintendent of its American Nickel Works at Camden, near Philadelphia, in 1903. At the beginning of 1904 Stanley was General Superintendent of the Orford Refinery at Bayonne, New Jersey, where most of the output of the Sudbury mines was treated.
    Copper and nickel were separated there from the bessemerized matte by the celebrated "tops and bottoms" process introduced thirteen years previously by R.M.Thompson. It soon occurred to Stanley that such a separation was not invariably required and that, by reducing directly the mixed matte, he could obtain a natural cupronickel alloy which would be ductile, corrosion resistant, and no more expensive to produce than pure copper or nickel. His first experiment, on 30 December 1904, was completely successful. A railway wagon full of bessemerized matte, low in iron, was calcined to oxide, reduced to metal with carbon, and finally desulphurized with magnesium. Ingots cast from this alloy were successfully forged to bars which contained 68 per cent nickel, 23 per cent copper and about 1 per cent iron. The new alloy, originally named after Ambrose Monell, was soon renamed Monel to satisfy trademark requirements. A total of 300,000 ft2 (27,870 m2) of this white, corrosion-resistant alloy was used to roof the Pennsylvania Railway Station in New York, and it also found extensive applications in marine work and chemical plant. Stanley greatly increased the output of the Orford Refinery during the First World War, and shortly after becoming President of the company in 1922, he established a new Research and Development Division headed initially by A.J.Wadham and then by Paul D. Merica, who at the US Bureau of Standards had first elucidated the mechanism of age-hardening in alloys. In the mid- 1920s a nickel-ore body of unprecedented size was identified at levels between 2,000 and 3,000 ft (600 and 900 m) below the Frood Mine in Ontario. This property was owned partially by Inco and partially by the Mond Nickel Company. Efficient exploitation required the combined economic resources of both companies. They merged on 1 January 1929, when Mond became part of International Nickel. Stanley remained President of the new company until February 1949 and was Chairman from 1937 until his death.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    American Society for Metals Gold Medal. Institute of Metals Platinum Medal 1948.
    Further Reading
    F.B.Howard-White, 1963, Nickel, London: Methuen (a historical review).
    ASD

    Biographical history of technology > Stanley, Robert Crooks

  • 24 technisch

    technisch I adj GEN technical technisch II adv GEN technically • technisch ausgereift IND high-tech • technisch fortgeschritten IND, WIWI technologically advanced • technisch möglich IND technically feasible
    * * *
    adj < Geschäft> technical
    adv < Geschäft> technically ■ technisch ausgereift < Ind> high-tech ■ technisch fortgeschritten <Ind, Vw> technologically advanced ■ technisch möglich < Ind> technically feasible
    * * *
    technisch
    technical, engineering;
    • technisch bewandert techno-savvy;
    • technische Abteilung engineering department;
    • technisch bedingte Arbeitslosigkeit technological unemployment;
    • großer technischer Aufwand major engineering;
    • technische Ausbildung technical training;
    • technische Ausführung technique;
    • technischer Außendienst customer engineering;
    • technischer Berater technical consultant (adviser);
    • technischer Beruf technical profession;
    • technische Beschaffenheit technicality;
    • technische Betriebsabteilung technical (engineering) department;
    • technischer Betriebsleiter chief engineer;
    • technisches Büro engineering department, technical office;
    • technische Daten engineering data;
    • technische Einrichtungen engineering facilities;
    • technische Einzelheiten technicalities, technical details;
    • technische Errungenschaft technical feat;
    • technische Formalitäten legal formalities;
    • technischer Fortschritt technological progress (advance);
    • technische Herausforderung engineering challenge;
    • technische Hilfeleistungen technical aid;
    • technischer Kaufmann sales engineer;
    • technischer Leiter technical manager (director);
    • technische Messe engineering fair;
    • technische Neuerungen technical innovations;
    • technische Normenvorschriften engineering standards;
    • technische Nothilfe Organization for the Maintenance of Supplies (Br.), Office of Emergency Preparedness (US);
    • technisches Personal engineering (technical) staff;
    • technische Produktionsanlagen production facilities;
    • technischer Rückstand technological gap;
    • technischer Stab engineering force (staff);
    • technischer Überwachungsverein (TÜV) technical control board;
    • technische Unterlagen technical data;
    • technische Unterstützung engineering support;
    • technische Verbesserung technical improvement;
    • technischer Verkäufer salesman engineer;
    • technisches Versagen breakdown;
    • technische Versicherung engineering insurance;
    • technischer Zeichner tracer, draughtsman, draftsman;
    • technische Zusammenarbeit technical collaboration;
    • technischer Zustand technicality;
    • technische Zuverlässigkeitsbescheinigung roadworthiness test certificate.
    ausgefeilt, technisch
    sophisticated.

    Business german-english dictionary > technisch

  • 25 бортинженер

    …189-day flight in "Soyuz TM" and OS "MIR" as flight engineer of the Russian-French crew for 12th primary expedition.
    The spaceship engineer went to the cosmonaut training centre.
    … engineer-cosmonaut Alexei Yeliseyev discusses spacecraft Soyuz…

    Русско-английский словарь по космонавтике > бортинженер

  • 26 подготовка

    ж

    подгото́вка к визи́ту — preparation(s) for a visit

    профессиона́льная подгото́вка — vocational training

    програ́мма подгото́вки инжене́ров — engineer training program(me)

    без подгото́вки — off-hand, off-the-cuff, extempore

    2) запас знаний grounding/schooling in (a subject)

    Русско-английский учебный словарь > подготовка

  • 27 инструктор

    бортинженер - инструктор
    training flight engineer
    время налета с инструктором
    flying dual instruction time
    инструктор по навигационным средствам
    navaids instructor
    инструктор по производству полетов
    flight operations instructor
    пилот - инструктор
    1. flight instructor
    2. training pilot 3. authorized pilot 4. pilot-instructor полет с инструктором
    1. dual operation
    2. dual flight тренировочный полет с инструктором
    training dual flight
    учебный полет с инструктором
    instructional dual flight

    Русско-английский авиационный словарь > инструктор

  • 28 бортинженер-инструктор

    1) Military: instructor engineer
    2) Engineering: training flight engineer

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > бортинженер-инструктор

  • 29 demander

    demander [d(ə)mɑ̃de]
    ➭ TABLE 1
    1. transitive verb
       a. ( = solliciter) to ask for ; [+ indemnité] to claim
    • demander un service or une faveur à qn to ask sb a favour
    • demander à voir qn/à parler à qn to ask to see sb/to speak to sb
    • demander à qn de faire or qu'il fasse qch to ask sb to do sth
    • puis-je vous demander (de me passer) du pain ? would you mind passing me some bread?
       b. ( = appeler) [+ médecin, prêtre] to send for
       c. (au téléphone, au bureau) [+ personne, numéro] to ask for
    • qui demandez-vous ? who do you wish to speak to?
       d. ( = désirer) to be asking for
    • ils demandent 80 € de l'heure they are asking for 80 euros an hour
    • je demande à voir ! (inf) I'll believe it when I see it!
    • je ne demande pas mieux ! I'll be only too pleased!
       e. ( = s'enquérir de) [+ nom, chemin] to ask
    • je ne t'ai rien demandé ! I didn't ask you!
    • on ne t'a pas demandé l'heure qu'il est or ton avis (inf: inf) who asked you?
       f. ( = nécessiter) [travail, décision] to require
       g. ( = exiger) demander qch à or de qn to ask sth of sb
    • il ne faut pas trop lui en demander ! you mustn't ask too much of him!
       h. [commerçant] il (en) demande 500 € he's asking 500 euros (for it)
    • « on demande: électricien » "electrician required"
    2. reflexive verb
    ► se demander ( = douter) to wonder
    • je me demandais si... I was wondering whether...
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    * * *
    dəmɑ̃de
    1.
    1) ( solliciter) to ask for [conseil, argent, aide]

    ‘le numéro que vous demandez n'est plus en service’ — ‘the number you have dialled [BrE] is unobtainable’

    je demande à voir — (colloq) that'll be the day (colloq)

    je ne t'ai rien demandé! — (colloq) I wasn't talking to you!

    3) ( faire venir) to send for [médecin, prêtre]

    ‘un vendeur est demandé à l'accueil’ — ‘would a salesman please come to reception’

    le patron vous demande — ( dans son bureau) the boss wants to see you; ( au téléphone) the boss wants to speak to you

    4) ( nécessiter) [travail, tâche] to require [effort, qualification]; [plante, animal] to need [attention]

    demander à être revu — [sujet, texte] to need revision

    5) ( requérir) to call for [peine, réformes]; Droit to sue for [divorce, dommages-intérêts]

    2.
    se demander verbe pronominal

    se demander si/pourquoi — to wonder whether/why

    * * *
    d(ə)mɑ̃de vt
    1) [heure, chemin, prix, dimensions] to ask

    Nous avons demandé notre chemin à un chauffeur de taxi. — We asked a taxi driver the way.

    demander si... — to ask if..., to ask whether...

    Va demander si c'est gratuit. — Go and ask if it's free.

    2) [service, permission, aide] to ask for

    J'ai demandé la permission. — I've asked for permission.

    Je lui ai demandé un renseignement concernant... — I asked him for some information about...

    ne pas demander la lune fig Je ne demande pas la lune. — I'm not asking for the moon.

    demander la main de qn — to ask for sb's hand, to ask for sb's hand in marriage

    demander à faire qch — to ask if one can do sth, to ask to do sth

    Elle a demandé à parler au directeur. — She asked if she could speak to the headteacher., She asked to speak to the headteacher.

    Je lui ai demandé de m'aider. — I asked him to help me.

    demander que; Ils ont demandé qu'on leur rembourse le prix du voyage. — They asked to be reimbursed for the cost of the journey.

    3) [personnel] to be looking for

    Ils demandent 2 secrétaires et un ingénieur. — They're looking for 2 secretaries and an engineer.

    En ce moment on demande beaucoup de linguistes. — Linguists are very much in demand at the moment.

    4) (au téléphone) [interlocuteur] to ask for

    Il vous demande, qu'est-ce que je dis? — He's asking for you, what shall I say?, He wants to speak to you, what shall I say?

    On vous demande au téléphone. — You're wanted on the phone., There's someone on the phone for you.

    Il demande M. Duval, qu'est-ce que je dis? — He wants to see M. Duval, what shall I say?

    6) (= requérir, nécessiter) to require
    * * *
    demander verb table: aimer
    A vtr
    1 ( solliciter) to ask for [conseil, argent, aide, permission]; demander l'addition or la note to ask for the bill GB ou check US; demander la démission de qn to ask for sb's resignation; demander la parole to ask for permission to speak; demander de l'argent à qn to ask sb for money; demander des renforts Mil to ask for reinforcements; fig to ask for support; demander l'autorisation or la permission à qn to ask sb's permission (de faire to do); demander conseil à qn to ask sb's advice; demander le report/l'annulation de la réunion, demander que la réunion soit reportée/annulée to request that the meeting be postponed/cancelledGB; il a demandé que tout le monde assiste à la réunion he asked everybody to attend the meeting; demander que le travail soit terminé to ask for the work to be completed; demander l'asile politique to apply for political asylum; demander la libération/condamnation de qn to call for sb's release/conviction; le policier m'a demandé mes papiers the policeman asked to see my papers; demander la main de qn to ask for sb's hand; demander qn en mariage to propose to sb; ‘le numéro que vous demandez n'est plus en service’ ‘the number you have dialledGB is unobtainable’; on demande un plombier/ingénieur ( dans une offre d'emploi) plumber/engineer required GB ou wanted; elle a demandé à rester/sortir she asked if she could stay/go out; demander à rencontrer qn to ask to meet sb; ⇒ reste;
    2 ( enjoindre) demander à qn de faire to ask sb to do; nous vous demandons de ne pas fumer/prendre de photos may we ask you not to smoke/take photographs; on a demandé aux spectateurs de rester calme the audience was told to stay calm; fais ce qu'on te demande! do as you're told!; tout ce que je te demande c'est de faire un effort all I ask is that you make an effort;
    3 ( souhaiter) il demande beaucoup de son personnel he expects a lot of his staff; il n'en demandait pas tant he didn't expect all that; je/il ne demande pas mieux que de partir there's nothing I/he would like better than to go; aller au théâtre? je ne demande pas mieux! go to the theatreGB? I'd love to!; les aider? mais je ne demande pas mieux help them? but I'd be delighted to; je ne demande que ça! that's exactly what I want!; il ne demande qu'à travailler/te croire he'd really like to work/to believe you; je demande à voir○ that'll be the day○; il ne faut pas trop leur en demander you mustn't expect too much of them;
    4 ( interroger sur) demander qch à qn to ask sb sth; demander son chemin (à qn) to ask (sb) the way; demander l'heure to ask the time; il m'a demandé de tes nouvelles he asked me how you were getting on GB ou along; demande-lui son nom ask him/her his name/her name; demander à qn comment/pourquoi/si to ask sb how/why/whether; j'ai demandé à Paul s'il viendrait I asked Paul if he was coming; demande-lui comment il a fait ask him how he did it; ‘est-il parti?’ demanda-t-il ‘has he left?’ he asked; je ne t'ai rien demandé○! I wasn't talking to you!; de qui se moque-t-on, je vous le demande○! what do they think they're playing at?, I ask you! GB;
    5 ( faire venir) to send for [médecin, prêtre]; ‘un vendeur est demandé à l'accueil’ ‘would a salesman please come to the reception’; le patron vous demande ( dans son bureau) the boss wants to see you ou is asking for you; ( au téléphone) the boss wants to speak to you; on vous demande au parloir/téléphone you're wanted in the visitors' room/on the phone;
    6 ( nécessiter) [travail, tâche] to require [effort, attention, qualification]; [plante, animal] to need [attention]; le tennis demande une grande énergie/concentration tennis requires a lot of energy/concentration; mon travail demande une attention constante/une formation spécifique my work requires total concentration/special training; demander à être revu/discuté/approfondi [sujet, texte] to need revision/discussion/more in-depth treatment;
    7 Jur [tribunal] to call for [peine, expertise]; [personne] to sue ou ask for [divorce]; to sue for [dommages-intérêts]; elle a décidé de demander le divorce/des dommages-intérêts she's decided to sue for divorce/damages.
    1 ( s'interroger) se demander si/pourquoi/comment/où/ce que to wonder whether/why/how/where/what; il se demande quel sera son prochain travail he wonders what his next job will be; je me demande ce qu'elle a bien pu devenir I wonder what on earth○ became of her; ‘tu crois qu'elle l'a fait exprès?’-‘je me demande’ ‘do you think she did it on purpose?’-‘I wonder’; c'est à se demander si le bonheur existe it makes you wonder whether there's such a thing as happiness; tu ne t'es jamais demandé pourquoi? have you ever wondered why ou asked yourself why?;
    2 ( être demandé) ce genre de choses ne se demande pas it's not the kind of thing you ask; cela ne se demande même pas! ( c'est évident) what a stupid question!
    [dəmɑ̃de] verbe transitif
    1. [solliciter - rendez-vous, conseil, addition] to ask for (inseparable), to request ; [ - emploi, visa] to apply for
    demander l'aumône ou la charité to ask for charity, to beg for alms
    demander le divorce to petition ou to file for divorce
    demander grâce to ask ou to beg for mercy
    je vous demande pardon, mais c'est ma place I beg your pardon, but this is my seat
    il suffisait de demander you only had to ou all you had to do was ask
    2. [exiger - indemnité, dommages] to claim, to demand ; [ - rançon] to demand, to ask for
    en demander: il ne faut pas trop m'en demander/lui en demander you mustn't ask too much of me/him, you shouldn't expect too much of me/him
    il en demande 500 euros he wants ou he's asking 500 euros for it
    demander que: tout ce que je demande, c'est qu'on me laisse seul all I want ou ask is to be left alone
    qui ne demande rien n'a rien if you don't ask, you don't get
    tu es riche et célèbre, que demande le peuple? (familier) you're rich and famous, what more do you want?
    partir sans demander son compte ou son reste to leave without further ado ou without so much as a by-your-leave (humoristique)
    3. [réclamer la présence de - généralement] to want ; [ - médecin] to send for (inseparable), to call (for) ; [ - prêtre] to ask for (inseparable)
    on te demande au téléphone/aux urgences you're wanted on the telephone/in casualty
    [au téléphone]
    demandez-moi le siège à Paris/M. Blanc get me the head office in Paris/Mr Blanc
    4. [chercher à savoir] to ask
    j'ai demandé de tes nouvelles à Marie I asked for news of you from Marie, I asked Marie about you
    on ne t'a rien demandé (à toi)! nobody asked YOU, nobody asked for YOUR opinion!
    à quoi sert la police, je vous le demande ou je vous demande un peu! (familier) what are the police for, I ask you?
    5. [faire venir - ambulance, taxi] to send for (separable), to call (for)
    6. [chercher à recruter - vendeur, ingénieur] to want, to require
    ‘on demande un livreur’ ‘delivery boy wanted ou required’
    on demande beaucoup de secrétaires there's a great demand for secretaries, secretaries are in great demand
    7. [nécessiter] to need, to require, to call for (inseparable)
    ça demande réflexion it needs thinking about, it needs some thought
    ————————
    demander à verbe plus préposition
    je ne demande qu'à vous embaucher/aider I'm more than willing to hire/help you
    ————————
    demander après verbe plus préposition
    a. [ils t'ont réclamé] they asked for you
    b. [pour avoir de tes nouvelles] they asked how you were ou after you
    ————————
    se demander verbe pronominal (emploi passif)
    ————————
    se demander verbe pronominal intransitif
    on est en droit de se demander pourquoi/comment/si... one may rightfully ask oneself why/how/whether...

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > demander

  • 30 Juran, Joseph Moses

    (b. 1904) Gen Mgt
    Romanian-born engineer and consultant. Introduced ideas on total quality management to Japan and later, like W. Edwards Deming, to the West. Juran’s methods, first published in Quality Control Handbook (1951), center on building a customerfocused organization through planning, control and improvement, and good people management.
         Juran trained as an electrical engineer, worked for Western Electric in the 1920s, becoming quality manager at their Chicago plant, and later went to work for AT&T. In 1953, he made his first visit to Japan, where he spent two months observing Japanese practices and training managers and engineers in what he called managing for quality. For the next quarter of a century, Juran continued to give seminars on the subject of quality throughout the world. In 1979 he founded the Juran Institute to spread and facilitate the implementation of quality management programs worldwide.

    The ultimate business dictionary > Juran, Joseph Moses

  • 31 Clerk, Sir Dugald

    [br]
    b. 31 March 1854 Glasgow, Scotland
    d. 12 November 1932 Ewhurst, Surrey, England
    [br]
    Scottish mechanical engineer, inventor of the two-stroke internal combustion engine.
    [br]
    Clerk began his engineering training at about the age of 15 in the drawing office of H.O.Robinson \& Company, Glasgow, and in his father's works. Meanwhile, he studied at the West of Scotland Technical College and then, from 1871 to 1876, at Anderson's College, Glasgow, and at the Yorkshire College of Science, Leeds. Here he worked under and then became assistant to the distinguished chemist T.E.Thorpe, who set him to work on the fractional distillation of petroleum, which was to be useful to him in his later work. At that time he had intended to become a chemical engineer, but seeing a Lenoir gas engine at work, after his return to Glasgow, turned his main interest to gas and other internal combustion engines. He pursued his investigations first at Thomson, Sterne \& Company (1877–85) and then at Tangyes of Birmingham (1886–88. In 1888 he began a lifelong partnership in Marks and Clerk, consulting engineers and patent agents, in London.
    Beginning his work on gas engines in 1876, he achieved two patents in the two following years. In 1878 he made his principal invention, patented in 1881, of an engine working on the two-stroke cycle, in which the piston is powered during each revolution of the crankshaft, instead of alternate revolutions as in the Otto four-stroke cycle. In this engine, Clerk introduced supercharging, or increasing the pressure of the air intake. Many engines of the Clerk type were made but their popularity waned after the patent for the Otto engine expired in 1890. Interest was later revived, particularly for application to large gas engines, but Clerk's engine eventually came into its own where simple, low-power motors are needed, such as in motor cycles or motor mowers.
    Clerk's work on the theory and design of gas engines bore fruit in the book The Gas Engine (1886), republished with an extended text in 1909 as The Gas, Petrol and Oil Engine; these and a number of papers in scientific journals won him international renown. During and after the First World War, Clerk widened the scope of his interests and served, often as chairman, on many bodies in the field of science and industry.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted 1917; FRS 1908; Royal Society Royal Medal 1924; Royal Society of Arts Alber Medal 1922.
    Further Reading
    Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society, no. 2, 1933.
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Clerk, Sir Dugald

  • 32 Guest, James John

    [br]
    b. 24 July 1866 Handsworth, Birmingham, England
    d. 11 June 1956 Virginia Water, Surrey, England
    [br]
    English mechanical engineer, engineering teacher and researcher.
    [br]
    James John Guest was educated at Marlborough in 1880–4 and at Trinity College, Cambridge, graduating as fifth wrangler in 1888. He received practical training in several workshops and spent two years in postgraduate work at the Engineering Department of Cambridge University. After working as a draughtsman in the machine-tool, hydraulic and crane departments of Tangyes Ltd at Birmingham, he was appointed in 1896 Assistant Professor of Engineering at McGill University in Canada. After a short time he moved to the Polytechnic Institute at Worcester, Massachusetts, where he was for three years Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Head of the Engineering Department. In 1899 he returned to Britain and set up as a consulting engineer in Birmingham, being a partner in James J.Guest \& Co. For the next fifteen years he combined this work with research on grinding phenomena. He also developed a theory of grinding which he first published in a paper at the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1914 and elaborated in a paper to the Institution of Mechanical Engineers and in his book Grinding Machinery (1915). During the First World War, in 1916–17, he was in charge of inspection in the Staffordshire and Shropshire Area, Ministry of Munitions. In 1917 he returned to teaching as Reader in Graphics and Structural Engineering at University College London. His final appointment was about 1923 as Professor of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Artillery College, Woolwich, which later became the Military College of Science.
    He carried out research on the strength of materials and contributed many articles on the subject to the technical press. He originated Guest's Law for a criterion of failure of materials under combined stresses, first published in 1900. He was a Member of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers in 1900–6 and from 1919 and contributed to their proceedings in many discussions and two major papers.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    Of many publications by Guest, the most important are: 1900, "Ductile materials under combined stress", Proceedings of the Physical Society 17:202.
    1915, Grinding Machinery, London.
    1915, "Theory of grinding, with reference to the selection of speeds in plain and internal work", Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers 89:543.
    1917. "Torsional hysteresis of mild steel", Proceedings of the Royal Society A93:313.
    1918. with F.C.Lea, "Curved beams", Proceedings of the Royal Society A95:1. 1930, "Effects of rapidly acting stress", Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical
    Engineers 119:1,273.
    RTS

    Biographical history of technology > Guest, James John

  • 33 Hammond, Robert

    [br]
    b. 19 January 1850 Waltham Cross, England
    d. 5 August 1915 London, England
    [br]
    English engineer who established many of the earliest public electricity-supply systems in Britain.
    [br]
    After an education at Nunhead Grammar School, Hammond founded engineering businesses in Middlesbrough and London. Obtaining the first concession from the Anglo- American Brush Company for the exploitation of their system in Britain, he was instrumental in popularizing the Brush arc-lighting generator. Schemes using this system, which he established at Chesterfield, Brighton, Eastbourne and Hastings in 1881–2, were the earliest public electricity-supply ventures in Britain. On the invention of the incandescent lamp, high-voltage Brush dynamos were employed to operate both arc and incandescent lamps. The limitations of this arrangement led Hammond to become the sole agent for the Ferranti alternator, introduced in 1882. Commencing practice as a consulting engineer, Hammond was responsible for the construction of many electricity works in the United Kingdom, of which the most notable were those at Leeds, Hackney (London) and Dublin, in addition to many abroad. Appreciating the need for trained engineers for the new electrical industry and profession then being created, in 1882 he established the Hammond Electrical Engineering College. Later, in association with Francis Ince, he founded Faraday House, a training school that pioneered the concept of "sandwich courses" for engineers. Between 1883 and 1903 he paid several visits to the United States to study developments in electric traction and was one of the advisers to the Postmaster General on the acquisition of the telephone companies.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1884, Electric Light in Our Homes, London (one of the first detailed accounts of electric lighting).
    1897, "Twenty five years" developments in central stations', Electrical Review 41:683–7 (surveys nineteenth-century public electricity supply).
    Further Reading
    F.W.Lipscomb, 1973, The Wise Men of the Wires, London (the story of Faraday House). B.Bowers, 1985, biography, in Dictionary of Business Biography, Vol. III, ed. J.Jeremy, London, pp. 21–2 (provides an account of Hammond's business ventures). J.D.Poulter, 1986, An Early History of 'Electricity Supply, London.
    GW

    Biographical history of technology > Hammond, Robert

  • 34 Worsdell, Thomas William

    [br]
    b. 14 January 1838 Liverpool, England
    d. 28 June 1916 Arnside, Westmorland, England
    [br]
    English locomotive engineer, pioneer of the use of two-cylinder compound locomotives in Britain.
    [br]
    T.W.Worsdell was the son of Nathaniel Worsdell. After varied training, which included some time in the drawing office of the London \& North Western Railway's Crewe Works, he moved to the Pennsylvania Railroad, USA, in 1865 and shortly became Master Mechanic in charge of its locomotive workshops in Altoona. In 1871, however, he accepted an invitation from F.W. Webb to return to Crewe as Works Manager: it was while he was there that Webb produced his first compound locomotive by rebuilding an earlier simple.
    In 1881 T.W.Worsdell was appointed Locomotive Superintendent of the Great Eastern Railway. Working with August von Borries, who was Chief Mechanical Engineer of the Hannover Division of the Prussian State Railways, he developed a two-cylinder compound derived from the work of J.T.A. Mallet. Von Borries produced his compound 2–4–0 in 1880, Worsdell followed with a 4–4–0 in 1884; the restricted British loading gauge necessitated substitution of inside cylinders for the outside cylinders used by von Borries, particularly the large low-pressure one. T.W.Worsdell's compounds were on the whole successful and many were built, particularly on the North Eastern Railway, to which he moved as Locomotive Superintendent in 1885. There, in 1888, he started to build, uniquely, two-cylinder compound "single driver" 4–2–2s: one of them was recorded as reaching 86 mph (138 km/h). He also equipped his locomotives with a large side-window cab, which gave enginemen more protection from the elements than was usual in Britain at that time and was no doubt appreciated in the harsh winter climate of northeast England. The idea for the cab probably originated from his American experience. When T.W.Worsdell retired from the North Eastern Railway in 1890 he was succeeded by his younger brother, Wilson Worsdell, who in 1899 introduced the first 4– 6–0s intended for passenger trains in England.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    C.Hamilton Ellis, 1958, Twenty Locomotive Men, Shepperton: Ian Allan, Ch. 15 (biography).
    E.L.Ahrons, 1927, The British Steam Railway Locomotive 1825–1925, London: The Locomotive Publishing Co., pp. 253–5 (describes his locomotives). C.Fryer, 1990, Experiments with Steam, Patrick Stephens, Ch. 7.
    PJGR

    Biographical history of technology > Worsdell, Thomas William

  • 35 Wright, Arthur

    [br]
    b. 1858 London, England
    d. 26 July 1931 Paignton, Devon, England
    [br]
    English engineer and electricity supply industry pioneer.
    [br]
    Arthur Wright, educated at Maryborough College, attended a course of training at the School of Submarine Telegraphy, Telephony and Electric Light in London. In 1882 he joined the Hammond Company in Brighton, the first company to afford a regular electricity supply in Britain on a commercial basis for street and private lighting. He invented a recording ammeter and also a thermal-demand indicator used in conjunction with a tariff based on maximum demand in addition to energy consumption. This indicator was to remain in use for almost half a century.
    Resigning his position in Brighton in 1889, he joined the staff of S.Z.de Ferranti and served with him during developments at the Grosvenor Gallery and Deptford stations in London. In 1891 he returned to Brighton as its first Borough Electrical Engineer. From 1900 onwards he had an extensive consulting practice designing early power stations, and was approached by many municipalities and companies in Britain, the United States, South America and Australia, primarily on finance and tariffs. Associated with the founding of the Municipal Electrical Association in 1905, the following year he became its first President.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1901, British patent no. 23,153 (thermal maximum demand indicator).
    1922, "Early days of the Brighton electricity supply", Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers 60:497–9.
    Further Reading
    R.H.Parsons, 1939, Early Days of the Power Station Industry, Cambridge, pp. 13–17 (describes Wright's pioneering inventions).
    GW

    Biographical history of technology > Wright, Arthur

  • 36 Yeoman, Thomas

    SUBJECT AREA: Civil engineering
    [br]
    b. c. 1700 probably near Northampton, England
    d. 24 January 1781 London, England
    [br]
    English surveyor and civil engineer.
    [br]
    Very little is known of his early life, but he was clearly a skilful and gifted engineer who had received comprehensive practical training, for in 1743 he erected the machinery in the world's first water-powered cotton mill at Northampton on the river Nene. In 1748 he invented a weighing machine for use by turnpike trusts for weighing wagons. Until 1757 he remained in Northampton, mainly surveying enclosures and turnpike roads and making agricultural machinery. He also gained a national reputation for building and installing very successful ventilating equipment (invented by Dr Stephen Hales) in hospitals, prisons and ships, including some ventilators of Yeoman's own design in the Houses of Parliament.
    Meanwhile he developed an interest in river improvements, and in 1744 he made his first survey of the River Nene between Thrapston and Northampton; he repeated the survey in 1753 and subsequently gave evidence in parliamentary proceedings in 1756. The following year he was in Gloucestershire surveying the line of the Stroudwater Canal, an operation that he repeated in 1776. Also in 1757, he was appointed Surveyor to the River Ivel Navigation in Bedfordshire. In 1761 he was back on the Nene. During 1762–5 he carried out surveys for the Chelmer \& Blackwater Navigation, although the work was not undertaken for another thirty years. In 1765 he reported on land-drainage improvements for the Kentish Sour. It was at this time that he became associated with John Smeaton in a major survey in 1766 of the river Lea for the Lee Navigation Trustees, having already made some surveys with Joseph Nickalls near Waltham Abbey in 1762. Yeoman modified some of Smeaton's proposals and on 1 July 1767 was officially appointed Surveyor to the Lee Navigation Trustees, a post he retained until 1771. He also advised on the work to create the Stort Navigation, and at the official opening on 24 October 1769 he made a formal speech announcing: "Now is Bishops Stortford open to all the ports of the world." Among his other works were: advice on Ferriby Sluice on the River Ancholme (1766); reports on the Forth \& Clyde Canal, the North Level and Wisbech outfall on the Nene, the Coventry Canal, and estimates for the Leeds and Selby Canal (1768–71); estimates for the extension of the Medway Navigation from Tonbridge to Edenbridge (1771); and between 1767 and 1777 he was consulted, with other engineers, by the City of London on problems regarding the Thames.
    He joined the Northampton Philosophical Society shortly after its formation in 1743 and was President several times before he moved to London. In 1760 he became a member of the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce, and in 1763 he was chosen as joint Chairman of the Committee on Mechanics—a position he held until 1778. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society on 12 January 1764. On the formation of the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers, the forerunner of the present Institution of Civil Engineers, he was elected first President in 1771, remaining as such until his illness in 1780.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1764. President, Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers 1771–80; Treasurer 1771–7.
    JHB

    Biographical history of technology > Yeoman, Thomas

  • 37 оборудование

    оборудование сущ
    equipment
    аварийное оборудование
    emergency equipment
    аварийное светосигнальное оборудование
    emergency lighting
    аварийно-спасательное оборудование
    1. life-saving equipment
    2. survival equipment 3. emergence escape equipment 4. safety equipment авиационное оборудование
    aeronautical equipment
    автоматизированное оборудование
    automated equipment
    автоматическое радиопеленгационное оборудование
    automatic direction-finding equipment
    аэродромное навигационное оборудование
    terminal navigation facilities
    аэродромное светосигнальное оборудование
    aerodrome lighting
    блок связи с радиолокационным оборудованием
    radar coupling unit
    бортовое метеорологическое оборудование
    airborne weather equipment
    бортовое навигационное оборудование
    aircraft navigation equipment
    бортовое оборудование
    1. aircraft equipment
    2. airborne equipment бортовое оборудование зональной навигации
    area navigation equipment
    бортовое поисковое оборудование
    airborne search equipment
    бортовое связное оборудование
    aircraft communication equipment
    бортовое стационарное оборудование
    aircraft fixed equipment
    бортовое съемное оборудование
    stores
    бортовое электронное оборудование
    airborne avionics
    буфетно-кухонное оборудование
    catering equipment
    бытовое оборудование
    domestic equipment
    выставка технического оборудования для обслуживания воздушных судов
    aircraft maintenance engineering exhibition
    дальномерное оборудование
    distance measuring equipment
    закупка оборудования
    equipment procurement
    заменять оборудование воздушного судна
    reequip an aircraft
    инженер по радиоэлектронному оборудованию
    radio engineer
    инженер по электронному оборудованию
    electronics engineer
    испытательное оборудование
    test equipment
    кислородное оборудование
    oxygen dispensing equipment
    комплект аварийно-спасательного оборудования
    air rescue kit
    комплект оборудования для заправки и слива топлива
    refuelling unit
    комплект оборудования для удаления воздушного судна
    aircraft recovery kit
    комплект светотехнического оборудования ВПП
    runway lighting unit
    навигационное оборудование
    navaids
    навигационное оборудование инерциального типа
    inertial navigational equipment
    наземное оборудование
    ground equipment
    наземное оборудование для обслуживания
    ground service equipment
    некомплектное оборудование
    loose equipment
    несъемное оборудование
    fixed equipment
    нивелировочное оборудование
    rigging equipment
    оборудование автоматического управления полетом
    automatic flight control equipment
    оборудование автоматической передачи данных
    automatic data transfer equipment
    оборудование автоматической стабилизации
    automatic stabilization equipment
    оборудование безэховой аэродинамической трубы
    unechoic wind tunnel facilities
    оборудование воздушных трасс
    airways facilities
    оборудование встроенного контроля
    built-in test equipment
    оборудование глиссадной системы
    glide-path equipment
    оборудование дистанционного управления
    remote control equipment
    оборудование для аварийного приводнения
    ditching equipment
    оборудование для буксировки планера
    glider tow equipment
    оборудование для демонстрационных полетов
    sign towing equipment
    оборудование для загрузки
    1. cargo-loading equipment
    2. loading equipment оборудование для запуска планера
    glider launch equipment
    оборудование для измерения высоты облачности
    ceiling measurement equipment
    оборудование для испытания
    test facilities
    оборудование для крепления груза
    cargo tie-down device
    оборудование для обеспечения захода на посадку
    approach facilities
    оборудование для обнаружения турбулентности
    turbulence detection equipment
    оборудование для обслуживания воздушного судна
    aircraft servicing equipment
    оборудование для обслуживания грузов
    cargo-handling equipment
    оборудование для обслуживания пассажиров
    passenger-handling equipment
    оборудование для полетов в темное время суток
    night-flying equipment
    оборудование для полетов по приборам
    blind flight equipment
    оборудование для снижения шума
    hush kit
    оборудование для технического обслуживания
    maintenance facilities
    оборудование дозировки
    metering equipment
    оборудование зоны посадки
    landing area facilities
    оборудование кабины экипажа
    cockpit equipment
    оборудование коммутации
    change-over equipment
    оборудование места стоянки
    ramp facilities
    оборудование места стоянки воздушного судна
    aircraft parking equipment
    оборудование наведения
    guidance equipment
    оборудование повышенной надежности
    reliable equipment
    оборудование подогрева карбюратора
    carburetor heat equipment
    оборудование предупреждения столкновений
    collision warning equipment
    оборудование системы кондиционирования
    air-conditioning equipment
    оборудование системы контроля окружающей среды
    environmental control system equipment
    оборудование стойки регистрации багажа
    baggage check-in facilities
    оборудование таможенного досмотра
    clearance facilities
    оборудование циркулярной связи
    conference facilities
    осветительное оборудование воздушного судна
    aircraft electrification
    отсек оборудования
    equipment compartment
    отсек электронного оборудования
    avionics compartment
    переносное бортовое оборудование
    aircraft portable equipment
    перечень необходимого бортового оборудования
    master minimum equipment list
    перечень необходимого исправного оборудования для полета
    minimum equipment item
    погрешность бортового оборудования
    airborne equipment error
    подвесное оборудование
    suspended equipment
    подъемное оборудование
    hoisting provisions
    подъемно-транспортное оборудование
    lifting and transporting equipment
    приборное оборудование воздушного судна
    aircraft hardware
    противопожарное оборудование
    fire fighting equipment
    противоугонное оборудование
    security equipment
    радиолокационное оборудование
    radar facilities
    радиоэлектронное оборудование
    avionies equipment
    распыление подвесным оборудованием
    suspended spraying
    (с вертолета) резервное оборудование
    standby
    резервное оборудование воздушного судна
    aircraft standby facilities
    ремонтное оборудование
    repair facilities
    ремонт оборудования воздушного судна
    aircraft equipment overhaul
    ручное аварийно-спасательное оборудование
    hand safety equipment
    самолетное оборудование
    aeroplane equipment
    санитарное оборудование
    waste equipment
    светосигнальное оборудование
    lighting
    светосигнальное оборудование авиалинии
    airway lighting
    светосигнальное оборудование аэродрома для обеспечения безопасности
    aerodrome security lighting
    светосигнальное оборудование ближней зоны приближения
    inner approach lighting
    светосигнальное оборудование ВПП
    runway lighting
    светосигнальное оборудование концевой полосы торможения
    stopway lighting
    светотехническое оборудование
    lighting facilities
    система светосигнального оборудования летного поля
    airfield lighting system
    система энергопитания оборудования
    accessory power system
    складское оборудование аэропорта
    airport storage facilities
    снегоочистительное оборудование
    1. snow removal equipment
    2. snow clearing equipment спасательное оборудование
    1. recovery equipment
    2. rescue equipment списание оборудования
    equipment final disposal
    схема размещения наземных средств и оборудования
    facility chart
    топливозаправочное оборудование
    fueling equipment
    угломерное оборудование
    angle measurement equipment
    учебно-тренировочное оборудование
    training aids
    эксплуатация оборудования аэропорта
    airport facilities operation
    электронное оборудование
    1. avionics
    2. electronic device

    Русско-английский авиационный словарь > оборудование

  • 38 учебный лагерь инженерных войск

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > учебный лагерь инженерных войск

  • 39 prakty|ka

    Ⅰ f 1. sgt (doświadczenie) practice, experience
    - miał dużą praktykę życiową/zawodową he was an experienced man
    - mam dwudziestoletnią praktykę w tym zawodzie I’ve had twenty years of experience in this profession
    - miał praktykę w kłamaniu he was a practised GB a. practiced US liar
    - „potrzebny inżynier budowlany z praktyką” ‘experienced building engineer wanted’
    - to tylko kwestia praktyki it’s just a question a. matter of practice
    - z praktyki wiedział, jak trudny jest zawód nauczyciela experience had taught him how difficult it is to be a teacher
    - swoje twierdzenia opierał na praktyce he based his claims on experience
    - praktyka dowodzi a. poucza, że… practice proves that…
    2. sgt (faktyczny stan rzeczy) practice
    - rozbieżność pomiędzy teorią a praktyką a gap between theory and practice
    - w praktyce in practice
    - w praktyce a. jak pokazuje praktyka jest zupełnie inaczej in practice, things are different
    - metoda ta sprawdziła się w praktyce this method was effctive (in practice)
    - zastosować coś w praktyce to put sth into practice
    3. sgt (zwyczaj) practice
    - praktyka nagradzania najlepszych pracowników the practice of giving bonuses to the best workers
    - przyjętą u nas od lat praktyką jest nieujawnianie takich szczegółów for years it has been our practice not to reveal such particulars
    4. (staż) (w zakładzie pracy) traineeship U, training period; (u rzemieślnika) apprenticeship U; (w szkole) teaching practice U
    - praktyka na budowie/za granicą apprenticeship on the building site/work experience abroad
    - praktyki studenckie/wakacyjne student/holiday training
    - odbywać praktykę u fryzjera/krawca to be apprenticed a. to be an apprentice to a hairdresser/a tailor
    - odbywać praktykę w fabryce/cukierni to work as a trainee in a factory/as an apprentice to a confectioner
    - odbywać praktykę nauczycielską to be on a. be doing teaching practice
    - oddać syna na praktykę do krawca to apprentice one’s son to a tailor
    5. sgt (wykonywanie wolnego zawodu) practice
    - praktyka lekarska/adwokacka medical/legal practice
    - mieć prywatną praktykę to work a. be in private practice
    - mieć dochodową praktykę to have a profitable practice
    - rozpocząć praktykę to set up in a. go into practice
    - on nie ma prawa prowadzić praktyki adwokackiej he has no right to run a legal practice
    6. zw. pl (proceder) practice
    - monopolistyczne praktyki przedsiębiorstw monopolistic practices of companies
    - tajemnicze/zbrodnicze praktyki mysterious/criminal practices
    - takie praktyki są niedopuszczalne such practices are inadmissible
    Ⅱ praktyki plt Relig. observance, ritual
    - brał udział w praktykach religijnych a. kościelnych he took part in religious observances, he was a churchgoer
    - praktyki szamańskie/magiczne shamanic/magic practices a. rituals a. observances

    The New English-Polish, Polish-English Kościuszko foundation dictionary > prakty|ka

  • 40 полет с инструктором

    Авиация и космонавтика. Русско-английский словарь > полет с инструктором

Страницы

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