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121 Ricardo, Sir Harry Ralph
[br]b. 26 January 1885 London, Englandd. 18 May 1974 Graffham, Sussex, England[br]English mechanical engineer; researcher, designer and developer of internal combustion engines.[br]Harry Ricardo was the eldest child and only son of Halsey Ricardo (architect) and Catherine Rendel (daughter of Alexander Rendel, senior partner in the firm of consulting civil engineers that later became Rendel, Palmer and Tritton). He was educated at Rugby School and at Cambridge. While still at school, he designed and made a steam engine to drive his bicycle, and by the time he went up to Cambridge in 1903 he was a skilled craftsman. At Cambridge, he made a motor cycle powered by a petrol engine of his own design, and with this he won a fuel-consumption competition by covering almost 40 miles (64 km) on a quart (1.14 1) of petrol. This brought him to the attention of Professor Bertram Hopkinson, who invited him to help with research on turbulence and pre-ignition in internal combustion engines. After leaving Cambridge in 1907, he joined his grandfather's firm and became head of the design department for mechanical equipment used in civil engineering. In 1916 he was asked to help with the problem of loading tanks on to railway trucks. He was then given the task of designing and organizing the manufacture of engines for tanks, and the success of this enterprise encouraged him to set up his own establishment at Shoreham, devoted to research on, and design and development of, internal combustion engines.Leading on from the work with Hopkinson were his discoveries on the suppression of detonation in spark-ignition engines. He noted that the current paraffinic fuels were more prone to detonation than the aromatics, which were being discarded as they did not comply with the existing specifications because of their high specific gravity. He introduced the concepts of "highest useful compression ratio" (HUCR) and "toluene number" for fuel samples burned in a special variable compression-ratio engine. The toluene number was the proportion of toluene in heptane that gave the same HUCR as the fuel sample. Later, toluene was superseded by iso-octane to give the now familiar octane rating. He went on to improve the combustion in side-valve engines by increasing turbulence, shortening the flame path and minimizing the clearance between piston and head by concentrating the combustion space over the valves. By these means, the compression ratio could be increased to that used by overhead-valve engines before detonation intervened. The very hot poppet valve restricted the advancement of all internal combustion engines, so he turned his attention to eliminating it by use of the single sleeve-valve, this being developed with support from the Air Ministry. By the end of the Second World War some 130,000 such aero-engines had been built by Bristol, Napier and Rolls-Royce before the piston aero-engine was superseded by the gas turbine of Whittle. He even contributed to the success of the latter by developing a fuel control system for it.Concurrent with this was work on the diesel engine. He designed and developed the engine that halved the fuel consumption of London buses. He invented and perfected the "Comet" series of combustion chambers for diesel engines, and the Company was consulted by the vast majority of international internal combustion engine manufacturers. He published and lectured widely and fully deserved his many honours; he was elected FRS in 1929, was President of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers in 1944–5 and was knighted in 1948. This shy and modest, though very determined man was highly regarded by all who came into contact with him. It was said that research into internal combustion engines, his family and boats constituted all that he would wish from life.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighted 1948. FRS 1929. President, Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1944–5.Bibliography1968, Memo \& Machines. The Pattern of My Life, London: Constable.Further ReadingSir William Hawthorne, 1976, "Harry Ralph Ricardo", Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 22.JBBiographical history of technology > Ricardo, Sir Harry Ralph
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122 system
n1) система; комплекс2) установка; пристрій•- acceleration warning system - accessory power system - active beacon collision avoidance system - aerodynamic roll system - airborne collision avoidance system - airborne early warning system - airborne lightweight optical tracking system - airborne prospecting system - airborne television system - airborne warning and control system - aircraft electrical system - aircraft integrated data system - aircraft intercommunication system - aircraft system - airdrop system - air-ground data link system - airlocking system - air transport system - airway system - alarm signal system - alarm system - alarm warning system - altitude alerting system - anti-icing system - antiskid system - approach lighting system - area forecast system - associated aircraft system - automated data interchange system - automatic direction finder system - automatic flight control system - autonomous life support system - autopilot system - aviation safety reporting system - avionics system - backpack life support system - balloon-tracking system - canard foil system - co-axial rotor system - collision avoidance system - communication system - computerized system - conical coordinate system - control system - countermeasures system - digital avionic systems - dimmer system - docking guidance system - dual-channel system - dual flight control system - early warning system - economical space transportation system - electric flight control signalling system - electronic attack system - electronic support system - elevator control system - enhanced ground proximity warning system - enroute navigation systems - Entry Sensor System - exhaust system - exit sensor system - explosives detection system - extraterrestrial transportation system - facility performance category I instrument landing system - facility performance category II instrument landing system - facility performance category III instrument landing system - fail safe system - fail tolerant system - FBW system - flight control system - flight management system - FLIR system - fly-by-wire system - forward-looking infra-red system - fuel system - general purpose system - global positioning system - ground proximity warning system - guidance system - high lift control system - inertial navigation system - infrared search and tracking system - instrument landing system - integrated electronic warfare system - inorbit-on-demand space transportation system - jet engine starter system - landing navigation system - landing system - LEO-to-GEO transportation system - long-range position finding system - lubricating system - lubrication system - microwave landing system - multifunctional system - narrow gauge lighting system - navigation system - offensive fire-control system - oil system - orbital coordinate system - orbital transportation system - orbiting multibody system - oxygen system - pilot-controller system - planar coordinate system - point-defence weapon systems - position indicating system - power-operated control system - power-supply system - power system - precision approach category I lighting system - precision approach category II lighting system - precombustion chamber fuel system - pressure air system - pressure fueling system - pressure system - primary system - propeller deicing system - propulsion system - Q-feci system - Q-feel system - queueing system - radar airborne weather system - radar guidance system - radar identification system - radiation alarm system - radio command system - radio guidance system - radio navigation system - rapid response space transportation system TKJI - reporting system - safety management system - satellite communications system - satellite navigation system - satellite system - scanning beam system - SELCAL system - selective calling system - simple approach lighting system - solar system - space-based observing system - space-based transportation system - space environmental quality control system - space laser power system - space nuclear power system - space observing system - space transportation system - SPADE system - take-off monitoring system - thermal protection system - trainable system - training system - two-frequency glide path system - two-frequency localizer system - visual approach slope indicator system - visual docking guidance system - wing antiicing system - wing flap control system - wing slat system - wing spoiler system - world area forecast system -
123 air
воздух; воздушная среда; атмосфера; II проветривать; обдувать воздухом; II атмосферный; воздушный; пневматический- air acetylene welding - air accumulator - air accumulator with rubber bag - air-actuated - air agitation - air analyzer - air and fuel mixture - air and material separator - air and water post - air application time - air-assisted pressure jet atomiser - air bag - air bag steering wheel - air bag triggering unit - air ball - air barrel pump - air bath - air bell - air bellows - air binding - air blast - air blast nozzle - air blasting - air bleed - air bleed hole - air bleed valve - air bleeder - air blow cabinet - air blower - air-borne particles - air bottle - air bound - air box - air brake - air brake controls - air brake dryer - air brake hose - air brake system - air-braked - air brake dynamometer - air brake foot control - air-break - air bubble - air bulking - air bumper - air cap - air cavity - air cell chamber - air-cell cylinder head - air-cell diesel engine - air-cell piston - air cement gun - air chamber - air chamber diesel engine - air channel - air charge - air check - air chill - air clamp - air cleaner - air cleaner and silencer - air cleaner servicer - air cleaner support - air cleaner test dust - air clearance - air clutch - air cock - air compensating jet - air compressor - air-conditioned - air conditioner - air-conditioner compressor - air conditioning - air-conditioning duct - air-conditioning plant - air conduit - air connection - air consumption - air container - air control - air control shutter - air control valve - air-controlled - air conveyer - air-cooled - air-cooled engine - air-cooled flat twin engine - air cooler - air cooling - air-cored - air-core tyre - air coupling - air cowl - air cure - air-cured - air-curing - air correction jet - air current - air cushion - air cushion car - air cushion shock absorber - air cushioned seat - air cushion vehicle - air cylinder - air cylinder cap - air dam - air damper - air damping - air dashpot - air deflector - air delivery - air delivery hoses - air delivery tube in exhaust port - air density - air director - air dispenser - air distributor - air distribution manifold - air diverter valve - air door operation - air draft - air drag - air draught - air-dried crops - air drier - air drill - air-driven - air-dry - air drying - air drying paint - air duct - air duster - air eddy - air ejector fan - air engine - air escape - air escape valve - air escaping - air exhaust - air-extractor - air-fast - air feed - air feeder - air fed foil - air filter - air filter cleaner - air flow - air flow meter - air-foil bearing - air-foil lattice - air-foil skirt - air fountain - air-free - air friction - air-friction dynamometer - air-fuel ratio - air gap - air gauge - air gun - air hardening - air heater - air heating - air hoist - air hole - air horn - air hose - air-in - air inflating - air injection - air injection engine - air inlet - air inlet angle - air inlet housing - air inlet louvers - air inlet pipe - air inlet strainer - air inlet valve - air input - air intake - air intake branch - air intake filter - air intake heater - air intake opening - air intake pipe - air jet - air-lagged - air leak - air leakage - air-leg - air lift - air line - air line distance - air load - air lock - air-locked - air-lubricated foil thrust bearing - air manifold - air mass meter - air mixing chamber - air nozzle - air oil separator - air-operated - air-operated valve grinder - air-out - air outlet angle - air output - air-oven ageing test - air-over hydraulic brake - air-over hydraulics - air passage - air peener - air petrol mixture - air pillow - air pipe - air piston - air-piston accumulator - plunger accumulator - air-powered - air preheater - air pressure - air pressure brake - air pressure gauge - air pressure test - air-proof - air pump - air quenching - air reaction - air receiver - air regulator - air renewal - air reservoir - air resistance - air resistance horsepower - air-retaining liner - air sand blower - air scoop - air screw - air seal - air-seasoned wood - air seeder - air shrinkage - air side - air silencer - air space - air spoiler - air spray - air spring suspension - air-stabilized foil - air starting - air-steam - air steering control - air-storage chamber - air-storage tank - air straightener - air strainer - air strainer and silencer - air strangler - air stream - air suction inlet - air suction valve - air supply - air supply hose - air swirl - air tank - air test - air throttle - air-tight - air-transportable vehicle - air trap - air tube - air tyre - air-tyred - air valve - air vane - air vent - air vent window - air vessel - air washer - air wheel - bleed off air - determine air in the system - discharge air overboard - tap air from the compressor - top-dressing from air - top-dress plants from air - auxiliary air - carburetted air - charge air - combustion air - compressed air - conditioned air - contaminated air - control air - cooling air - dead air - excess air - free air - fresh air - heavy air - induced air - inlet air - light air - liquid air - outer air - precompressed air - preheated air - rarefied air - return air - scavenging air - soil air - stagnant air - standart air - surface air - surrounding air - turbulent air - used air -
124 two
два; двойка- two-arm caliper - two-armed manipulator - two-axis accelerometer - two-axis coupling - two-axis deflector - two-axis excitation - two-axis fork head - two-axis loading - two-axis pivote mirror - two-axis robot - two-axle bodywork - two-axle bogie - two-axle car - two-axle drawbar trailer - two-axle scraper - two-axle trailer - two-axle vehicle - two-ball machine - two-ball tester - two-bank - two-bladed fan - two-bottom plough - two-box car - two bridge caliper - two-can lacquer - two-chamber air reservoir - two-channel analyzer - two-channel switch - two-circuit tower - two component dynamometer - two-component glass - two-component liquid - two-component sensor - two-core cable - two-cycle - two-decker - two-degree-of-freedom suspension - two dimensional - two-dimensional cam - two-dimensional detector - two-dimensional flow - two-dimensional heat exchange - two-dimensional mirror - two-dimensional multishock compression - two-dimensional nozzle - two-dimensional sensor - two direction hydraulic motor - two-door hard top sedan - two-drum hoist - two-duck air-conditioning system - two-engine closed-loop gear - two-engine hydromechanical transmission - two-engined vehicle - two-finger - two-flap valve - two-flight stairs - two-flow economizer - two-fluid hydrodynamics - two-fold - two-forked - two-forty - two-gauge rosette - two-handed arm - two-head automatic arc-welding machine - two-head signal - two-high leveler - two-hinged arm - two jaw chuck - two-jawed - jawed chuck - two-lane - two-lane conveyor - two-lane highway - two-lane road - two-lane traffic - two-lane tunnel- two-leaf- two level model - two-light head lamp - two-part - two-phase supercharger - two-piece - two-piece wheel- two-row- two-seater - two-spark - two-spark ignition - two-speed drive - two-speed drive system - two-speed final drive - two-speed gearless transmission - two-speed wiper - two-speed transfer case - two-spoke steering wheel - two-spool compressor - two-stage accelerator - two-stage air cleaner - two-stage air heater - two-stage axial accelerator - two-stage carbureter - two-stage coating - two-stage compressor - two-stage controller - two-stage crushing - two-stage ejector - two-stage epicyclic reduction gear - two-stage filter element - two-stage gearbox - two-stage hoist - two-stage hydraulic filter - two-stage injection - two-stage injector - two-stage mast - two-stage precipitator - two-stage right-angle reducer - two-stage secondary suspension - two-stage separator - two-stage servosystem - two-stage valve - two-stand load station - two-start screw conveyor - two-start thread - two-step - two-step control - two-step controller - two-step detector - two-step mechanism -
125 area
площадь; участок; пространство; область, район, зона; поверхность"gold-plated" area of instrument panel — наиболее легко обозреваемый (лётчиком) участок приборной доски
area of high pressure — метео. область высокого давления, антициклон
area of low pressure — метео. область низкого давления, циклон
assembly and test area — ркт. сборочно-проверочная площадка
booster (engine) disposal area — район сброса [падения] стартовых двигателей [ускорителей]
booster (engine) impact area — район сброса [падения] стартовых двигателей [ускорителей]
disc area of main rotor — верт. площадь диска несущего винта
exhaust jet area — площадь выходного сечения сопла; площадь сечения струи истекающих газов
floor area between the ramps — площадь пола грузовой кабины между (передним и задним) грузовыми трапами
guidance and control area — ркт. площадка управления пуском и наведением
— fin area— VFR area -
126 vehicle
1) транспортное средство (автомобиль, ЛА, вагон, тележка)2) горн. транспортный сосуд3) строит. связующее (вещество), связующий материал, связка4) растворитель; разбавитель6) бтх переносчик, посредник•-
accumulator vehicle
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aerobraked orbital transfer vehicle
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aerocapture vehicle
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aerodynamic orbital plane change vehicle
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aerospace vehicle
-
air cushion vehicle
-
air/space vehicle
-
airborne vehicle
-
air-liquefaction transatmospheric vehicle
-
air-scooping nuclear-electric vehicle
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all-propulsive orbital plane change vehicle
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all-service vehicle
-
all-wheel drive vehicle
-
annular jet air cushion vehicle
-
articulated vehicle
-
ATR-propelled vehicle
-
automatic guided vehicle
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automotive vehicle
-
ballistic recovery launch vehicle
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battery-driven vehicle
-
catalyst-equipped vehicle
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catenary inspection vehicle
-
chemical orbital transfer vehicle
-
civil vehicle
-
combined aerodynamic-propulsive orbital plane change vehicle
-
conventional/laser staged vehicle
-
current-technology vehicle
-
deep-diving vehicle
-
deep-submergence rescue vehicle
-
deep-submergence research vehicle
-
diver propulsion vehicle
-
dual-purpose vehicle
-
earth-to-orbit vehicle
-
egg collecting vehicle
-
electric vehicle
-
electric-propelled interorbital vehicle
-
energy-conservation vehicle
-
extraterrestrial propellant production method-operated vehicle
-
ferry space vehicle
-
flywheel hybrid vehicle
-
fork lift vehicle
-
four-by-four vehicle
-
four-by-two vehicle
-
frameless vehicle
-
free-steered vehicle
-
future-technology vehicle
-
go-anywhere vehicle
-
ground microwave-powered interorbital vehicle
-
haulage vehicle
-
heavier-than-air vehicle
-
heavy-duty vehicle
-
heavy-lift launch vehicle
-
high I vehicle
-
high-acceleration space vehicle
-
highly maneuverable space vehicle
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high-pollution vehicle
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highway vehicle
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HOTOL vehicle
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hybrid vehicle
-
interface vehicle
-
interorbital vehicle
-
ion propulsion transfer vehicle
-
kit vehicle
-
land-based vehicle
-
laser orbital transfer vehicle
-
laser-powered launch vehicle
-
legged vehicle
-
lighter-than-air vehicle
-
liquid oxygen/hydrocarbon rocket-powered vehicle
-
liquid oxygen/liquid hydrogen rocket-powered vehicle
-
logging vehicle
-
low-acceleration space vehicle
-
low-pollution vehicle
-
LOX/HC rocket-powered vehicle
-
LOX/LH rocket-powered vehicle
-
magnetically levitated vehicle
-
manned maneuvering vehicle
-
manned underwater vehicle
-
mechanically refrigerated vehicle
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medium-lift launch vehicle
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microwave-powered interorbital vehicle
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MPD-powered orbit transfer vehicle
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news vehicle
-
nonterrestrial propellant production vehicle
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orbital maneuvering vehicle
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orbital propellant-scooping vehicle
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orbital transfer vehicle
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organic vehicle
-
overhead servicing vehicle
-
paint vehicle
-
people mover vehicle
-
photovoltaic powered vehicle
-
photovoltaic vehicle
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planetary aerocapture vehicle
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plenum chamber vehicle
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postal vehicle
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pressure-discharge vehicle
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production and recording vehicle
-
pusher-type articulated vehicle
-
rail-guided vehicle
-
rail-guided work transfer vehicle
-
railway vehicle
-
ram wing surface effect vehicle
-
refrigerated vehicle
-
remotely operated robot vehicle
-
reusable orbital transfer vehicle
-
robotic vehicle
-
robot vehicle
-
rubber-tired vehicle
-
sea-bed vehicle
-
self-guided vehicle
-
SEPS vehicle
-
shuttle-type vehicle
-
small nuclear rocket engine orbital transfer vehicle
-
sound vehicle
-
space shuttle launch vehicle
-
space vehicle
-
space-based orbital transfer vehicle
-
starprobe vehicle
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support vehicle
-
synergetic plane change vehicle
-
tanker vehicle
-
tender vehicle
-
terrestrial laser-propelled sail vehicle
-
testing vehicle
-
trackless vehicle
-
traffic-compatible vehicle
-
transatmospheric vehicle
-
transit vehicle
-
two-axle vehicle
-
underwater research vehicle
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underwater vehicle
-
unmanned vehicle
-
vehicle of ink
-
waste-disposal vehicle
-
water distribution vehicle
-
water purification vehicle
-
winged surface effect vehicle
-
wire-guided vehicle
-
wrecker vehicle -
127 vehicle
nтранспортний засіб, тж. літальний апарат, ЛА; космічний корабель, КК•- aerocapture vehicle - aerodynamic orbital plane change vehicle - aerospace vehicle - airborne vehicle - airborne/spaceborne vehicle - air-cushion vehicle - air-liquefaction transatmospheric vehicle - air-scooping nuclear-electric vehicle - air/space vehicle - air vehicle - all-propulsive orbital plane change vehicle - annular jet air cushion vehicle - atmospheric vehicle - ATR-propelled vehicle - ballistic recovery launch vehicle - boosted vehicle - chemical orbital transfer vehicle - combined aerodynamic-propulsive orbital plane change vehicle - controlled vehicle - conventional/laser staged vehicle - current-technology vehicle - descent vehicle - diagonal braked vehicle - earth-to-orbit vehicle - electric-propelled interorbital vehicle - extraterrestrial propellant production method-operated vehicle - ferry space vehicle - fire-fighting vehicle - flying vehicle - future-technology vehicle - gas-turbine vehicle - ground microwave-powered interorbital vehicle - heavier-than-air vehicle - heavy-lift launch vehicle - high-acceleration space vehicle - high I vehicle - highly maneuverable space vehicle - HOTOL vehicle - interplanetary vehicle - interface vehicle - interorbital vehicle - ion propulsion transfer vehicle - laser orbital transfer vehicle - laser-powered launch vehicle - launch vehicle - lifting vehicle - lighter-than-air vehicle - liquid oxygen/hydrocarbon rocket-powered vehicle - liquid oxygen/liquid hydrogen rocket-powered vehicle - low-acceleration space vehicle - LOX/HC rocket-powered vehicle - LOX/LH rocket-powered vehicle - manned maneuvering vehicle - medium-lift launch vehicle - microwave-powered interorbital vehicle - motor vehicle - MPD-powered orbit transfer vehicle - nonterrestrial propellant production vehicle - nonrecoverable vehicle - orbital maneuvering vehicle - orbital propellant-scooping vehicle - orbital transfer vehicle - planetary aerocapture vehicle - pilotless vehicle - ram wing surface effect vehicle - re-entry vehicle - rescue vehicle - reusable launch vehicle - reusable orbital transfer vehicle - rocket-propelled vehicle - SEPS vehicle - shuttle-type vehicle - skip vehicle - small nuclear rocket engine orbital transfer vehicle - SNRE orbital transfer vehicle - space vehicle - space-based orbital transfer vehicle - space shuttle launch vehicle - starprobe vehicle - subsonic vehicle - tanker vehicle - terrestrial laser-propelled sail vehicle - transatmospheric vehicle - unboosted vehicle - unmanned air vehicle - water rescue vehicle - winged surface effect vehicle -
128 frame
1) конструкция, сооружение, строение; скелет сооружения; каркас; рама, рамка; станина; корпус2) ферма, стропила3) козлы; дуга; скоба4) стойка; колонка; траверса5) границы, пределы, рамки6) система отсчёта, система координат7) создавать, вырабатывать8) собирать ( конструкцию)9) оправлять•- A-frame - adjustable frame - all concrete frame - all-welded frame - angle iron frame - balloon frame - bearing frame - bent frame - body frame - boring frame - box-section frame - box- frame - braced frame - bracing frame - building frame - built-up frame - cab frame - carriage frame - catch frame - channel frame - chassis frame - closed rigid frame - composite truss frame - concrete frame - curved frame - door frame - engine frame - filter frame - finder frame - foundation frame - gate frame - grouted frame - guide frame - half-lattice frame - hanger frame - high-pressure gate frame - hinged frame - hingeless frame - horizontal frame - imperfect frame - jigging frame - knee frame - lattice frame - leader frame - main frame - measuring frame - metal frame - moment-resisting space frame - multiple-bay frame - portal frame - redundant frame - reinforced concrete frame - reinforced concrete skeleton frame - rigid frame - rotary frame - saw frame - self-stressed frame - skeleton frame - skeleton frame construction - slider frame - space frame - steel frame - stiff frame - stiffening frame - supporting frame - travelling frame - window frame* * *1. стержневая конструкция, каркас; рама2. дверная или оконная коробка- A frame
- arched frame
- balloon frame
- braced frame
- bracing frame
- building frame
- chassis frame of crane mounting
- complex frame
- continuous rigid frame
- continuous frame
- conveyor belt frame
- door frame
- filter frame
- fir frame
- fixed frame
- grouted frame
- high-rise building frames
- hingeless frame
- hopper frame
- imperfect frame
- knocked-down frame
- lifting frame
- measuring frame
- moment-resisting space frame
- multiple frame
- multispan frame
- multistory frame
- no-hinged frame
- one-span frame
- orthogonal space frame
- pile frame
- plane frame
- portal frame
- precast concrete frame
- reinforced concrete tower frames
- rigid frame
- rigid portal frame
- rolling shutter frame
- semirigid frame
- several stories high frame
- single swing frame
- site-cast concrete frame
- skewed space frame
- space frame
- steel rigid frame
- steel frame
- steel tube space frame
- structural frame
- structural steelwork frame
- three-dimensional frame
- three-hinged frame
- three-pinned frame
- tie frames
- timber frame
- window frame
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