empty

1) notch, hack, in the edge of a thing (skörð vóru fallin í sverðit); s. í vörr, a hare-lip;

2) empty space, breach, gap (höggva s. í ætt e-s);

3) mountain pass.

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n. [A. S. sceard; Engl. shard; Germ. scharte; Dan. skaard]:—a notch, chink in the edge of a thing; skörð vöru fallin í sverðit, Fs. 62; þá beit Egill skarð ór horninu, Eg. 605; skarð í vör, a hare-lip, Fms. x. 88; skarð í vör Skíða, Sd.: of the moon, hvel á tungli er nær sólu, en skarð firr, Rb. 452 (skarðr máni); leysi af með skinni, eðr leysi skarð ór skinni, Gþl. 448.

2. an empty, open place, in a rank or a row; skarð fyrir skildi (see skjöldr), Fas. iii. 42, 43; betra er oss skarð ok missa í flota Ólafs, Hkr. i. 334; nú ef skörð verða á, þá skal ármaðr þau skörð bæta, N. G. L. i. 101; skarð í ætt e-s, Fs. 6; höggva skarð í ætt e-s, Eg. 475 (metaphor from a fence); var nú úhægt at verja þat skarð er þessir höfðu staðit, Fms. x. 361; en ef þeir synja þér manntals, þá máttú telja skörð (loss of right, deficiency) á hendr þeim, N. G. L. i. 98; ef skríða skal í þat skarð sem Ormr reytti af þér, Ölk. 36.

3. [cp. Cumbrian Scarf-gap], a mountain pass, Ölk. 37; vestr yfir skörðin, Fs. 41; austr um skörð, Skíða R.; hamra-skarð, fjall-skarð, q. v.: freq. in local names, Skarð, Skörð; Skarð-verjar, m. pl. the men from Skarð, Sturl. i. 199; Skarða-leið, the way through the Skörð, iii. 15; Skarðs-heiðr, Skarð-strönd, Vatnsdals-skarð, Ljósavatns-skarð, Haukadals-skarð, Kerlingar-skarð, Geita-skarð, Landn., map of Icel. skarða-lauss, adj. whole, undiminisbed, D. N.

* * *

n. empty talk, gossip.

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n. [= skval, dropping the v], windy, empty talk, gossip, Edda 110; s. ok hégómi, H. E. i. 475; hann kvaðsk eigi heyra skjal þeirra, Fms. v. 327; verða at skjali einu, Fas. iii. 181; skrum ok s., Skiða R. 7; alþýðu skjal, Hom. (St.)

B. [A different word; from skil, Dan. skjel, cp. spell and spjall], a written deed, document, adduced as proof in a lawsuit, D. N. i. 605, iv. 538. 550, freq. in mod. usage.

COMPDS: skjalasafn, skjalavörðr.

ð, to ‘loom off,’ to empty, Fr.

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(eys, jós, jósum, ausinn), v.

1) to sprinkle, pour, with dat.;

þær taka hvern dag vatn í brunninum ok ausa (viz. því) upp yfir askinn, pour it over the ash-tree;

ausa síld ór netjum, to empty the nets of the herrings;

fig., ausa sauri á e-n, to bespatter with abuse;

ausa e-m e-u í augu upp, to throw … in one’s face;

2) ausa e-n (or e-t) e-u, to besprinkle with a thing;

ausa e-n moldu, to sprinkle with earth, to bury;

ausa barn vatni, a sort of baptism in the heathen age (Sigurðr jarl jós sveininn vatni ok kallaði Hákon);

3) with acc., to bale;

ausa skip upp, to bale the ship out;

fig., ausa bát sinn, to make wetter;

4) of a horse, to kick or lash out with the hind legs.

f. ladle;

ekki er enn sopit, þó í ausuna sé komit, there’s many a slip ‘twixt the cup and lip.

* * *

u, f. a ladle, ekki er sopið kálið Þó í ausuna sé komit (a proverb), many a slip ‘twixt the cup and the lip, Grett. 132, Þórð. 51.

1) temporary dwellings booth;

farmanna búðir, merchants’ booths; esp. of the temporary dwellings at the Icelandic parliament;

tjalda búð, to fit up a booth (with tent-roof and hangings);

2) abode, dwelling place;

fara búðum, to change one’s abode;

hafa harða, kalda búð, to have a hard, cold abode.

(= búið, búit), used as adv., may be;

búð svá sé til ætlat, may be, it will come so to happen;

búð eigi hendi hann slíka úgiptu í annat sinn, may be he will not have such misfortune again.

* * *

I. [Engl. booth; Germ. bude; Dan. bod: not from búa], a booth, shop; farmanna búðir, merchants’ booths: setja búðir, Eg. 163; hafa búðir á landi, Grág. i. 91, the booths in the harbour being but temporary and being removed as soon as the ship went to sea.

β. specially used of the temporary abodes in the Icel. parliament, where, as the meeting only lasted two weeks a year, the booths remained empty the rest of the year; hence tjalda ( to dress) búðir, viz. during the session for the use of its owner. But every goði ( priest) and every family had their own ‘booth,’ which also took their names from a single man or ruling family, e. g. Allsherjar b., Sturl. ii. 44; Snorra b., 125; b. Skapta, Nj. 220; b. Hafliða, Sturl. i. 44: from families or districts, Ölfusinga b., Nj. 181; Möðruvellinga b., 182, 247; Skagfirðinga b., 182; Jöklamanna b., Sturl. ii. 158; Austfirðinga b., 158, 159; Saurbæinga b., 82; Dalamanna b., Nj. 48; Mosfellinga b., 164; Rangæinga b., 48, 180; Ljósvetninga b., 183, 223; Norðlendinga b., 228; Vatnsfirðinga b., 248; Vestfirðingu b., Bs. i. 21; Svínfellinga b., Lv. 18; Skarðverja b., Sturl. i. 199, etc.: other names, Byrgis-búð, 31; Grýta, ii. 45; Dilkr, 158; Valhöll, 126; Hlað-búð, 82, Nj. 244; Virkis-búð, 247. As the alþing was a public meeting, other booths are also mentioned, e. g. Trúða búðir, booths of Jugglers, Troubadours, Grág. ii. 84; Ölbúð, an Ale-booth, beer-shop, Sturl. ii. 125; Sútara búð, a Souter’s (cobbler’s) booth, Grág. ii. 84; Sverð-skriða b., a Tanner’s booth, id.; and Göngumanna búðir, Beggars’ booths, a troop of beggars being an appendage to any old feast or public meeting, cp. Gísl. 54–56: the law (Grágás) forbade the sheltering of beggars at the parliament, but in vain; see numberless passages referring to alþing or fjórðungsþing, esp. Grág. Þ. Þ., Nj., Sturl., Gísl. l. c., Korm. S., Kristni S. A short treatise, called ‘Catastasis of Booths,’ composed about A. D. 1700, is mentioned in Dasent’s Burnt Njal; but it is the mere work of a scholar, not founded upon tradition. As búð is opposed to bú, as a temporary abode to a permanent fixed one, so búðsetumaðr (búð-seta), a cottager, is opposed to bóndi; fara búðum is to change one’s abode, Hkr. ii. 110; Mýramanna-búð, Band. (MS.)

γ. in eccl., Tjald-búð is the Tabernacle.

2. in the compds í-búð, sam-búð, etc., ‘búð’ is a different word, being simply formed from the verb búa, and of late formation, prob. merely a rendering of Lat. habitatio; whilst búð, a booth, is not related to búa.

II. esp. in compds, í-búð, living in; sam-búð, living together; vás-búð, a cold berth, i. e. wet and cold; hafa harða, kalda búð, to have a hard, cold abode, Fms. x. 158 (belongs perh. to I.)

COMPDS: búðardvöl, búðardyr, búðargögn, búðarhamarr, búðarketill, búðarkviðr, búðarlið, búðarmaðr, búðarnagli, búðarrúm, búðarsetumaðr, búðarstaðr, búðarsund, búðartópt, búðarveggr, búðarvirki, búðarvist, búðarvörðr.

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(drekk; drakk, drukkum; drukkinn), v.

1) to drink (drekka mjöð, öl, mungát);

drekka full, minni, horn, to drink a toast, cup, horn;

drekka drykk, to drink a draught (þú skalt drekka af tvá drykki);

drekka brjóst spena, to suck;

drekka úmælt, without measure;

drekka fast (mjök), to drink hard;

drekka e-n af stokki, to drink one under the table;

drekka sér lítit vit, drekka frá sér vit ilit, to drink away one’s reason;

2) to hold, celebrate a feast (drekka veizlu, brullaup, erfi);

3) with preps.:

drekka af keri, to drink out of a vessel (drukku þeir af einu silfrkeri);

to drink off (empty) a vessel, cup (hann tók við horninu ok drakk af);

drekka á e-n, to drink to a person;

refl., drekkast á, to drink to one another;

impers., drekkr á e-n, one ships a sea;

drekka til e-s = drekka á e-n;

drekka e-t út, to consume or spend in drinking.

1) drink, beverage;

2) a drinking feast or banquet;

Ægis drekka, the drinking at Ægir’s.

* * *

u, f. drink, beverage, Edda 48: a banquet, N. G. L. i. 91, Og. 13; cp. Ægis-drekka, the banquet at Ægir, Edda.

* * *

(drekk; drakk, drukkum; drukkinn), v.

1) to drink (drekka mjöð, öl, mungát);

drekka full, minni, horn, to drink a toast, cup, horn;

drekka drykk, to drink a draught (þú skalt drekka af tvá drykki);

drekka brjóst spena, to suck;

drekka úmælt, without measure;

drekka fast (mjök), to drink hard;

drekka e-n af stokki, to drink one under the table;

drekka sér lítit vit, drekka frá sér vit ilit, to drink away one’s reason;

2) to hold, celebrate a feast (drekka veizlu, brullaup, erfi);

3) with preps.:

drekka af keri, to drink out of a vessel (drukku þeir af einu silfrkeri);

to drink off (empty) a vessel, cup (hann tók við horninu ok drakk af);

drekka á e-n, to drink to a person;

refl., drekkast á, to drink to one another;

impers., drekkr á e-n, one ships a sea;

drekka til e-s = drekka á e-n;

drekka e-t út, to consume or spend in drinking.

1) drink, beverage;

2) a drinking feast or banquet;

Ægis drekka, the drinking at Ægir’s.

* * *

pret. drakk, pl. drukku; sup. drukkit; pres. drekk; pret. subj. drykki; [Ulf. drigkan; A. S. drinkan; Engl. drink; O. H. G. trinkan; M. H. G. trinken; Dan. drikke; Swed. dricka]:— to drink, the beverage or feast in acc.; d. mjöð, Hm. 18; mungát, el, Fms. viii. 166, Hm. 82; d. full, minni ( a toast), Eg. 552, Fms. vi. 442; d. horn, to drain, drink off a horn, a cup, Hkr. i. 35; síðan tók Kolskeggr justu eina af miði fulla ok drakk, Nj. 43; d. drykk, to drink a draught, Fms. xi. 233; eptir þat tók Þórir kalkann ok drakk af tvá drykki, Gullþ. 7; þú skalt d. af tvá drykki, id.; d. brjóst (acc.), to suck (v. brjóst-drekkr), Mar. 656 A. 23, cp. Gþl. 504.

β. to hold a feast, the feast in acc.; d. Jól, Fms. vi. 100, Fagrsk. 4 (in the poem of Hornklofi); d. veizlu, Nj. ii; d. brullaup, Fms. xi. 88; d. erfi, Nj. 167.

γ. denoting the mode of drinking; d. ein-menning, to drink one to one, Eg. 551; d. tví-menning, to drink two to two, id.; d. fast, to drink hard, Eb. 184; d. úmælt, to drink without measure (cp. mál-drykkja), Fms. iii. 18; d. til e-s, to drink to a person, Eg. 552, Sturl. iii. 305, Bs. i. 848, 798; d. á e-n, id., Fms. iv. 333, vi. 442 (cp. á-drykkja); d. e-n af stokki, to drink one under the table, iv. 167; d. frá sér vit, to drink one’s wits away, ix. 339, Hm. 11; the allit. phrase, d. ok dæma, to drink and chatter, Rm. 29: adding the prepp. af, ór, to drink off a cup; d. af dýra hornum, Fms. vi. 442, Eg. 206, 207: absol. to drink, hold a feast, Eg. 43.

δ. impers. (vide á-drykkir) of a ship, to ship a sea, metaph., Al. 139.

ε. recipr., drekkask á, to drink to one another, Hkr. ii. 249, N. G. L. i. 211, Js. 78.

2. part. pass. drukkinn, drunken, tipsy, Eb. 154, Fms. i. 59, Eg. 552.

1) great-grandmother;

2) the name of the book Edda, written by Snorri Sturluson, c. 1220.

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u, f. a great-grandmother, Rm. 2. 4; móðir ( mother) heitir ok amma (grandmother), þriðja edda (the third is edda), Edda 108: this sense is obsolete.

II. metaph. the name of the book Edda, written by Snorri Sturluson, and containing old mythological lore and the old artificial rules for verse making. The ancients only applied this name to the work of Snorri; it is uncertain whether he himself called it so; it occurs for the first time in the inscription to one of the MSS. of Edda, viz. the Ub., written about fifty or sixty years after Snorri’s death: Bók þessi heitir Edda, hann hefir saman setta Snorri Sturlusonr eptir þeim hætti sem hér er skipat (viz. consisting of three parts, Gylfagynning, Skáldskaparmál, and Háttatal), Edda ii. 250 (Ed. Arna-Magn.); sva segir í bók þeirri er Edda heitir, at sá maðr sem Ægir hét spurði Braga …, 532 (MS. of the 14th century); hann (viz. Snorri) samansetti Eddu, he put together the Edda, Ann. 1241 (in a paper MS., but probably genuine). As the Skáldskaparmál ( Ars Poëtica) forms the chief part of the Edda, teaching the old artificial poetical circumlocutions (kenningar), poetical terms and diction, and the mythical tales on which they were founded, the Edda became a sort of handbook of poets, and therefore came gradually to mean the ancient artificial poetry as opposed to the modern plain poetry contained in hymns and sacred poems; it, however, never applies to alliteration or other principles of Icel. poetry: reglur Eddu, the rules of Edda, Gd. (by Arngrim) verse 2, Lil. 96, Nikulas d. 4; Eddu list, the art of Edda, Gd. (by Arni) 79;—all poems of the 14th century. The poets of the 15th century frequently mention the Edda in the introduction to their Rímur or Rhapsodies, a favourite kind of poetry of this and the following time, Reinalds R. I. 1, Áns R. 7. 2, Sturlaugs R., Sigurðar þögla R. 5. 4, Rimur af Ill Verra og Vest, 4, 3, Jarlmanns R. 7. 1, 5, II. 3, Dímis R. 2. 4, Konraðs R. 7. 5;—all these in vellum and the greater part of them belonging to the 15th century. Poets of the 16th century (before 1612), Rollants R. 9. 6, 12. 1, Pontus R. (by Magnus Gamli, died 1591), Valdimars R., Ester R. 2. 2, 6. 3, Sýraks R. 1. 2, 6. 2, Tobias R. I. 2; from the first half of the 17th century, Grett. R., Flores R. 6. 3, 9. 2, Króka Refs R. 1. 7, Lykla Pétrs R. 4. 2, 12. 1, Apollonius R. 1. 5, Flovents R. 6. 3, Sjö Meistara R. 1. 7, 2. 1, 3. 8;—all in MS. In these and many other references, the poets speak of the art, skill, rules, or, if they are in that mood, the obscure puerilities and empty phrases of the Edda, the artificial phraseology as taught and expounded by Snorri; and wherever the name occurs (previous to the year 1643) it only refers to Snorri’s book, and such is still the use of the word in Icel.; hence compd words such as Eddu-lauss, adj. void of Eddic art; Eddu-borinn, part. poetry full of Eddic phrases; Eddu-kenningar, f. pl. Eddic circumlocutions, Kötlu Draumr 85, e. g. when the head is called the ‘sword of Heimdal,’ the sword the ‘fire or torch of Odin,’ etc.; Eddu-kendr = Edduborinn; Eddu-bagr, adj. a bungler in the Eddic art, etc. The Icel. bishop Brynjolf Sveinsson in the year 1643 discovered the old mythological poems, and, led by a fanciful and erroneous suggestion, he gave to that book the name of Sæmundar Edda, the Edda of Sæmund; hence originate the modern terms the Old or Poetical and New or Prose Edda; in foreign writers Eddic has been ever since used in the sense of plain and artless poetry, such as is contained in these poems, opposed to the artificial, which they call Scaldic (Skald being Icel. for a poet); but this has no foundation in old writers or tradition. Further explanation of this subject may be seen in Ersch and Gruber’s Encyclopedia, s. v. Graagaas.

* * *

1) stuff, material (svá skildu þeir, at allir hlutir væri smíðaðir af nökkuru efni); ek em görr af ústyrku efni, I am made of frail stuff; cf. biskups-, brúðar-, fægðar-, konu-, konungs-, mágs-, manns-, mungáts-, smíðar-efni;

2) matter of discourse, subject, theme (þryti mér fyrr stundin til frásagnar en efnit til umrœðu) eigi með sönnu e., with untrue statement, falsely; nú er úti mitt e., now my story is at an end;

3) matter, affair (segir konungr frá öllu þessu e.); fátt er betr látit en e. eru tíl, few things are reported better than they really are;

4) cause, reason; látast báðir af því e., both die from this cause; fyrir þat e. (for that reason) keypti hann landit

5) state, condition, affair; sagði, hver e. í vóru, he told how matters stood; ek veit eigi görla e. Gunnlaugs, how G.’s affairs stand; kominn í úvænt e., into a critical condition; óttalauss í öllu e., in every respect; er þessi hlutr kom til efnis, when this came aboitt; berr þat til efnis, at, it happens that;

6) pl., means; ok bjuggust um eptir þeim efnum, sem þeir höfðu til, according to their means; engi vóru e. annars, þar vóru engi e. önnur, there was no other chance or choice.

* * *

n. [Swed. ämne = stuff, materia, and Dan. ævne = achievement]:—a stuff, originally like Lat. materia, timber; and so the stuff or material out of which a thing is wrought; auðskæf mærðar e., Ad. 16; at allir hlutir væri smíðaðir af nokkru efni, that all things were wrought ( created) of some stuff, Edda 147 (pref.); skapa af engu efni, to create from nothing (of God), Fms. i. 304; efni ( materials) til garðbóta, Grág. ii. 263, Sks. 287 (of a cloth); ek em görr af ústyrku efni, I am made of frail stuff, 543, Barl. 140, Stj. 17, 67; smíðar-efni, materials; efni-tré, a block, tree; efni í ljá, orf, etc., or of any piece fitted as materials.

β. in a personal sense; manns-efni, a promising young man: karls-efni, a thorough man, a nickname, Landn.: the proverb, engi veit hvar sæls manns efni sitr, of youths of whom no one can tell what may be hidden in them; þegns e. = manns-efni, Stor. 11: gott manns-e., gott bónda-e., promising to be an able man; and on the other hand, ónýtt, illt manns-e., in whom there is nothing.

γ. merely in temp. sense, applied to persons designate or elect; konungs-e., a crown prince; biskups-e., a bishop-elect; brúðar-e., a bride-elect; konu-e., one’s future wife.

δ. a subject, of a story, book, or the like, Lat. argumentum, plot; yrkis e., Íd. 11; e. kvæða, a plot, subject for poetry; sögu-e., a subject for tales or history; in old writers it rarely occurs exactly in this sense: the contents of a written thing, bréfs-e., efni í bók; hence efnis-laust, adj. void, empty writing; efnis-leysa, u, f. emptiness in writing; Björn hafði ort flim um Þórð, en þau vóru þar efni í, at …, but that was the subject of the poem, that …, Bjarn. 42; þótti mönnum þar mikit um, hversu mikil efni þar vóru til seld, i. e. people thought the tale interesting, Ld. 200; eigi með sönnu efni, falsely, with untrue statements, Sturl. iii. 305: hvárt efni þeir höfðu í um rógit, how they had made ( mixed) their lies up, Eg. 59; meir en efni sé til seld, i. e. ( related) more than what was true, the tale was overdone, Bs. i. 137; talar af sama efni ( subject) sem fyrrum, Fms. ix. 252.

2. metaph. a matter, affair; til sanninda um sagt e., Dipl. i. 8; segir konungi frá öllu þessu e., Sturl. i. 3; er þat merkjanda í þessu e., Rb. 250; fátt er betr látið enn efni eru til (a proverb), few things are reported better than they really are, Band. 2; fyrir hvert efni, for this reason.

β. a cause, reason; látask báðir af því e., both died from this cause, Ísl. ii. 197; með hverju e. Sturla hefði þessa för gört, what was the reason of S.’s doing so? Sturl. ii. 132; gleði e., sorgar e., matter of joy, sorrow, etc.: the proverb, en hvert mál, er maðr skal dæma, verðr at líta á tilgörð með efnum ( causes), Eg. 417; fyrir þat efni ( for that reason) keypti hann landit, Hrafn. 22, H. E. i. 471; en þetta efni ( cause) fundu þeir til, Sks. 311.

γ. a state, condition, affair; Rútr sagði allt e. sitt, Nj. 4; í úvænt efni, a hopeless state, Band. (MS.) 13, Ísl. ii. 225; ek veit eigi görla efni Gunnlaugs, I know not how Gunlaug’s matters stand, 240; Helgi kvað eigi þat efni í, at láta lausan þjóf fjölkunnigan, H. said that it would never do, to let a thief and wizard go, Sturl. i. 62; ef þess eru efni, if that be so, Grág. i. 76; sér, hvers efni í eru, he saw how matters stood, Band. (MS.) 11; sagði hver efni í voru, said how matters stood, Nj. 99; mér þykir sem málum várum sé komið í únýtt efni, ef …, 150; munu ill efni í, some mischief may have happened, Fs. 144; gott, þungt e., Karl. 402, Bs. i. 815; e-t gengr, kemr svá til efnis, happens so and so, Mar. (Fr.); skipta sitt líf í betra e., to repent, id.; bera til efnis, to happen, Pr. 410.

3. plur. means, ability; minni nytjamenn af meirum efnum en hann, Sturl. i. 126; eptir sínum efnum, to the best of their ability, Hom. 123; ok bjoggusk um eptir þeim efnum sem þeir höfðu til, Orkn. 360; sjái þér nökkuð ráð ( possibility) eðr efni vár ( means), 358; grunar mik, at Þórólfr muni eigi görr kunna at sjá efni sín, i. e. I fear that Th. will overrate his own means, power, Eg. 76; þá væri þat efni nú í vóru máli, it would be a chance for us, Fms. ix. 239; þar vóru engi efni önnur, there was no other chance, xi. 144; nú eru þess eigi efni, if that be impossible, Grág. ii. 140; hér eru engin efni til þess at ek muna svíkja hann, i. e. I will by no means deceive him, it is out of the question that I should do so, Eg. 60.

β. in mod. usage, means, property, riches.

COMPDS: efnafæð, efnalauss, efnaleysi, efnalítill, efnaskortr.

(-dda, -ddr), v.

1) to make empty (auðr), clear of, deprive of its contents (eyða allan fjörðinn bæði at mönnum ok fé); eyða bygð (bœi ok borgir, heröð), to desolate, lay waste;

2) to desert, depart from (féllu sumir, en sumir eyddu hálfrýmin); eyða veizluna, to break up the feast; eyða þing, to dissolve the meeting;

3) to do away with, destroy, with dat. (eyddi eldr konum ok börnum);

4) to spend, squander (eyða fé, peningum);

5) to render void in law, annul, with acc. or dat. (eyða vígsmál or vígsmálum);

6) refl., eyðast, to come to nought; eyddist erfisgørðin fyrir honum, he let the funeral feast drop.

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u, f. [auðr], a gap, lacuna, in a book, (mod.)

(-dda, -ddr), v.

1) to make empty (auðr), clear of, deprive of its contents (eyða allan fjörðinn bæði at mönnum ok fé); eyða bygð (bœi ok borgir, heröð), to desolate, lay waste;

2) to desert, depart from (féllu sumir, en sumir eyddu hálfrýmin); eyða veizluna, to break up the feast; eyða þing, to dissolve the meeting;

3) to do away with, destroy, with dat. (eyddi eldr konum ok börnum);

4) to spend, squander (eyða fé, peningum);

5) to render void in law, annul, with acc. or dat. (eyða vígsmál or vígsmálum);

6) refl., eyðast, to come to nought; eyddist erfisgørðin fyrir honum, he let the funeral feast drop.

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dd, [auðr; A. S. éðan; Dan. öde; Germ. öden; Swed. öda], to waste:

I. with dat. denoting to waste, destroy, of men or things; hann eyddi ( slew) öllum fjölkunnigum mönnum, Stj. 491, Fms. ii. 41, vii. 8; ekki muntu með þessu e. öllum sonum Haralds konungs, i. 16.

β. of money; eyða fé, etc., to spend money, Eg. 70, Grág. i. 327, Nj. 29, Fms. i. 118: to squander, 655 iii. 1, Nj. 18, Fms. xi. 423, Fs. 79: reflex., hann átti land gott en eyddusk lausafé, but his loose cash went, Fms. vi. 102.

II. with acc. to lay waste, desolate, or the like; upp eyða ( lay waste) alla þeirra bygð, Fms. v. 161; þá vóru eydd skip Svía-konungs átjan, eighteen of the Swedish king’s ships were made void of men, x. 353; hann eyddi bygðina, iv. 44.

2. to desert, leave; en skyldi út bera ok e. skemmuna, Fms. v. 262; féllu sumir en sumir eyddu ( deserted from) hálfrýmin (in a battle), viii. 226; skip brotið eða eytt, a ship wrecked or abandoned, Grág. i. 91; en hón er nú eydd af mönnum, forlorn or deserted of men, Al. 1.

β. impers., eða héruð eyði, if counties be laid waste, K. Þ. K. 38; hence eyði-hús, etc. (below).

3. as a law term, of a meeting, to terminate, dissolve; ef þeir eru eigi samþinga, eðr vár-þing eru eydd, or if it be past the várþing, Grág. ii. 271; en er sá dagr kom er veizluna skyldi eyða, when men were to depart, break up the feast, Fms. xi. 331.

4. a law term, eyða mál, sókn, vörn, to make a suit void by counter-pleading; e. dæmð mál, Grág. ii. 23; munu vér e. málit með öxar-hömrum, Fs. 61; ok eyðir málit fyrir Birni, 125; eyddi Broddhelgi þá enn málit, Vápn. 13; at hann vildi í því hans sök e., ef hann vildi hans mál í því e., of unlawful pleading, Grág. i. 121; vera má at Eysteinn konungr hafi þetta mál eytt með lögkrókum sínum, Fms. vii. 142; eyddusk sóknir ok varnir, Nj. 149: with dat., eytt vígsmálum, 244; hélt þá Snorri fram málinu ok eyddi bjargkviðnum, Eb. 160, Arnkels (but no doubt less correct).

adj. (-liga, adv.), vain, empty.

adj. empty, Luke i. 53.

n. a forecast, empty words, Eb. 46, Mar. (Fr.)

adj. quite empty, of a tub.

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(gef; gaf, gáfum; gefinn), v.

1) to give (gefa e-m e-t);

hann gaf þeim góðar gjafar, he gave them good gifts;

gefa e-m ráð, to give one advice;

gefa hljóð, to give a hearing;

gefa e-m sök, e-t at sök, to lay to one’s charge, to bring a charge against one;

gefa slög, to deal blows;

gefa e-m drekka, to give one to drink;

impers., e-m gefr byr (byri), one gets a fair wind (gaf þeim byr ok sigla þeir í haf);

absol., gaf þeim vel, they got a fair wind;

ef fœri gefr á, if you get a chance;

ef yðr (dat.) gefr eigi missýi í þessu máli, if you are not mistaken in this matter;

þat gaf öllum vel skilja, it was clear for all to understand;

2) to give, grant;

gefa heimleyfi, to grant furlough;

gefa e-m grið, to grant quarter or pardon to one;

gefa e-m líf, to grant one his life;

3) to give in matrimony (ek var ung gefin Njáli);

4) to give fodder to cattle, to feed (gefa göltum, nautum, kúm, hestum);

5) gefa staðar, to stop;

lét hann þá staðar gefa róðrinn, he stopped rowing;

6) e-m er e-t svá gefit, or svá gefit um e-t, one is so and so disposed, thinks so and so of a thing (ef þér er þetta svá gefit sem þú segir);

7) with preps.:

gefa sér litit (mikit) af (or at) e-u, to take little (much) notice of;

gefa á e-t, to pour water on;

fig. to press on (gefr Ormr þá á);

gefa e-m til e-s, to give in return for a thing (gefa fé til sátta);

impers., honum hafði vel gefit til (had good luck) um hefndina;

gefa sér mikit (lítit) um e-t, to take great (little) interest in (= gefa sér mikit, lítit, af or at e-u);

gefa sér fátt um e-t, to take coldly, take little notice of;

gefa e-t upp, to give up (gefa upp alla mótstöðu);

gefa sik upp, to surrender;

gefa upp gamalmenni, to give old people up, let them starve;

gefa upp leiguna, to remit the rent;

gefa upp sakir, to remit offences;

upp gefinn, exhausted;

gefa e-t við e-u, to give in payment for;

gefa sik við, to give in (þat er líkara, at ek gefa mik við);

8) refl., gefast.

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pret. gaf, 2nd pers. gaft, mod. gafst, pl. gáfu; pres. gef; pret. subj. gæfi; part. gefinn; with neg. suff. gef-at, gaft-attu, Fm. 7; mid. form gáfumk ( dabat or dabant mihi, nobis), Stor. 23, Bragi, Edda: [Goth. giban = διδόναι; A. S. gifan; Engl. give; Dutch geven; O. H. G. gepan; Germ. geben; Swed. gifva; Dan. give.]

A. To give, with acc. of the thing, dat. of the person; g. gjafar, to give gifts, Fm. 7, Fms. vii. 40, Nj. 29, Hm. 48; mikit eitt skala manni gefa, 51; hann kvaðsk eingin yxn eiga þau áðr at honum þætti honum gefandi (gerundial, worth giving to him), Rd. 256; hann gaf stórgjafir öllu stórmenni, Ld. 114; hann gaf þeim góðar gjafir at skilnaði, Gísl. 9; Rútr gaf henni hundrað álna, Nj. 7; viltú g. mér þá, 73, 75, 281, passim.

II. to give in payment, to pay; gefa vildim vit þér fé til, we will give thee money for it, Nj. 75; yðr væri mikit gefanda (gerundial) til, at þér hefðit ekki íllt átt við Gunnar, you would have given a great deal not to have provoked Gunnar, 98; ek mun g. þér til Guðrúnu dóttur mína ok féit allt, id.: to lay out, hann gaf sumt verðit þegar í hönd, Gísl. 12; gefa e-t við e-u, to pay for a thing; at þér gefit mjök margra Kristinna manna líf við yðvarri þrályndi, that you will cause the loss of many Christian lives with your stubbornness, Fms. iv. 195; þat er líkara at ek gefa mikit við, Nj. 53; gefa sik við e-u, to give oneself to a thing, attend to, be busy about, mod.: gefa í milli, to discount; hygg at hvat þú gefr í milli tveggja systra, Fms. iv. 195 (hence milli-gjöf, discount).

III. in special sense, to give in matrimony; Njáll bað konu til handa Högna ok var hon honum gefin, Nj. 120; Vígdís var meir gefin til fjár en brautargengis, V. had been more wedded to the money than to her advancement, Ld. 26; segir at dóttir þeirra muni eigi betr verða gefin, 114:—gefa saman, to betroth, Fms. x. 381:—in mod. sense to marry, of the clergyman.

2. to give as a dowry, portion; búum þeim er Sveinn hafði gefit til hennar, Fms. x. 310 (hence til-gjöf, dowry); eigi skal ok í klæðum meira heiman gefask með konu en þriðjungr (hence heiman-gjöf, dowry), Gþl. 212:—so also, gefa í erfðir, to give as inheritance, Bs. i. 285:—gefa ölmusu, to give alms, Bs. passim; gefa fátækum, to give to the poor, passim.

IV. to give, grant; hann gaf honum vald yfir öllu landi, Fms. i. 18; gefa heimleyfi, to grant ‘home-leave,’ furlough, ix. 474; gefa orlof, ii. 64; gefa grið, to grant a truce to one, pardon, Nj. 165, Fms. ix. 479; gefa e-m líf, to grant one his life, 470.

V. in various phrases; gefa e-m nafn, to give one a name, Nj. 91, Fms. i. 23, Grág. ii. 146; gefa þakkir, to give thanks, Fms. i. 231; gefa e-m tillæti, to indulge one, Nj. 169; gefa e-m rúm, to give place to one, Fms. ii. 254, vi. 195; gefa ráð, to give counsel, advice, Nj. 75, 78; gefa góð orð, to give good words, answer gently; gefa e-m stór orð, to give one big words, Fms. v. 158; gefa slög, to deal blows, ix. 313; gefa gaum at, to give heed to, Nj. 57, Eg. 551; gefa hljóð, to give a hearing, in public speaking, Nj. 230; gefa tóm, to give time, leisure, 98; gefa ró reiði, to calm one’s wrath, 175:—gefa e-m sök, to bring a charge against, complain of, 82; ok gaf ek þó hjálminum enga sök á því, I did not like the helmet less for that, Ld. 128; at eigi sé mælt, at þú gefir dauðum sök, that thou bringest a charge against a dead man (which was unlawful), Nj. 82; en hvártki okkat gefr þat öðru at sök, neither of us likes the other the less for that, 52; ekki gef ek þér þat at sök þótt þú sér engi bleyðimaðr, 54; engi þorði þó sakir á at gefa, none durst complain, Al. 123; Sigurðr jarl bað konung eigi gefa Þrændum þetta at sök, Fms. i. 57; gefa kæru upp á e-n, to give in a complaint against one, Dipl. ii. 13.

2. gefa sér um …, to give oneself trouble about, take interest in, mostly followed by a noun; gefa sér fátt um e-t, to take coolly; gefa sér mikit um, to take great interest in; Þorfinnr lét gefa honum mat, en gaf sér lítið at honum, but else took little notice of him, Grett. 96; ekki er þess getið, at hann gæfi sér mikit um, that he shewed great interest, Fms. i. 289; mun ek mér ok ekki um þetta gefa, I will let this pass, not take offence at it, Boll. 354; en ef til mín kæmi tveir eða þrír, þá, gaf ek mér ekki um, then I took no notice of it, Fms. ii. 151; konungr gaf sér fátt um þat, Fb. i. 261; hann þóttisk vita hvat keisaranum mislíkaði ok gaf sér þó ekki um at sinni, Fms. vi. 71; ok gáfu sér ekki um viðbúnaðinn, vii. 87; so also, Skúli gaf sér litið at hvat biskup sagði, S. troubled himself little at what the bishop said, Bs. i. 873:—akin is the mod. phrase, eg gef ekki um það, I do not want it; gefðu ekki um það, do not care for it, mind it not; eg gaf ekki um að sjá það, I did not want to see it, etc.

3. gefa staðar, to stop; lét hann þá staðar gefa róðrinn, he stopped rowing, Fms. vi. 384; konungr gaf staðar ok hlýddi til frásagnar þeirra, viii. 400; ok þá er sá íss gaf staðar ok rann eigi, Edda 3; ok þeir gefa eigi stað ferðinni fyrr en þeir kómu norðr, 151 (pref.); svá at staðar gaf (MS. naf) höndin við sporðinn, 40.

VI. to give out, deal out; hón bað gefa sér drekka, bade give him to drink, Eg. 604: to give a dose, gefa e-m eitr, Al. 156:—absol. to give fodder to cattle, gefa göltum, Hkv. 2. 37; gefa nautum, kúm, hestum, Sturl. ii. 42, Gísl. 28:—gefa á, to dash over, of sea-water, cp. ágjöf: to pour water on, var gluggr á ofninum syá at útan mátti á gefa, Eb. 134; síðan lét hann gefa útan á baðit í glugg, 136; gefa á ker, to fill a goblet, Clar.: metaph. to press on, gefr Ormr þá á, Fb. i. 530 (in wrestling).

VII. with prepp., fyrir-gefa, to forgive, freq. in mod. usage, but scarcely found in old writers; so also gefa til, cp. Dan. tilgive, D. N., vide Safn i. 96, (rare and obsolete):—gefa upp, to give up; gefa upp gamalmenni, to give old people up, let them starve, Fms. ii. 225; gefa upp föður eða móður, 227; bændr báðu hann gefa upp eyna, Grett. 145: to remit, en þó vil ek nú upp gefa þér alla leiguna, Nj. 128; gaf honum upp reiði sína, Fms. x. 3, 6; ok gefit oss upp stórsakir, ii. 33; Brján konungr gaf upp þrysvar útlögum sínum inar sömu sakir, Nj. 269: absol., hvárt vilit þér gefa honum upp, pardon him, 205; gefa upp alla mótstöðu, to give up all resistance, Fms. ix. 322; gefa sik upp, to give oneself up, surrender, i. 198; þá gefum vér upp várn stað, 104; gefa upp ríki, konungdóm, to give up the kingdom, abdicate, resign, x. 4, xi. 392: to give up, hand over to one, Magnús konungr gaf honum upp Finnferðina með slíkum skildaga, vii. 135; ek vil gefa ykkr upp búit at Varmalæk, Nj. 25; allir hafa þat skaplyndi at gefa þat fyrst upp er stolit er, 76: to give up, leave off, gefa upp leik, to give up playing, Fas. iii. 530; gefa upp horn, Fms. vi. 241: to exhaust, empty, upp ætlu vér nú gefnar gersimar yðrar, vii. 197.

B. IMPERS., a naut. term; e-m gefr byri, byr (acc. pl. or sing.), one gets a fair wind; gaf þeim byr ok sigla þeir í haf, Nj. 4; gaf þeim vel byri, 138; er þeir vóru búnir ok byr gaf, Eg. 99: so also absol. with or without dat. of the person, gaf kaupmönnum burt af Grænlandi, the sailors got a wind off Greenland, so as to sail from it, Fb. iii. 454; því at eigi gaf suðr lengra, Fms. ii. 185; gaf þeim vel, ix. 268; gaf honum ílla, x. 4; gaf honum eigi austan, Nj. 63: so in the saying, svo gefr hverjum sem hann er góðr.

2. in other phrases, to get a chance; ef færi (acc.) gefr á, if you get a chance, Nj. 266; halda njósnum, nær bezt gæfi færi á honum, to keep a look-out, when there was best chance to get at him, 113; til þess gefr nú vel ok hógliga, ‘tis a fair and easy opportunity for that, Al. 156; mæltu menn at honum hafði vel gefit til ( had good luck) um hefndina, Fms. vii. 230; ef yðr (dat.) gefr eigi missýni í þessu máli, if you are not mistaken in this matter, Fbr. 32; gaf þeim glámsýni (q. v.) er til vóru komnir, Sturl. i. 179, Stj. 401; þá gaf mér sýn, then I beheld (in a vision), Fms. vii. 163; þat gaf öllum vel skilja, it was clear for all to understand, it lay open to all, vi. 70; e-m gefr á að líta, one can see, i. e. it is open and evident.

C. REFLEX., gefask vel (ílla), to shew oneself, prove good ( bad); það sé ván at þú gefisk honum eigi vel, er þú gefsk öllum öðrum mönnum ílla, Nj. 32; eigi deilir litr kosti ef þú gefsk vel, 78; hversu gafsk Björn þér, Kári, 265; opt hafa mér vel gefisk yður ráð, your counsels have often proved good to me, Ld. 252; hefir þeim þat ok aldri vel gefisk ( it has never turned out well) í þessu landi, Fms. vii. 22; ílla gefask ílls ráð, a saying, Nj. 20; hétu allir góðu um at gefask vel (i. e. to fight manfully), Fms. vii. 262:—to happen, turn out, come to pass, sem síðan gafsk, x. 416; svá honum gafsk, so it turned out for him, Sl. 20; ok svá gæfisk, ef eigi hefði Guð þá sína miskun til sent, and so it would have come to pass, unless …, Fms. x. 395:—gefsk mér svá, it seems to me so, methinks it is so, Karl. 290, 308 (vide A. V. 2. above); þat allsheri at undri gefsk, to all people it is a wonder, Ad. 18; e-m er e-t svá gefit, to be so and so disposed, to think so and so of a thing; ef þér er þetta svá gefit sem þú segir, Fms. v. 236; svá er mér gefit, son minn, at ek em þér fegin orðin, Ó. H. 33; sagði hann at svá mundi jarli gefit, Fms. ix. 244; en svá ætla ek flestum lendum mönnum gefit, at eigi munu skiljask frá Skúla jarli, 429, v. l.; þyki mér ok sem svá muni flestum gefit, at fé sé fjörvi firr, Ld. 266; en þat mun þó mestu um stýra hversu Þórdísi er um gefit, 302; síðan talaði konungr þetta mál við systur sína, ok spurði hversu henni væri um þetta gefit, Fms. ii. 221: of the gifts of nature, mikill máttr er gefinn goðum várum, Nj. 132; ok er þat mál manna, at henni hafi allt verit ílla gefit þat er henni var sjálfrátt, i. e. that she was a bad woman in everything of her own making (but well gifted by nature), 268; ok svá er sagt at honum hafi flestir hlutir höfðinglegast gefnir verit, 254.

2. with prepp., gefask upp, to give up, give in, surrender, Nj. 64, 124, Eg. 79: mod. to lose one’s breath: upp gefinn, upset; eigi þykjumk ek upp gefinn þó at ek sjá smávofur, Grett. 112; eigi þyki mér vit upp gefnir, ef vit veitumk at, 131; en þó at þeir feðgar sé ríkir menn, þá eru vér þó ekki upp gefnir fyrir þeim, Fb. ii. 195: in mod. usage, exhausted, having lost one’s breath, eg er uppgefinn; also of a horse, hann gafsk upp, harm er stað-uppgefinn:—e-m gefsk yfir, to do wrong, commit a fault, fail; þat mæla menn at þessi hlutr hafi konunginum yfir gefisk helzt, Fms. xi. 283; ef göfgum mönnum gáfusk stórir hlutir yfir, if the noble gave gross offence, did evil things, Bs. i. 107; engi er svá vitr at eigi gefisk yfir nokkut sinn, Karl. 451:—to give oneself to one, gefask Kristi, N. G. L. i. 339; gefsk þú hánum þá í dag með Guði, Nj. 157; gefask á vald e-s, to give oneself into another’s power, Fms. ix. 479.

II. recipr. to give to one another; gefask gjöfum, Bret. 48; gáfusk þeir gjöfum áðr þeir skildu, Bs. i. 274.

III. part. gefinn, given to a thing, in a spiritual sense, devout; g. fyrir bækr, lestr, smíðar, etc., given to books, reading, workmanship, etc.

a, m., mod. geimr, m., poët. the main, the sea, Edda (Gl.); skaut jörð ór geima, Edda Ht. 13: in mod. usage geimr means a vast empty space; himin-geimr, the universe, the air, ether; háfa skilr hnetti himingeimr, Jónas 167: the popular phrase, spyrja e-n útí alla heima og geima, to speer ( ask) freely about everything.

n. din of the sea.

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m., gen. rs, poët. the din of the sea, the swelling waves, Sks. 148:—the sea, freq. in poëtry and in poët. compds, vide Lex. Poët.; in prose Icel. say, orða-gjálfr, ‘word-din’ empty sounding wards, flood of phrases. gjálfr-ligr, gjálfr-samr, gjálfrugr, adj. noisy, roaring, Sks. 192. Ships are gjálfr-dýr, gjálfr-marar, gjálfr-stóð, steeds of the sea, Lex. Poët.

(also spelt gjör-, ger-, geyr-); the complete old form is görv-, which remains in görv-allr, q. v. [cp. görva below; mid. H. G. gar, garwe; O. H. G. garo; N. H. G. gar]:—as adverb. prefix, quite, altogether: gör-auðr, adj. quite empty: gör-bænn, adj. begging hard, importunate, Sighvat, Fb. ii. 80: gör-eyða, dd, to lay quite waste: gör-farinn, part. quite gone, quite lost, of a game, Fms. vii. 219: gör-hugall, adj. very heedful, mindful, Eg. 14: gör-kólfr, m. = for-kólfr, q. v.: gör-slokinn, part. quite slaked, Hólabók 103: gör-spiltr, part. quite corrupt.

n. an empty name, sham name, Hkr. ii. 268.