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101 embryological
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102 embryologist
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103 embryo
['ɛmbrɪəu]n* * *['embriəu]plural - embryos; noun1) (a young animal or plant in its earliest stages in seed, egg or womb: An egg contains the embryo of a chicken; ( also adjective) the embryo child.) zarodek, embrion2) (( also adjective) (of) the beginning stage of anything: The project is still at the embryo stage.) embrionalny•- embryological
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104 embryo
['embriəu]plural - embryos; noun1) (a young animal or plant in its earliest stages in seed, egg or womb: An egg contains the embryo of a chicken; ( also adjective) the embryo child.)2) (( also adjective) (of) the beginning stage of anything: The project is still at the embryo stage.)•- embryological
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105 embryo
['embriəu]plural - embryos; noun1) (a young animal or plant in its earliest stages in seed, egg or womb: An egg contains the embryo of a chicken; ( also adjective) the embryo child.) embrionas2) (( also adjective) (of) the beginning stage of anything: The project is still at the embryo stage.) embrioninis•- embryological
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106 embryo
n. ofullgånget foster; frö, början* * *['embriəu]plural - embryos; noun1) (a young animal or plant in its earliest stages in seed, egg or womb: An egg contains the embryo of a chicken; ( also adjective) the embryo child.)2) (( also adjective) (of) the beginning stage of anything: The project is still at the embryo stage.)•- embryological
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107 embryo
['embriəu]plural - embryos; noun1) (a young animal or plant in its earliest stages in seed, egg or womb: An egg contains the embryo of a chicken; ( also adjective) the embryo child.) zárodek; zárodečný2) (( also adjective) (of) the beginning stage of anything: The project is still at the embryo stage.) zárodečný•- embryological
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108 embryo
['embriəu]plural - embryos; noun1) (a young animal or plant in its earliest stages in seed, egg or womb: An egg contains the embryo of a chicken; ( also adjective) the embryo child.)2) (( also adjective) (of) the beginning stage of anything: The project is still at the embryo stage.)•- embryological
- embryologist
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109 embryo
['embriəu]plural - embryos; noun1) (a young animal or plant in its earliest stages in seed, egg or womb: An egg contains the embryo of a chicken; ( also adjective) the embryo child.) embrion2) (( also adjective) (of) the beginning stage of anything: The project is still at the embryo stage.) embriologic•- embryological
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110 embryo
['embriəu]plural - embryos; noun1) (a young animal or plant in its earliest stages in seed, egg or womb: An egg contains the embryo of a chicken; ( also adjective) the embryo child.) έμβρυο2) (( also adjective) (of) the beginning stage of anything: The project is still at the embryo stage.) εμβρυακός•- embryological
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111 embryo
['embriəu]plural - embryos; noun1) (a young animal or plant in its earliest stages in seed, egg or womb: An egg contains the embryo of a chicken; ( also adjective) the embryo child.) embryon; embryonnaire2) (( also adjective) (of) the beginning stage of anything: The project is still at the embryo stage.) embryonnaire•- embryological - embryologist - embryonic -
112 embryo
['embriəu]plural - embryos; noun1) (a young animal or plant in its earliest stages in seed, egg or womb: An egg contains the embryo of a chicken; ( also adjective) the embryo child.) embrião, em embrião2) (( also adjective) (of) the beginning stage of anything: The project is still at the embryo stage.) embrionário•- embryological - embryologist - embryonic -
113 Fabricius (of Aquapendente), Hieronymus
SUBJECT AREA: Medical technology[br]b. 20 May 1537 Aquapendente, central Italyd. 21 May 1619 Padua, Italy[br]Italian physician and anatomist, teacher of William Harvey, first known exponent of tracheotomy.[br]Of well-to-do origins, Fabricius studied at the University of Padua and obtained his doctorate in medicine and philosophy c.1559. He succeeded his master Fallopius in the Chair of Surgery at Padua in 1565 and was created Professor Supraordinarius for life c.1600. His discoveries and researches embraced a wide range of subjects, from the course and valves of blood-vessels to the embryology of the chick. He also covered a great variety of surgical innovations. His description of the technique of tracheotomy is clearly based on practical experience and sets out the contraindications as well as the practical requirements. He also wrote extensively on the senses, the mechanics of body movement, the mechanism of respiration and the language of animals.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnighthood of St Mark of Venice.Bibliography1617, Opera chirurgica in duas partes divisa, Padua. 1621, The Formation of the Egg and of the Chick, Padua.Further ReadingZimmerman and Veith, 1961, Great Ideas in the History of Surgery, Baltimore.MGBiographical history of technology > Fabricius (of Aquapendente), Hieronymus
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114 Monro, Philip Peter
SUBJECT AREA: Chemical technology[br]b. 27 May 1946 London, England[br]English biologist, inventor of a water-purification process by osmosis.[br]Monro's whole family background is engineering, an interest he did not share. Instead, he preferred biology, an enthusiasm aroused by reading the celebrated Science of Life by H.G. and G.P.Wells and Julian Huxley. Educated at a London comprehensive school, Monro found it necessary to attend evening classes while at school to take his advanced level science examinations. Lacking parental support, he could not pursue a degree course until he was 21 years old, and so he gained valuable practical experience as a research technician. He resumed his studies and took a zoology degree at Portsmouth Polytechnic. He then worked in a range of zoology and medical laboratories, culminating after twelve years as a Senior Experimental Officer at Southampton Medical School. In 1989 he relinquished his post to devote himself fall time to developing his inventions as Managing Director of Hampshire Advisory and Technical Services Ltd (HATS). Also in 1988 he obtained his PhD from Southampton University, in the field of embryology.Monro had meanwhile been demonstrating a talent for invention, mainly in microscopy. His most important invention, however, is of a water-purification system. The idea for it came from Michael Wilson of the Institute of Dental Surgery in London, who evolved a technique for osmotic production of sterile oral rehydration solutions, of particular use in treating infants suffering from diarrhoea in third-world countries. Monro broadened the original concept to include dried food, intravenous solutions and even dried blood. The process uses simple equipment and no external power and works as follows: a dry sugar/salts mixture is sealed in one compartment of a double bag, the common wall of which is a semipermeable membrane. Impure water is placed in the empty compartment and the water transfers across the membrane by the osmotic force of the sugar/salts. As the pores in the membrane exclude all viruses, bacteria and their toxins, a sterile solution is produced.With the help of a research fellowship granted for humanitarian reasons at King Alfred College, Winchester, the invention was developed to functional prototype stage in 1993, with worldwide patent protection. Commercial production was expected to follow, if sufficient financial backing were forthcoming. The process is not intended to replace large installations, but will revolutionize the small-scale production of sterile water in scattered third-world communities and in disaster areas where normal services have been disrupted.HATS was awarded First Prize in the small business category and was overall prize winner in the Toshiba Year of Invention, received a NatWest/BP award for technology and a Prince of Wales Award for Innovation.[br]Bibliography1993, with M.Wilson and W.A.M.Cutting, "Osmotic production of sterile oral rehydration solutions", Tropical Doctor 23:69–72.LRD -
115 emb
emb, embryologic(al) эмбриологическийemb, embryology эмбриологияEnglish-Russian dictionary of biology and biotechnology > emb
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116 Grammar
I think that the failure to offer a precise account of the notion "grammar" is not just a superficial defect in linguistic theory that can be remedied by adding one more definition. It seems to me that until this notion is clarified, no part of linguistic theory can achieve anything like a satisfactory development.... I have been discussing a grammar of a particular language here as analogous to a particular scientific theory, dealing with its subject matter (the set of sentences of this language) much as embryology or physics deals with its subject matter. (Chomsky, 1964, p. 213)Obviously, every speaker of a language has mastered and internalized a generative grammar that expresses his knowledge of his language. This is not to say that he is aware of the rules of grammar or even that he can become aware of them, or that his statements about his intuitive knowledge of his language are necessarily accurate. (Chomsky, 1965, p. 8)Much effort has been devoted to showing that the class of possible transformations can be substantially reduced without loss of descriptive power through the discovery of quite general conditions that all such rules and the representations they operate on and form must meet.... [The] transformational rules, at least for a substantial core grammar, can be reduced to the single rule, "Move alpha" (that is, "move any category anywhere"). (Mehler, Walker & Garrett, 1982, p. 21)4) The Relationship of Transformational Grammar to Semantics and to Human Performancehe implications of assuming a semantic memory for what we might call "generative psycholinguistics" are: that dichotomous judgments of semantic well-formedness versus anomaly are not essential or inherent to language performance; that the transformational component of a grammar is the part most relevant to performance models; that a generative grammar's role should be viewed as restricted to language production, whereas sentence understanding should be treated as a problem of extracting a cognitive representation of a text's message; that until some theoretical notion of cognitive representation is incorporated into linguistic conceptions, they are unlikely to provide either powerful language-processing programs or psychologically relevant theories.Although these implications conflict with the way others have viewed the relationship of transformational grammars to semantics and to human performance, they do not eliminate the importance of such grammars to psychologists, an importance stressed in, and indeed largely created by, the work of Chomsky. It is precisely because of a growing interdependence between such linguistic theory and psychological performance models that their relationship needs to be clarified. (Quillian, 1968, p. 260)here are some terminological distinctions that are crucial to explain, or else confusions can easily arise. In the formal study of grammar, a language is defined as a set of sentences, possibly infinite, where each sentence is a string of symbols or words. One can think of each sentence as having several representations linked together: one for its sound pattern, one for its meaning, one for the string of words constituting it, possibly others for other data structures such as the "surface structure" and "deep structure" that are held to mediate the mapping between sound and meaning. Because no finite system can store an infinite number of sentences, and because humans in particular are clearly not pullstring dolls that emit sentences from a finite stored list, one must explain human language abilities by imputing to them a grammar, which in the technical sense is a finite rule system, or programme, or circuit design, capable of generating and recognizing the sentences of a particular language. This "mental grammar" or "psychogrammar" is the neural system that allows us to speak and understand the possible word sequences of our native tongue. A grammar for a specific language is obviously acquired by a human during childhood, but there must be neural circuitry that actually carries out the acquisition process in the child, and this circuitry may be called the language faculty or language acquisition device. An important part of the language faculty is universal grammar, an implementation of a set of principles or constraints that govern the possible form of any human grammar. (Pinker, 1996, p. 263)A grammar of language L is essentially a theory of L. Any scientific theory is based on a finite number of observations, and it seeks to relate the observed phenomena and to predict new phenomena by constructing general laws in terms of hypothetical constructs.... Similarly a grammar of English is based on a finite corpus of utterances (observations), and it will contain certain grammatical rules (laws) stated in terms of the particular phonemes, phrases, etc., of English (hypothetical constructs). These rules express structural relations among the sentences of the corpus and the infinite number of sentences generated by the grammar beyond the corpus (predictions). (Chomsky, 1957, p. 49)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Grammar
См. также в других словарях:
Embryology — Em bry*ol o*gy, n. [Gr. e mbryon an embryo + logy: cf. F. embryologie.] (Biol.) The science which relates to the formation and development of the embryo in animals and plants; a study of the gradual development of the ovum until it reaches the… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
embryology — 1859, from embryon (see EMBRYO (Cf. embryo)) + LOGY (Cf. logy). Related: Embryologist (c.1850) … Etymology dictionary
embryology — [em΄brē äl′ə jē] n. [ EMBRYO + LOGY] the branch of biology dealing with the formation and development of embryos embryologic [em΄brēə läj′ik] adj. embryological embryologically adv. embryologist n … English World dictionary
Embryology — 1 morula, 2 blastula 1 blastula, 2 gastrula with blastopor … Wikipedia
embryology — embryological /em bree euh loj i keuhl/, embryologic, adj. embryologically, adv. /em bree ol euh jee/, n., pl. embryologies. 1. the science dealing with the formation, development, structure, and functional activities of embryos. 2. the origin,… … Universalium
embryology — [[t]e̱mbriɒ̱ləʤi[/t]] N UNCOUNT Embryology is the scientific study of embryos and their development. Derived words: embryologist [[t]e̱mbriɒ̱ləʤɪst[/t]] N COUNT ...a genetic embryologist at the hospital. embryological [[t]e̱mbriəlɒ̱ʤɪk(ə)l[/t]]… … English dictionary
embryology — em•bry•ol•o•gy [[t]ˌɛm briˈɒl ə dʒi[/t]] n. pl. gies 1) dvl the study of embryonic formation and development 2) dvl the origin, growth, and development of an embryo: the embryology of the chick[/ex] • Etymology: 1840–50 em bry•o•log′i•cal əˈlɒdʒ… … From formal English to slang
embryology — /ɛmbriˈɒlədʒi/ (say embree oluhjee) noun 1. the science of the embryo, its genesis, development, etc. 2. the origin, growth and development of an embryo: the embryology of the tadpole. {embryo + logy} –embryological /ˌɛmbriəˈlɒdʒɪkəl/ (say… …
embryology — embriologija statusas T sritis augalininkystė apibrėžtis Gemalinių darinių atsiradimo ir diferenciacijos mokslas. Skiriama augalų, gyvulių ir žmogaus embriologija. atitikmenys: angl. embryology rus. эмбриология … Žemės ūkio augalų selekcijos ir sėklininkystės terminų žodynas
embryology — noun Etymology: French embryologie Date: circa 1847 1. a branch of biology dealing with embryos and their development 2. the features and phenomena exhibited in the formation and development of an embryo • embryological adjective •… … New Collegiate Dictionary
embryology — n. [Gr. embryon, fetus; logos, discourse] The study of the formation, early growth and development of living organisms … Dictionary of invertebrate zoology
