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election+process

  • 21 sweep

    I [swiːp]
    1) (anche sweep out) scopata f., spazzata f.

    to give sth. a sweep — dare una scopata a qcs

    3) (of land, woods, hills) distesa f.; (of fabric) pezza f.
    4) (of events, history, country) estensione f.; (of opinion) ventaglio m., gamma f.; (of telescope, gun) portata f.
    5) (search) (on land) perlustrazione f., ricerca f.; (by air) sorvolo m.; (attack) bombardamento m. a tappeto; (to capture) rastrellamento m.

    to make a sweep of (search) (on land) esplorare, perlustrare; (by air) sorvolare; (to capture) rastrellare

    6) (anche chimney sweep) spazzacamino m.
    II 1. [swiːp]
    verbo transitivo (pass., p.pass. swept)
    1) (clean) scopare, spazzare [floor, room]; pulire [ chimney]

    to sweep the crumbs off the tablespazzare o fare cadere le briciole giù dal tavolo

    to sweep sth. off the table — fare cadere qcs. dal tavolo (con un ampio gesto della mano)

    to sweep sb. off his, her feet — [ wave] fare cadere o fare perdere l'equilibrio a qcn.; fig. (romantically) fare perdere la testa a qcn.

    4) (spread through) [disease, crime, craze] dilagare in, diffondersi in; [ storm] estendersi in; [ fire] propagarsi in; [ rumour] diffondersi in, divulgarsi in
    5) (search, survey) [beam, searchlight] proiettarsi su; [ person] scrutare; [vessel, submarine] scandagliare; [ police] rastrellare ( for alla ricerca di)

    to sweep sth. for mines — dragare qcs. alla ricerca di mine

    2.
    verbo intransitivo (pass., p.pass. swept)
    1) (clean) spazzare, scopare

    to sweep in, out — (anche fig.) (quickly) entrare, uscire impetuosamente; (majestically) entrare, uscire maestosamente

    to sweep into — [ invaders] irrompere in, invadere [ region]

    to sweep (in)to powerpol. essere portato al potere (con una maggio ranza schiacciante)

    to sweep through — [disease, crime, craze, change] dilagare, diffondersi in; [ storm] estendersi in; [ fire] propagarsi in; [ rumour] diffondersi, divulgarsi in

    to sweep over — [ searchlight] proiettarsi su; [ gaze] percorrere

    ••

    to sweep sth. under the carpet — BE o

    rugAE nascondere o insabbiare qcs

    * * *
    [swi:p] 1. past tense, past participle - swept; verb
    1) (to clean (a room etc) using a brush or broom: The room has been swept clean.) spazzare
    2) (to move as though with a brush: She swept the crumbs off the table with her hand; The wave swept him overboard; Don't get swept away by (= become over-enthusiastic about) the idea!; She swept aside my objections.) spazzare via
    3) (to move quickly over: The disease/craze is sweeping the country.) percorrere
    4) (to move swiftly or in a proud manner: High winds sweep across the desert; She swept into my room without knocking on the door.) diffondersi, dilagare; entrare/uscire
    2. noun
    1) (an act of sweeping, or process of being swept, with a brush etc: She gave the room a sweep.) spazzata
    2) (a sweeping movement: He indicated the damage with a sweep of his hand.) gesto
    3) (a person who cleans chimneys.) spazzacamino
    4) (a sweepstake.) lotteria
    - sweeping
    - sweeping-brush
    - at one/a sweep
    - sweep someone off his feet
    - sweep off his feet
    - sweep out
    - sweep the board
    - sweep under the carpet
    - sweep up
    * * *
    sweep /swi:p/
    n.
    1 (= sweep-up, sweep-out) spazzata; scopata: Give the house a thorough sweep, da' una bella spazzata alla casa!
    2 ampio gesto; movimento rapido; colpo ( con rotazione): with a sweep of his arm, con un ampio gesto del braccio; with a sweep of the oars, con un colpo di remi; con una remata; at one sweep, con un sol colpo
    3 [u] flusso; il fluire; lo scorrere: the sweep of the tide, il flusso della marea
    4 [u] (fig.) campo; ambito; portata
    5 distesa; tratto: a long sweep of meadows, una lunga distesa di prati; a sweep of mountain country, un tratto di terreno montagnoso
    6 ampia curva; viale d'accesso che fa un'ampia curva: The house is approached by a fine sweep ( o carriage sweep), un bel viale ad ampie curve dà accesso alla casa; The river makes a great sweep to the right, il fiume descrive un'ampia curva a destra
    7 pala, vela ( di mulino a vento)
    8 (naut.) dragaggio ( di mine); cavo di dragaggio; ( anche) remo sensile
    12 (= chimney-sweep) spazzacamino: as black as a sweep, nero come uno spazzacamino
    13 perlustrazione; ricerca ( di dispersi, ecc.)
    15 (mil., aeron.) penetrazione ( in territorio nemico); operazione su vasta scala; rastrellamento; bombardamento a tappeto
    16 [u] (elettron.) deflessione; deviazione; scansione ( della TV): horizontal sweep, scansione orizzontale
    17 (metall.) sagoma
    18 (fam.) vittoria completa; grande successo
    19 ( canottaggio) ritmo di voga; cadenza; palata
    22 ( cricket) tiro orizzontale ( all'altezza del terreno): reverse sweep, colpo (simile allo «sweep», ma eseguito con il rovescio della mazza)
    23 (fam.) ► sweepstake
    ● ( pesca) sweep net, rete a strascico □ sweep of one's eyes, occhiata (o sguardo) intorno; colpo d'occhio □ the sweep of a scythe, un colpo di falce; una falciata □ sweep-out (o sweep-up) = def. 1 ► sopra □ to make a clean sweep, far piazza pulita; fare un repulisti (fam.).
    ♦ (to) sweep /swi:p/
    (pass. e p. p. swept)
    A v. t.
    1 spazzare ( anche fig.); scopare; spazzare via, portare via; eliminare; distruggere; liberare; fare piazza pulita di (fam.): to sweep the floor, spazzare il pavimento; to sweep a room, spazzare una stanza; The upper deck was swept by a billow, il ponte superiore è stato spazzato da un maroso; The machine-guns swept the ground before the trenches, le mitragliatrici spazzavano il terreno davanti alle trincee; Dust storms swept the barren plain, tempeste di sabbia spazzavano l'arido piano; to sweep the seas of pirates, liberare il mare dai pirati; The Great Fire of 1666 swept the City, il Grande Incendio del 1666 distrusse la City
    2 scorrere (su); percorrere; scorrere (lett.); sfiorare; toccare leggermente; strisciare su: She swept her hand through her hair, si è passata la mano fra i capelli; His fingers swept the keyboard of the organ, le sue dita scorrevano sulla tastiera dell'organo; to sweep the strings of a guitar, sfiorare le corde d'una chitarra; Armed bands swept the countryside, bande armate scorrevano la campagna; Her skirt swept the floor, la gonna le strisciava sul pavimento
    3 (fig.) diffondersi, dilagare in: A new craze swept the country, una nuova moda dilagò nel paese
    4 sospingere; sballottare; trascinare
    5 spaziare su; scorrere con lo sguardo; scrutare: to sweep the horizon, scrutare l'orizzonte
    6 trascinare; portare via
    7 (mil.) battere, spazzare ( col tiro)
    8 ( anche naut.) scandagliare; dragare
    9 (fam.) vincere facilmente; stravincere: The Democrats swept the election, i Democratici vinsero le elezioni con un largo margine di voti
    B v. i.
    1 stendersi; estendersi; allargarsi: The shore sweeps to the south in a wide arc, la spiaggia descrive un ampio arco verso il sud; The plain sweeps away to the sea, la pianura si stende verso il mare
    2 incedere (o camminare) maestosamente; entrare (uscire, ecc.) con passo altero (o maestoso): The leading lady swept onto the stage, la primadonna è entrata in scena con passo maestoso
    ● (fig.) to sweep all before one, conseguire un successo travolgente □ (fig.) to sweep the board, vincere tutte le poste ( del gioco), far saltare il banco; (fig.) avere un grande successo, fare piazza pulita; trionfare □ to sweep sb. a bow, fare un inchino (o una riverenza) a q. to sweep the chimneys, sbrattare (o pulire) i camini □ (polit.) to sweep a constituency, conquistare un collegio elettorale con largo margine di voti □ (polit.: di un partito) to sweep the country, vincere le elezioni politiche □ (fig.) to sweep everything into one's net, fare piazza pulita; arraffare tutto □ to sweep one's hand over sb. 's hair, passare la mano sui capelli di q. to sweep a path, aprire un sentiero ( nella giungla, ecc.) □ (naut., mil.) to sweep the seas, battere i mari □ to sweep a space, fare spazio; sgombrare □ (naut.) swept way, rotta di sicurezza □ The road sweeps up the hill, la strada sale a larghe curve sino alla cima del colle □ (prov.) A new broom sweeps clean, scopa nuova spazza bene.
    * * *
    I [swiːp]
    1) (anche sweep out) scopata f., spazzata f.

    to give sth. a sweep — dare una scopata a qcs

    3) (of land, woods, hills) distesa f.; (of fabric) pezza f.
    4) (of events, history, country) estensione f.; (of opinion) ventaglio m., gamma f.; (of telescope, gun) portata f.
    5) (search) (on land) perlustrazione f., ricerca f.; (by air) sorvolo m.; (attack) bombardamento m. a tappeto; (to capture) rastrellamento m.

    to make a sweep of (search) (on land) esplorare, perlustrare; (by air) sorvolare; (to capture) rastrellare

    6) (anche chimney sweep) spazzacamino m.
    II 1. [swiːp]
    verbo transitivo (pass., p.pass. swept)
    1) (clean) scopare, spazzare [floor, room]; pulire [ chimney]

    to sweep the crumbs off the tablespazzare o fare cadere le briciole giù dal tavolo

    to sweep sth. off the table — fare cadere qcs. dal tavolo (con un ampio gesto della mano)

    to sweep sb. off his, her feet — [ wave] fare cadere o fare perdere l'equilibrio a qcn.; fig. (romantically) fare perdere la testa a qcn.

    4) (spread through) [disease, crime, craze] dilagare in, diffondersi in; [ storm] estendersi in; [ fire] propagarsi in; [ rumour] diffondersi in, divulgarsi in
    5) (search, survey) [beam, searchlight] proiettarsi su; [ person] scrutare; [vessel, submarine] scandagliare; [ police] rastrellare ( for alla ricerca di)

    to sweep sth. for mines — dragare qcs. alla ricerca di mine

    2.
    verbo intransitivo (pass., p.pass. swept)
    1) (clean) spazzare, scopare

    to sweep in, out — (anche fig.) (quickly) entrare, uscire impetuosamente; (majestically) entrare, uscire maestosamente

    to sweep into — [ invaders] irrompere in, invadere [ region]

    to sweep (in)to powerpol. essere portato al potere (con una maggio ranza schiacciante)

    to sweep through — [disease, crime, craze, change] dilagare, diffondersi in; [ storm] estendersi in; [ fire] propagarsi in; [ rumour] diffondersi, divulgarsi in

    to sweep over — [ searchlight] proiettarsi su; [ gaze] percorrere

    ••

    to sweep sth. under the carpet — BE o

    rugAE nascondere o insabbiare qcs

    English-Italian dictionary > sweep

  • 22 stand *****

    [stænd] stood vb: pt, pp
    1. n
    1) (booth) chiosco, (market stall) banco, bancarella, (at exhibition, fair) stand m inv, (raised area), (also: bandstand) palco, Sport tribuna, Am Law, (also: witness stand) banco
    2) (position), (also), fig posizione f, (resistance) resistenza
    3) (also: taxi stand) posteggio di taxi
    2. vt
    1) (place) mettere, porre
    2) (withstand, bear: weight) reggere a, resistere, sopportare
    3) (tolerate) sopportare
    4)

    (fam: treat) to stand sb a drink/meal — offrire da bere/un pranzo a qn

    5)

    (phrases) to stand guard or watch Milessere di guardia or sentinella

    3. vi
    1) (be upright) stare in piedi, (stay standing) restare in piedi, (get up) alzarsi

    they kept us standing about or around for ages — ci hanno fatto aspettare in piedi per ore

    that was all that stood between him and... — era tutto ciò che si frapponeva fra lui e...

    to be left standing (building) essere rimasto (-a) in piedi, (fig: competitor) essere bruciato (-a) in partenza

    to stand on one's head/hands — fare la verticale in appoggio/la verticale

    2)
    3) (be situated: building, tree) trovarsi, stare

    to leave to stand (tea) lasciare in infusione, (batter) (lasciar) riposare

    it stands to reason that... — è logico che...

    5) (fig: be placed) stare

    to stand at(thermometer, clock) indicare, segnare, (offer, price, sales) ammontare a, (score) essere

    6) Pol
    7) Naut

    English-Italian dictionary > stand *****

  • 23 performance

    performance [pəˈfɔ:məns]
    1. noun
       a. ( = show) spectacle m ; (Theatre) prestation f
       b. ( = rendering) [of composition] interprétation f ; [of one's act] numéro m
       c. ( = success) [of athlete, team] performance f ; [of economy, business] résultats mpl ; [of investment] rendement m
    their performance in the election/in the exam leurs résultats aux élections/à l'examen
    economic/academic performance résultats mpl économiques/universitaires
       d. [of engine, vehicle] performance f
       e. ( = carrying out) exécution f ; [of ritual] célébration f
    * * *
    [pə'fɔːməns]
    1) ( rendition) interprétation f (of de)
    2) (concert, show, play) représentation f (of de)
    3) (of team, sportsman) performance f (in à)
    4) [U] (economic, political record) performances fpl
    5) ( of duties) exercice m (of de); ( of rite) célébration f (of de); ( of task) exécution f (of de)
    6) [U] Automobile (of car, engine) performances fpl
    7) (colloq) ( outburst) scène f; ( elaborate procedure) affaire f
    8) Art art m vivant

    English-French dictionary > performance

  • 24 ballot

    bal·lot [ʼbælət] n
    1) ( process) [geheime] Abstimmung;
    ( election) Geheimwahl f;
    voting is by \ballot die Abstimmung ist geheim;
    first/second \ballot erster/zweiter Wahlgang;
    secret \ballot Geheimwahl f;
    to hold a \ballot abstimmen;
    ( elect) wählen;
    to put sth to the \ballot über etw akk [geheim] abstimmen
    2) ( vote)
    the \ballot die abgegebenen Stimmen
    3) ( paper) Stimmzettel m, Wahlzettel m vi abstimmen;
    they \balloted unanimously to accept the deal der Vorschlag wurde einstimmig angenommen vt
    to \ballot sb [on sth] jdn [über etw akk] abstimmen lassen

    English-German students dictionary > ballot

  • 25 outcome

    n результат, наслідок, підсумок
    - tangible outcome суттєві підсумки, суттєвий результат
    - outcome of an election результат виборів
    - outcome of the negotiations результат переговорів

    English-Ukrainian diplomatic dictionary > outcome

  • 26 return

    1) возвращение, возврат | возвращать(ся)
    2) отчёт; подача сведений | давать отчёт
    3) избрание; результаты выборов; результат подсчёта голосов | избирать
    4) возврат шерифом судебного приказа в суд; надпись шерифа на возвращаемом в суд судебном приказе
    6) доход, прибыль | приносить доход, прибыль
    7) риторно (часть страховой премии, удерживаемая страховщиком при отказе страхователя от договора страхования)
    8) отвечать; возражать; заявлять

    to return an indictment — 1. представлять проект обвинительного акта ( большому жюри) 2. выносить обвинительный акт ( о большом жюри);

    to return a visit — нанести ответный визит;

    to return guilty — признать виновным;

    to return not guilty [non-guilty] — признать невиновным;

    to return summons — издать приказ о явке в суд;

    return to writ — 1. официальный ответ должностного лица исполнительной власти на направленный ему судебный приказ 2. официальное засвидетельствование протокола делопроизводства на предмет его проверки

    - return of prisoner
    - return of process
    - return of wanted person
    - return of warrant
    - election returns
    - prison return
    - prisoner return
    - tax return

    Англо-русский юридический словарь > return

  • 27 round

    Round often appears after verbs in English ( change round, gather round, pass round). For translations, consult the appropriate verb entry (change, gather, pass). For go round, get round see the entries go, get.
    A adv
    1 GB ( on all sides) all round lit tout autour ; whisky all round! du whisky pour tout le monde! ; there were smiles all round tout le monde souriait ; to go all the way round [fence, wall, moat] faire tout le tour ;
    2 GB ( in circular movement) to go round and round [wheel, carousel] tourner (en rond) ; [person] fig tourner en rond ; lit aller et venir ; the tune was going round and round in my head j'avais cet air dans la tête ;
    3 GB (to specific place, home) to be ou go round to passer à [office, school] ; to ask sb (to come) round dire à qn de passer ; she's coming round today elle passe aujourd'hui ; to invite sb round for lunch inviter qn à déjeuner (chez soi) ; I'm just going round to Sandra's je pars chez Sandra ; I'll be round in a minute j'arrive (dans un instant) ;
    4 GB ( in circumference) three metres round [tree trunk] de trois mètres de circonférence ;
    5 GB ( as part of cycle) all year round toute l'année ; this time round cette fois-ci ; as summer comes round à l'approche de l'été ; my birthday will soon be round again c'est bientôt mon anniversaire.
    B prep GB
    1 ( expressing location) autour de [table, garden etc] ; let's sit round the table asseyons-nous autour de la table ; to sit round the fire s'asseoir au coin du feu ; the wall goes right round the house le mur fait le tour de la maison ; he had a scarf round his neck il avait une écharpe autour du cou ; what do you measure round the waist? combien fais-tu de tour de taille? ;
    2 ( expressing direction) to go round the corner tourner au coin de la rue ; to go round a bend ( in road) prendre un virage ; the baker's is just round the corner la boulangerie est tout près ; to go round a roundabout prendre un rond-point ; to go round an obstacle contourner un obstacle ;
    3 (on tour, visit) shall I take you round the house? voulez-vous visiter la maison? ; her sister took us round Oxford sa sœur nous a fait visiter Oxford ; to go round the shops faire les magasins.
    1 ( approximately) à peu près, environ ; round about 50 people/9 am à peu près or environ 50 personnes/9 h ; it happened round about here ça s'est passé par ici ;
    2 ( vicinity) the people/streets round about les gens/rues des environs ; ⇒ roundabout.
    D n
    1 (set, series) série f (of de) ; the social round les réceptions fpl mondaines ; the daily round of activities le train-train quotidien ; ⇒ payround, wage round ;
    2 ( in competition) rencontre f ; qualifying round (in football, rugby, tennis) match m de qualification ;
    3 (game of golf, cards) partie f (of de) ; (in boxing, wrestling) round m ;
    4 Equit ( in event) parcours m ; a clear round un parcours sans faute ;
    5 Pol ( in election) tour m ;
    6 ( of drinks) tournée f (of de) ; it's my round! c'est ma tournée! ; to pay for a round offrir une tournée ;
    7 Mil ( unit of ammunition) balle f ; round of ammunition cartouche f ; to fire round after round tirer balle sur balle ; ⇒ baton round ;
    8 Mil ( shot fired) salve f ; rounds of machine-gun fire des salves de mitraillette ;
    9 ( burst) round of applause salve f d'applaudissements ; to get a round of applause être applaudi ; let's have a round of applause for David! on applaudit bien fort David! ;
    10 Culin ( of bread) a round of toast un toast, une tranche de pain grillé ; a round of ham sandwiches des sandwichs mpl pain de mie au jambon ;
    11 ( regular route) tournée f ; ⇒ milk round, paper round ;
    12 ( circular shape) rondelle f (of de) ;
    13 Mus ( canon) canon m ;
    14 Theat theatre in the round théâtre m en rond ;
    15 Art in the round [sculpture] en ronde-bosse ;
    16 Dance ronde f ;
    17 ( of cheese) roue f ;
    18 Culin round of beef rond m.
    E rounds npl to do one's rounds [doctor] visiter ses malades ; [postman, refuse collector] faire sa tournée ; [security guard] faire sa ronde ; to be out on one's rounds [doctor] être en visite ; to do ou go ou make the rounds [rumour, joke, document, flu] circuler ; to go the rounds of [story] faire le tour de [village, office] ; [garment, book] faire le tour de [relations, family] ; to do the rounds of faire le tour de [employment agencies, relations].
    F adj
    1 ( circular) [object, building, glasses, face, head] rond ; her eyes grew round elle a ouvert des yeux ronds ;
    2 (rounded, curved) [arch] arrondi ; [handwriting] rond ; [cheeks, breasts] rond ; to have round shoulders avoir le dos voûté ;
    3 ( spherical) rond ;
    4 ( complete) [figure] rond ; in round figures en chiffres ronds ; in round figures, that's £100 ça fait 100 livres sterling en arrondissant ; a round dozen une douzaine exactement ; a nice round sum une somme appréciable or rondelette .
    G round+ (dans composés) round-cheeked/-eyed aux joues rondes/aux yeux ronds ; round-faced au visage rond ; ⇒ round-shouldered.
    H vtr
    1 gen, Naut ( go round) contourner [point, headland] ; to round the corner tourner au coin ; to round a bend prendre un virage ;
    2 ( make round) arrondir [lips] ;
    3 Phon arrondir [vowels].
    round [sth] down, round down [sth] arrondir [qch] au chiffre inférieur [figures].
    round off:
    round off [sth], round [sth] off
    1 ( finish off) finir [meal, evening, visit, season] (with par) ; conclure [speech] ; parfaire [education, process] ;
    2 ( make smooth) arrondir [corner, edge] ;
    3 ( change) arrondir [figure, number].
    round on GB:
    round on [sb] attaquer violemment [critic, opponent] ; suddenly she rounded on me tout d'un coup elle m'est tombée dessus .
    round out:
    round [sth] out, round out [sth] compléter [list, numbers, range].
    round up:
    round up [sb], round [sb] up regrouper [protesters, inhabitants] ; ramasser [thieves, prostitutes, suspects] ; to be rounded up être pris dans une rafle ;
    round up [sth], round [sth] up
    1 rassembler [livestock] ;
    2 arrondir [qch] au chiffre supérieur [figure].

    Big English-French dictionary > round

  • 28 Dickinson, John

    SUBJECT AREA: Paper and printing
    [br]
    b. 29 March 1782
    d. 11 January 1869 London, England
    [br]
    English papermaker and inventor of a papermaking machine.
    [br]
    After education at a private school, Dickinson was apprenticed to a London stationer. In 1806 he started in business as a stationer, in partnership with George Longman; they transferred to 65 Old Bailey, where the firm remained until their premises were destroyed during the Second World War. In order to secure the supply of paper and be less dependent on the papermakers, Dickinson turned to making paper on his own account. In 1809 he acquired Apsley Mill, near Hemel Hempstead on the river Gade in Hertfordshire. There, he produced a new kind of paper for cannon cartridges which, unlike the paper then in use, did not smoulder, thus reducing the risk of undesired explosions. The new paper proved very useful during the Napoleonic War.
    Dickinson developed a continuous papermaking machine about the same time as the Fourdrinier brothers, but his worked on a different principle. Instead of a continuous flat wire screen, Dickinson used a wire-covered cylinder which dipped into the dilute pulp as it revolved. A felt-covered roller removed the layer of wet pulp, which was then subjected to drying, as in the Fourdrinier machine. The latter was first in use at Frogmore, just upstream from Apsley Mill on the river Gade. Dickinson patented his machine in 1809 and claimed that it was superior for some kinds of paper. In feet, both types of machine have survived, in much enlarged and modified form: the Fourdrinier for general papermaking, the Dickinson cylinder for the making of board. In 1810 Dickinson acquired the nearby Nash Mill, and over the years he extended the scope of his papermaking business, introducing many technical improvements. Among his inventions was a machine to paste together continuous webs of paper to form cardboard. Another, patented in 1829, was a process for incorporating threads of cotton, flax or silk into the body of the paper to make forgery more difficult. He became increasingly prosperous, overcoming labour disputes with unemployed hand-papermakers. and lawsuits against a canal company which threatened the water supply to his mills. Dickinson was the first to use percolation gauges to predict river flow, and his work on water supply brought him election to a Fellowship of the Royal Society in 1845.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1845.
    Further Reading
    R.H.Clapperton, 1967, The Paper-making Machine, Oxford: Pergamon Press, pp. 331–5 (provides a biography and full details of Dickinson's inventions).
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Dickinson, John

  • 29 Poncelet, Jean Victor

    [br]
    b. 1 July 1788 Metz, France
    d. 22 December 1867 Paris, France
    [br]
    French mathematician and military and hydraulic engineer.
    [br]
    Poncelet studied mathematics at the Ecole Polytechnique in Paris from 1807 to 1810. He joined the Army, gaining admission to the Corps of Engineers. He worked on the fortifications on the Isle of Walcheren in Holland, and in 1812 he found himself on the Russian front, engulfed in the disastrous defeat of the French at Krasnoi. Poncelet was left for dead on the field, but he was found by the Russians and taken to Saratov, where he was imprisoned for two years. He had ample opportunity there to ponder mathematical problems, a mental process from which stemmed his pioneering advances in projective geometry.
    After his release he returned to this native city of Metz, where he undertook routine military engineering and teaching tasks. These left him time to pursue his mathematical studies in projective geometry. This bore fruit in a series of publications, most notably the first volume of his Traité des propriétés projectives des figures (1822, Paris), the first book to be devoted to the new discipline of projective geometry. With his election to the Académie des Sciences in 1834, Poncelet moved to Paris and devoted much of his time to developing courses in applied mechanics in the Faculty of Science, resulting in a number of books, especially the Introduction à la mécanique industrielle, physique ou expérimentale (1841, Paris: Metz). In 1848 he had attained the rank of general and was made Commandant of the Ecole Polytechnique, a post he held for two years. After his retirement in 1850 he was deeply involved in the industrial machines and tools division at both the Great Exhibition in London in 1851 and the similar exhibition in Paris in 1855.
    Most of Poncelet's work in applied mechanics and technology was conceived during the period 1825–40. His technological innovations were centred on hydraulic engineering, and in 1826 he invented an inward-flow turbine. At the same time he directed his attention to the vertical undershot water-wheel, with wooden blades set radially and substituted curved metal blades: he used tight-fitting masonry and floors in the wheel pits so that all the water would be swept into the spaces between the blades. In addition, he ensured that the water flowing from the blades fell clear of the wheel and did not run in tail water. This greatly improved the efficiency of the water-wheel.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    H.Tribout, 1936, Un Grand Savant: le général Jean-Victor Poncelet, Paris, pp. 204–20 (the most complete list of his published works).
    Further Reading
    I.Didion, 1870, "Notice sur la vie et les ouvrages du général J.-V.Poncelet", Mémoires de l'Académie de Metz 50:101–59.
    M.Daumas (ed), 1968, Histoire des techniques, Vol. 3, Paris (briefly describes his technological work).
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Poncelet, Jean Victor

  • 30 system

    [ˈsɪstɪm]
    accept system система акцептования accounting information system вчт. бухгалтерская информационная система accounting system система бухгалтерского учета accounting system система счетов adaptive system вчт. адаптивная система administrative system административная система alarm system система сигнализации analysis system система анализа application visualization system вчт. прикладная система изображения asset quality rating system система квалификации активов asymptotically stable system асимптотически устойчивая система automated control system асу, автоматизированная система управления axiomatic system аксиоматическая система backup system вчт. дублирующая система banking system банковская система belief system система доверия bicameral system двухпалатная система bicameral system парл. двухпалатная система bipartite system парл. двухпартийная система block system =blocking bonus system премиальная система buddy system метод близнецов bulk-service system система с групповым обслуживанием business system экономическая система cad system вчт. система автоматизированного проектирования call-reply system вчт. запрсно-ответная система certification system система сертификации closed queueing system замкнутая система массового обслуживания closed system замкнутая система code-dependent system вчт. система зависящая от данных code-independent system вчт. система не зависящая от данных code-insensitive system вчт. система не зависящая от данных code-sensitive system вчт. система зависящая от данных code-transparent system вчт. система не зависящая от данных coinage system монетная система column system система бухгалтерского учета по колонкам commission system система комиссионных вознаграждений computer system вычислительная система computer system вчт. вычислительная система computer system вычислительный комплекс computer system система вычислительных машин computer-aided control system автоматизированная система управления computer-to-plate system система создания печатных форм на компьютере computerized information system информационная система на базе ЭВМ concealment system система маскировки concession system система концессий constrained system вчт. система с ограничениями consulting system вчт. консультирующая система control system система управления control system вчт. система управления cooperative system система кооперации cooptation system система кооптации costing system система калькуляции себестоимости court system судебная система, система судопроизводства credit system кредитная система criminal reestablishment system система восстановления личности преступника crisis alert system система предупреждения о кризисе cross system вчт. кросс-система cyclical response system вчт. система циклических реакций data base management system вчт. система управления базой данных data handling system вчт. система обработки данных data processing system вчт. система обработки данных data system вчт. информационная система database system вчт. система баз данных decimal system десятичная система dedicated system специализированная система deductive system дедуктивная система delay system система с ожиданием desktop system система непосредственного взаимодействия direct debit system система прямого дебета direct system целевая система directional system система управления disk operating system вчт. дисковая операционная система, ДОС distributed file system вчт. распределенная файловая система distributed system вчт. распределенная система distribution system система распределения distributive system распределительная система DP system (data processing system) система обработки данных dynamic system динамическая система educational system система образования educational system система обучения election system избирательная система electronic book-entry system вчт. электронная система бухгалтерского учета electronic full-page makeup system вчт. электронная система верстки полос enclave system анклавная группа; полузащищенная группа (работающих под специальным наблюдением в обычных рабочих условиях инвалидов) equilibrium system равновесная система evolutionary system развиваемая система executive system вчт. операционная система expand a system вчт. расширять комплект оборудования системы expert system вчт. экспертная система explanatory system вчт. система объяснений fail-soft system вчт. система с амортизацией отказов federal system федеральная система fee system система вознаграждений feedback system система с обратной связью file system вчт. файловая система filing system система регистрации документов filing system система хранения документов financial system финансовая система fiscal system система финансов fixed price system система с фиксированной ценой flat-rate guarantee system система гарантий с фиксированной ставкой formal system формальная система fractional reserve system система частичных резервов frame system вчт. система фреймов functional information system вчт. функциональный информационная система giro system система жиросчетов governmental system правительственная система grading system система сортировки guarantee system система гарантий guidance system вчт. система -путеводитель hard disk system вчт. система с жестким диском help system вчт. справочник hire system =hire-purchase historical cost system выч. калькуляция на основе фактических издержек производства homogeneous system однородная система host system вчт. базисная система host system вчт. централизованная система imprest system система авансирования imputation system система условного начисления indexing system система индексации inductive system вчт. индуктивная система information system вчт. информационная система instruction system вчт. обучающая система integrated system вчт. интегрированная система intelligent system вчт. интеллектуальная система interactive system вчт. диалоговая система interactive system вчт. интерактивная система interest system система ставок процента international monetary system международная валютная система judicial system система судебных органов judicial system судебная система, система судебных органов judicial system судебная система jury system система суда присяжных knowledge base management system вчт. система управления базой знаний knowledge representation system вчт. система представления знаний land registration system система регистрации земельного участка learning system вчт. самообучаемая система licensing system система лицензирования linear programming system система линейного программирования linear system линейная система loadable system вчт. загружаемая система loan limit system система предельных размеров кредита loose-leaf system полигр. издание с отрывными или вкладными листами loss system система с потерями mail system вчт. электронная почта management information system (MIS) управленческая информационная система manual system система ручного управления many-server system вчт. многоканальная система mapped system вчт. система с управлением памятью market system рыночная система market system рыночная экономика market system страна с рыночной экономикой marketing information system система маркетинговой информации markov system марковская система markovian system марковская система master-slave system несимметричная система match system система выравнивания курсов militia system система милиции minimum price system система минимальных цен minimum wage system система минимальной заработной платы ministerial system правительственная система mixed price system смешанная ценовая система mixed system смешанная система modeless system вчт. система с однородным интерфейсом monetary system денежная система monetary system финансовая система monitoring system система мониторинга monitoring system система текущего контроля multi-user system вчт. многопользовательская система multiprocessing system вчт. многопроцессорная система multiprogramming system вчт. система, работающая в мультипрограммном режиме multiserver system вчт. многоканальная система multistation system вчт. многопунктовая система multitasking system вчт. многозадачная система multiuser system система коллективного пользования multivariable system вчт. многомерная система municipal system муниципальная система non-markovian system вчт. немарковская система nonstop system вчт. безостановочный компьютер normative system нормативная система number system система счисления numeration system система счисления off-line system вчт. автономная система on-demand system вчт. система без ожидания on-line system вчт. неавтономная система on-line system вчт. система, работающая в реальном масштабе времени on-line system вчт. система реального времени one-party system однопартийная система open learning system гибкая система обучения open system вчт. открытая система open-item system система с незакрытыми статьями баланса operating system действующая система operating system вчт. операционная система organized banking system организованная банковская система page system вчт. страничная система parliamentary system парламентская система partial cost system система калькуляции издержек производства с использованием нормативов party system партийная система patent system система патентования pay-as-you-go system система выплаты выходных пособий при увольнении payments system система платежей penal system пенитенциарная система periodic reordering system вчт. система с периодической подачей заказов pilot system вчт. прототип системы system система, устройство; political system государственный строй portable system вчт. мобильная система preferential system система преференций premium system премиальная система price control system система регулирования цен price support system система гарантирования цен price system система цен priority system вчт. система приоритетов priority system вчт. система с приоритетами probabilistic system вероятностная система process cost system система исчисления производственных издержек production system продукционная система productions system система продукций program development system вчт. система разработки программ programming system вчт. система программирования progressive taxation system система прогрессивного налогообложения proportional taxation system система пропорционального налогообложения protection system вчт. система защиты prototyping system макет системы public health system система здравоохранения quality system система критериев качества quality system система проверки качества quata system система квот question-answering system вчт. вопросно-ответная система queueing system система массового обслуживания queueing system вчт. система массового обслуживания quota system система иммиграционных квот quota system система квот quota system система контингентов real time system вчт. система реального времени reasoning system вчт. разумная система redundant system вчт. избыточная система reliable system надежная система report system система отчетности reporting system система отчетности reporting system система сбора информации reporting system система учета representation system система представления reservation system система резервирования resident system вчт. резидентная система retrieval system док. система внесения исправлений retrieval system вчт. система поиска revision control system вчт. система управления версиями risk control system система контроля рисков salary adjustment system система регулирования заработной платы salary system система заработной платы scalable system вчт. расширяемая система school system школьная система segment system вчт. система с сегментной организацией self-assessment tax system система самообложения налогом self-contained system замкнутая система serving system вчт. система обслуживания setting up the system вчт. начальная установка системы short-term support system система краткосрочной поддержки simulation system имитационная система single-channel system вчт. одноканальная система single-server system вчт. одноканальная система slave system подчиненная система stable system устойчивая система standard pay system система нормативной заработной платы standby system резервная система static-priority system вчт. система со статическими приоритетами stationary system стационарная система stochastic system стохастическая система support system вчт. исполняющая система system метод system мир, вселенная system организм system сеть (дорог и т. п.) system геол. система, формация system система, устройство; political system государственный строй system система, устройство system система, метод system система; метод; system of axes система координат; what system do you go on? какому методу вы следуете? system comp. система system устройство system for medium-term financial assistance программа среднесрочной финансовой помощи system система; метод; system of axes система координат; what system do you go on? какому методу вы следуете? system of commands система команд system of deductions система выводов system of financial contributions система финансовых взносов system of import control система контроля за импортом system of monitoring balance sheet growth система контроля за ростом статей баланса system of reimbursement система возмещения расходов system of remuneration система вознаграждения system of state государственное устройство system of taxation система налогообложения target system вчт. целевая система tax system налоговая система tax-at-source system система удержания налога из общей суммы доходов taxation system система налогообложения tender system система торгов terminal system вчт. система терминалов test system вчт. испытательная система text-retrieval system вчт. документальная информационная система thin-route system вчт. малоканальная система tightly-coupled system вчт. система с сильной связью time sharing system вчт. система разделения времени time-sharing system вчт. система разделения времени time-sharing system вчт. система с разделением времени timecard system система табельного учета totting-up system система зачетов trade support system система поддержки торговли trading system система торговли transaction-oriented system вчт. диалоговая система обработки запросов truck system система оплаты труда натурой truck system система оплаты труда товарами truck: truck = truck system system attr.: system system оплата труда товарами вместо денег; Truck Acts ист. законы, ограничивающие систему оплаты труда товарами turnkey system вчт. готовая система two-channel system вчт. двухканальная система two-party system двухпартийная система unicameral system однопалатная система unitary tax system единая система налогообложения unmapped system вчт. система без управления памятью up system исправная система virgin system вчт. исходная система voluntary labelling system система добровольного снабжения продукта этикеткой wage system система оплаты труда waiting system вчт. система с ожиданием watch system бирж. система наблюдения weighting system система весов system система; метод; system of axes система координат; what system do you go on? какому методу вы следуете? windowing system вчт. система управления окнами word processing system вчт. система обработки текстов work-space system вчт. система с рабочим состоянием

    English-Russian short dictionary > system

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