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101 NEINN
* * *pron. indef., = né einn;1) any, following after a negation (aldrei svá, at honum væri nein raun í); ekki er þetta furða nein, it is no apparition; ekki neins staðar, not anywhere;2) as subst. any one, anybody; ekki neitt, nothing.* * *adj. pron., prop. a compd contr. from né einn = not one, none, but afterwards contr.; it is, however, never used as a pure negative, but only after a negative, as indef. pron.; for the older uncontr. usage see né A. II: [cp. A. S. nân; Engl. none]:—any, Lat. ullus, following after a negation, aldri svá at honum væri nein raun í, never … any danger, Nj. 262; varð eigi af neinni eptir-för, Valla L. 196; ekki er þetta furða nein, it is no apparition, Ísl. ii. 337; þess mundi eigi leita þurfa, at konungr mundi neina sætt göra, 84; Erlingr hafði eigi skaplyndi til at biðja konung hér neinna muna um, Ó. H. 47; aldri svá … at neitt vápn, Fas. i. 281; kom mér aldregi í hug, at sá mundi neinn vera, Art.; ekki neinu sinni, not once, Fb. i. 104; ekki neins staðar, nowhere:—where the negation is indirect or understood, lét hann af at eggja konung á neinar ferðir, Fb. ii. 427, (né einar, Fms. vii. 29, l. c.); skal ek miklu heldr þola dauða en veita þeim neitt mein, Nj. 168; at hann mundi taka úmjúkliga á því, at vægjask í neinum hlut til, Ó. H. 51; fyrr skal hón fúna en neinn taki hana, Lv. 50:—en neinn = en nokkur, than any; fleira íllt gékk yfir Gyðinga-lýð en yfir neina þjóð aðra, Ver. 42.2. as subst. anybody; hann tekr enga þá úsæmd til at neinn þori at …, Ld. 214; ekki neitt, nothing, Fas. i. 17; hvárki var neitt til, there was not aught of either, Gísl. 37; það er ekki til neins, ‘tis of no use. neins-staðar, adv.; ekki n., not anywhere, nowhere. -
102 næsta-bræðra
1.u, f. a female second cousin; ef maðr liggr með næstabraeðru sinni, Grág. i. 345, Bjarn. 50; Þórdísi næstabræðru mína, 52.2.-bræðri, m., either indecl., the bræðra being a gen. pl., or decl. as a weak noun, second cousins; næstubræðra eigu upp at rísa, Grág. i. 69; þeim mönnum er honum eru firnari en næstabræðri, 285; næstabræðrar, 229; næstabræðrum, ii. 172. -
103 Ó-
the negative prefix un-. See ‘ú-’.* * *or ú-, the negative prefix before nouns and verbs, [Goth., Engl., and Germ. un-; Dan. and Swed. û-, the nasal being absorbed.] The Icel. at a very early date changed this ú into ó, for the very oldest and best vellums use ó, not only the Greg., Eluc., Íb., the Miracle-book (Bs. i. 333 sqq.), but also the Grág., the Cod. Reg. of the Sæm. Edda, etc.; in later vellums of the better kind ú and ó are used promiscuously; till about the union with Norway the ú prevailed, and is chiefly used in vellums of the 14th century; but in the 15th the ó again took its old place, and has been retained ever since, agreeably with the usual pronunciation. The ó is therefore the proper Icel. form, e. g. ó-vitr = Engl. un-wise; that it was sounded thus even in the 12th century is also shewn by the treatise of the second grammarian (Gramm. p. i, col. 1),—ó eðr ú þat skiptir orðum, svá sem er satt eðr ó-satt (ú-satt), Skálda 171. This change of spelling in the MSS. about (or a little before) the union with Norway cannot have been owing to any change in pronunciation, but was simply a Norwegianism, as were many other cases, e. g. the dropping the h before liquids, contrary to the Icel. pronunciation. On the other hand, as for the rest of Scandinavia, the ú has been retained in Denmark and in the east of Norway; but ó in the west and north of Norway (see Ivar Aasen’s Dict.), as also in mod, Swed. (e. g. o-möjlig = Germ. un-möglich). In early Swed. (in the laws) u and o are used indifferently. The Orkneys seem to have followed the Icel., to judge from a rhyme in the poem Jd. composed by bishop Bjarni (died A. D. 1222), a native of the Orkneys,— ó-teitan mik sútar, the metre of which requires a half rhyme, a rule followed strictly throughout that poem.B. Of the compds with ú- or ó-, all but a few words are from un-; these exceptional words appear to be contractions, either,α. from ör-, where we have such double forms as ör-sekr and ó-sekr, N. G. L. i. 379; ör-viti and ó-viti, ó-verðr and ör-verðr, ó-vænn and ör-vænn, ör-hæfi and ú-hæfa, ör-keypis and ó-keypis, ú-dæmi qs. ör-dæmi (?), ó-bóta qs. ör-bóta (?), ó-birgr and ör-birgr; perh. also ú-helgi qs. ör-helgi, ú-heilagr qs. ör-heilagr; cp. also such words as ú-megin and ör-megna, ú-synja qs. ör-synja (?).β. from of-, esp. before a labial or dental; thus, of-vægr and ó-vægr, ó-frýnn qs. of-frýnn, ó-sköp = of-sköp (?), ó-freskr qs. of-freskr, ó-fyrirsynju qs. of-fyrirsynju (?), ó-hljóð or ú-hljóð qs. of-hljóð (?), of-dæll and ó-dæll, of-ljóss and ó-ljóss. In some of these instances doubt may arise, for a double set of compds might have sprung up. On the other hand, the great number of compds with ur-, er- in German and Saxon, and the scarcity of such words in the Norse tongue, lead to the conclusion that many of these compds in the course of time have been lost or replaced by ú-; cp. also of-allt and á-valt, (of-saka and á-saka, of-brýði and á-brýði, of-munir and á-munr, af-vöxtr and á-vöxtr, af-burðr and of-burðr?). Since in most Editions the spelling with ú- has been adopted in these classes of words, they must be sought for under that head. -
104 ÓÐAL
(pl. óðul), n. ancestral property, patrimony, inheritance (in land); family homestead; native place; flýja óðul sín, to abandon one’s home, go into exile.* * *n., pl. óðul; in Norse MSS. it is usually contracted before a vowel (whence arose the forms öðli eðli), and owing to a peculiarity in the Norse sound of ð an r is inserted in contracted forms, örðla, orðlom, N. G. L. passim: [akin to aðal, öðli, eðli, = nature; öðlask = adipisci; oðlingr, q. v.; A. S. êðel = patrimony; it is also the parent word of Germ. edel, adel, = noble, nobility, for the nobility of the earliest Teut. communities consisted of the land-owners. From this word also originated mid. Lat. allodium, prob. by inverting the syllables for the sake of euphony (all-od = od-al); oðal or ethel is the vernacular Teut. form, allodium the Latinised form, which is never found in vernacular writers; it may be that the transposition of syllables was due to the th sound in oðal; and hence, again, the word feudal is a compd word, fee-odal, or an odal held as a fee or feif from the king, and answering to heið-launað óðal of the Norse law (heið = fee = king’s pay), N. G. L. i. 91.]B. Nature, inborn quality, property, = aðal, eðli, öðli, q. v.; this seems to be the original sense, þat er eigi at réttu mannsins óðal, Sks. 326 B; þat er helzt byrjar til farmanns óðals, a seaman’s life, 52; þat er kaupmanna óðal (= mercatorum est), 28; jörlum öllum óðal batni, Gh. 21.II. a law term, an allodium, property held in allodial tenure, patrimony. The condition which in the Norse law constitutes an oðal was either an unbroken succession from father to son (er afi hefir afa leift) through three or more generations, N. G. L. i. 91, 237, Gþl. 284; or unbroken possession for thirty or more years, N. G. L. i. 249; or sixty years, Gþl. 284; or it might be acquired through brand-erfð (q. v.), through weregild, barn-fóstr (q. v.); and lastly heið-launað óðal, an allodial fief, was granted for services rendered to the king, see N. G. L. i. 91: the oðal descended to the son, and was opp. to útjarðir ( out-lands), and lausa-fé ( movables), which descended to the daughter, Gþl. 233; yet even a woman, e. g. a baugrygr (q. v.), could hold an oðal, in which case she was called óðals-kona, 92, jörð komin undir snúð ok snældu = an estate come under the rule of the spindle, N. G. L. i. 237; the allit. phrase, arfr ok óðal, 31, Gþl. 250: brigða óðal, N. G. L. i. 86; selja óðal, to sell one’s óðal, 237. The oðal was in a certain sense inalienable within a family, so that even when parted with, the possessor still retained a title (land-brigð, máldagi á landi). In the ancient Scandin. communities the inhabited land was possessed by free oðalsmen (allodial holders), and the king was the lord of the people, but not of the soil. At a later time, when the small communities were merged into great kingdoms, through conquest or otherwise, the king laid hold of the land, and all the ancient oðals were to be held as a grant from the king; such an attempt of king Harold Fairhair in Norway and the earls of Orkney in those islands is recorded in Hkr. Har. S. Hárf. ch. 6, Eg. ch. 4, cp. Ld. ch. 2, Orkn. ch. 8, 30, 80 (in Mr. Dasent’s Ed.); cp. also Hák. S. Goða ch. 1. Those attempts are recorded in the Icel. Sagas as acts of tyranny and confiscation, and as one of the chief causes for the great emigration from the Scandinavian kingdoms during the 9th century (the question of free land here playing the same part as that of free religion in Great Britain in the 17th century). The attempt failed in Norway, where the old oðal institution remains in the main to the present day. Even the attempts of king Harold were, according to historians (Konrad Maurer), not quite analogous to what took place in England after the Conquest, but appear to have taken something like the form of a land-tax or rent; but as the Sagas represent it, it was an attempt towards turning the free odal institution into a feudal one, such as had already taken place among the Teutons in Southern Europe.III. gener. and metaph. usages, one’s native land, homestead, inheritance; the land is called the ‘oðal’ of the reigning king, á Danr ok Danpr dýrar hallir, æðra óðal, en ér hafit, Rm. 45; eignask namtú óðal þegna, allan Noreg, Gauta spjalli, Fms. vi. 26 (in a verse); banna Sveini sín óðul, St. Olave will defend his óðal against Sweyn, 426 (in a verse); flýja óðul sín, to fly one’s óðal, go into exile, Fms. iv. 217; flýja óðul eðr eignir, vii. 25; koma aptr í Noreg til óðala sinna, 196; þeim er þar eru útlendir ok eigi eigu þar óðul, who are strangers and not natives there, Edda 3; öðlask Paradísar óðal, the inheritance of Paradise, 655 viii. 2; himneskt óðal, heavenly inheritance, Greg. 68; njóta þeirra gjafa ok óðala er Adam var útlægr frá rekinn, Sks. 512: allit., jarl ok óðal, earl (or franklin) and odal, Gh. 21.2. spec. phrase, at alda óðali, for everlasting inheritance, i. e. for ever and ever, D. N. i. 229: contr., at alda öðli, id., Grág. i. 264, D.I. i. 266; til alda óðals, for ever, iii. 88: mod., frá, alda öðli, from time immemorial.C. COMPDS: óðalsborinn, óðalsbréf, óðalsbrigð, óðalsjörð, óðalskona, óðalsmaðr, óðalsnautr, óðalsneyti, óðalsréttr, óðalsskipti, óðalstuptir, óðalsvitni. -
105 pax-spjald
n. a peace tablet, ‘pacifcale,’ a tablet with a crucifix and a ‘pax vobiscum’ beneath; in the Roman Catholic times it was presented to be kissed by the worshippers (osculum pacis), see Du Cange, as also a description in H. E. i. 173, note a, and iv. 135, note b; the pacificale was either a piece of parchment or a slab, paxspjald steint, annat með bókfell, Pm. 108; it was different to altaris steinn, altaris steinar þrír, paxspjald gulllagt, ok paxblöð tvau, 112; p. með kopar, 10; p. gyllt, Vm. 83; páskaspjald ok paxspjald yfir altari, Pm. 11, D.I. passim. -
106 PLÓGR
(-s, -ar), m. plough.* * *m. [Engl. plough; O. H. G. pfluoc; Germ. pflug; Dan. plov; Swed. plog; a borrowed word, for arðr (q. v.) is the genuine old Norse word; the word was also unknown to the Goth. as well as to the A. S., for Ulf. calls the plough hoha, and sulh is the A. S. term; the Engl. plough was borrowed later, see s. v. arðr, and Grimm’s Gramm. iii. 414]:—a plough; plógr first occurs in the poem Rm.—karta at görva, keyra plóg, 19; skilling silfrs af plógi hverjum, Eg. 278; bera þeir þá út plóga sína, Sks. 336; ef maðr höggr eyk fyrir plógi eðr arðri, N. G. L. ii. 115; hón setti þá fyrir plóg en plógrinn gékk svá hart ok djúpt, Edda (begin.); rekum eigi plug af akri, Orkn. (in a verse); eiga auðan plóg, to have an idle plough, Fms. vi. (in a verse); fjándans plógr, Gd. 33.2. metaph. gain, produce, especial emoluments of an estate, either in down, jetsum, fowl, or the like; það er mesta plógs-jörð; virð lítils veraldar plóg, this world’s gain, Pass. 16. 10.II. a Dan. pr. name, Plógr, Fms. xi. (Knytl. S.), whence mod. Dan. Ploug. plógs-land, n. an acre of land; gjalda mörk af hverju plógslandi, Orkn. 286: hann gaf henni eitt plógsland, Edda (begin.), (Yngl. S. ch. 5.) -
107 RÓG
n.1) slander, calumny (sögðu þat mundu vera r. illra manna); bera e-n í r. við e-n, to slander (calumniate) one to a person (sá maðr var borinn í r. við Magnús konung);2) strife, quarrel; verða e-m at rógi, to be the cause of discord; leiða e-n nær rógi, to lead into feud.* * *n. in mod. usage rógr, m.; thus, með ríkan róginn mest, Bs. ii. 493, in a poem of the 16th century; originally vróg: [Ulf. wrohs = κατηγορία; A. S. wrôht; Germ. räge]:—a slander, Hom. 85, Eb. 60 new Ed.; hróp ok róg, Ls. 4; þungligt, geysiligt róg, Gd. 29, 33; berask róg milli, Am. 95; róg íllra manna, Eg. 55; hvert etni þeir hüfðu í um rógit, 59; bera róg þetta fyrir konung, 576; svá fremi skaltú rógit í frammi hafa, Nj. 166; Haraldr lét drepa Þórólf af rógi Hildiriðar-sona, Landn. 55; engi á sök á sönnu rógi, Gþl. 196.II. in poetry, strife; aldar róg þat hefir æ verit, Hm.; vera e-m at rógi, to be the cause of contention, Hkv. 2. 26, Sky. 2. 5; róg Niflunga, the strife of the Niebelungs, i. e.gold, Bm.; fé veldr frænda rógi, Rkv.; háligt róg, warfare, Orkn. (in a verse); leiða nær rógi, to lead into contention, Hðm.; hjör-róg, málm-róg, = war, Lex. Poët.: as also in many compds, róg-álfr, -apaldr, -birtingar, etc. = a warrior; róg-eisa, -geisli, -linnr, -ský, = a weapon; róg-leikr, -stefna, -þing, = a battle: róg-örr, -starkr, mighty in war (in a Runic inscription in Denmark), epithets to a warrior; róg-segl, a ‘war-sail,’ i. e. a shield, Vellekla; róg-þorn, a ‘war-thorn,’ either a warrior or a weapon, Akv. -
108 SEIÐR
(gen. seiðs or seiðar), m. spell, charm, enchantment, incantation; seiða (efla, magna) seið, to work a spell, practise sorcery.* * *m., gen. seiðar, dat. seiði; the fem. seið sina (sinn), Fms. ii. 136, and seiðit, Fas. iii. 319, are false forms:—a spell, charm, enchantment, incantation, which in the heathen times was solemnly performed at night; the wizards or witches were seated with certain solemn rites on a scaffold (seiðhjallr), from which they chanted their spells and songs; the ‘seidr’ was performed either to work any kind of good or evil to another person, or to be a kind of oracle or fortune-telling, to foreshow future events, such as the life and fate of those present, the weather, or the like; of the evil kind is the charm in Gísl. l. c., Ld. 152; fá at seið, Hkr. i. 21; Ingjaldr ok völvan ætluðu til seiðar mikils um nóttina, Fas. ii. 507; Freyja kenndi fyrst með Ásum seið, 8; fremja seið, Þorf. Karl. 376; efla seið, Eg. 403, Fas. ii. 72; magna seið, Gísl. 116; konungr bað hann hætta seiði, Fms. i. 10: hón bað fá sér konur er kunnu fræði þat sem til seiðsins þarf, Þorf. Karl. 378; var þangat at heyra íll læti er þeir frömdu seiðinn (seiðit Ed. wrongly), Fas. iii. 319: seiðis-hús, the house where the spell was worked. Fas. iii. 166, v. l.; in Yngl. S. ch. 7 the charm of ‘seidr’ is attributed to Odin; Óðinn kunni þá íþrótt, er mestr máttr fylgdi, ok framði sjálfr, er seiðr heitir, en af því mátti hann vita örlög manna ok úorðna hluti, svá ok at göra mönnum bana eðr úhamingju eða vanheilindi, svá ok at taka frá mönnum vit eðr afl ok gefa öðrum, en þessi fjölkyngi, er framið er, fylgir svá mikil ergi, at eigi þótti karlmönnum skammlaust við at fara, ok var gyðjunum kennd sú íþrótt, Yngl. S. ch. 7; as to the rites and ceremonies of the ‘seidr’ see esp. the interesting account in Þorf. Karl. S. ch. 3, compared with that in Vd. ch. 10 and Örvar Odds S. ch. 2 and 3; even the old poem Völuspá is framed as a song delivered by a prophetess working a spell. The witch scene in Macbeth is an echo of the ancient ‘seidr’ as it survived in tradition in Shakespeare’s time, though the devilry and the cauldron are later additions. -
109 SEMJA
* * *(sem, samda, samiðr and samdr), v.1) to shape, compose, arrange;to bring or put into, order;semja hljóðfœri, to tune instruments;semja sætt, to make peace (fyrr en sættin væri samið);2) to agree on, settle (engir hlutir skyldi þeir til verða, at eigi þeir sjálfir);semja við e-n, to treat with one (Hrútr kvazt at vísu vilja semja við Höskuld);3) impers., e-m semr e-t, one agrees to a thing;hvárt sem þeim semdi eða whether they came to terms or not;4) to reform, mend, put right;konungr bœtti þeirra ok samdi siðu, the king mended, reformed their faith and manners;hefir þú heldr samit þik ór því sem var, thou hast rather improved thyself;setja ok semja dramb to compose and set down one’s pride;semja sik eptir e-u, to adapt oneself to, conform oneself to (hefir þú samit þik mjök eptir siðvenju útlendra manna);at þeir semdi sína frændsemi eptir því sem vera ætti, that they should restore their relationship to a proper footing;5) reflex., semjast, to be settled, agreed on (þat mál samdist á þá leið, at);e-t semst með e-m, it is agreed on between them (samdist þetta með þeim);impers. (selja man ek yngra sveininn, sem okkr semst);semjast e-u, to take to (samdist hón skildi ok sverði en við sauma ok borða).* * *pres. sem, semr; pret. samði and samdi; subj. semði; part. samiðr, samdr, saminn; [from sam-, saman, but chiefly used in a peculiar and derived sense]:—prop. to ‘put together,’ to shape, compose, arrange, settle, and the like; samblandit ok úsamit efni, Stj. 7; ætlar þú hér eptir at semja kirkju-viðinn, thinkest thou after that fashion to shape it, Ld. 316; ok semja þar til eitt klæði, they shaped a cloth for that use, Mar.; síðan samði ( shaped) Guð fagra konu ór rifinu, Ver. 3; s. hljóðfæri, to tune instruments, Fas. iii. 221; alla hefi ek sam-hljóðendr samða ( arranged) í þat mark, Skálda 168; samði hann saman ( fused into one) hin fornu lög ok in nýju, Ver. 52: mod. semja kvæði, vers, bók, to compose a poem, verse, book; semja mærð, Lex. Poët.: semja heit, to make a vow, Magn. 532; semr hann dóma, ok sakar leggr, Vsp.; s. sætt, to make peace; fyrr en sættin væri samið, Fms. xi. 362; konungar sömðu sætt sína með því móti, at …, vi. 27; Sveinn konungr hafði samið sætt við hann, ii. 294; s. ráð sín, vi. 21; engir hlutir skyldi þeir til verða, at eigi semði ( settled) þeir sjálfir, Nj. 72; hann kvað þá mart talat hafa, en þat samit, at …, but this they had settled, that …, Ld. 44; at þeir hefði samið með hvat ríki Norðmenn skyldi hafa. Fms. x. 5; samði hann sik lítt við kennimannskap, the priesthood suited him ill, Fms. viii. 9; hann þóttisk trautt mega s. hann þar heima, sem hann vildi, he could hardly settle (manage) him as he liked, Ísl. ii. 204.2. to restore, reform, mend, put right; hann samði fagrliga þeirra líf, Bs. i. 96; at þeir semði sína frændsemi eptir því sem vera ætti, that they should restore their relationship to a proper footing. Ld. 66; konungr bætti trú þeirra ok samði siðu, the king mended, reformed their faith and manners, Fms. ii. 128; samdi hann Kristnina, Fb. ii. 250; hefir þú nú heldr samið þik ór því sem var, thou hast improved thyself, 211; s. sik eptir siðvenju útlendra manna, Fb. ii. 36; setja ok semja dramb e-s, compose and put down, Fas. i. 38.3. semja við e-n, to treat with one; Hrútr kvaðsk at vísu vilja s. við Höskuld, Ld. 66; biskuparnir sömdu til ( came to an arrangement) með öðrum lærðum mönnum hver boð þeir skyldi bjóða sínum undir-mönnum, Bs. i. 163: semja um e-t, to make a settlement, as also to enter into negotiation, H. E. i. 396.4. impers., e-m semr e-t, one agrees on; þeim samdi eigi, they could not agree, D. N. ii. 99; hann skyldi fara í griðum hvert sem þeim semði eðr eigi, either they came to terms or not, Fms. x. 34; samði eigi með þeim, they came not to terms, 96; allir játtuðusk undir slíkar skattgjafir sem þeim semði, 24; samdi þeim, at þar væri söngr sem at fornu hefir verit, Dipl. i. 5.II. reflex. to be settled, agreed on; þat mál samðisk á þá leið, at …, Fms. vii. 140; fóru þá menn milli konunganna, ok samðisk þat með einkamálum, at …, i. 23; samdisk þetta með þeim, 35; tala þeir jarl hér um langa hríð, þar til er þetta semsk með þeim, 85; samðisk þá mikit með þeim feðgum, Ísl. ii. 210.2. impers. it is agreed; slíkar skatt-gjafir sem þeim semdisk, Fms. x. 24; selja man ek enn yngra sveininn sem okkr semsk, 227; ef honum semsk um þat ráð við þá sem ráða eigu, K. Á. 104; sjá, hversu semsk með oss konungi, Eg. 18; samðisk hón meir skoti skildi ok sverði, enn við sauma ok borða, she took more to shield and sword than to seam and hem, Fas. i. 430: part., semjandi ok sækjandi, Sturl. iii. 136. -
110 síðan
adv.1) since, after that (síðan gekk hón í brott); hefir sú kapella þar staðit síðan, ever since; hvárki áðr né síðan, neither before nor since;2) afterwards, later on (koma þeir allir við þessa sögu s.);3) as prep. with acc., þeir höfðu ekki etið s. laugardaginn, since Saturday;4) with the relat. part., at, er, as conj., from the time when, since (s. er tengdir várar tókust);5) since = s. er (E. hafði verit með Ólafi konungi s. Sveinn jarl andaðist); seeing that, in as much as (viltu, at ek gæta vitans, s. ek geri ekki annat).* * *adv. [Old Engl. sithen], since, Lat. deinde; þeir koma allir við þessa sögu síðan, Nj. 30; síðan gékk hón í brott, 2; er eigi greint hvárt þeir fundusk síðan, Fms. vii. 155; ef vér förum frá eyju þessari í haust síðan, 656 C. 21; hón var síðan gipt Eireki, Fms. i. 61; þau dæmi er löngu urðu s., Sks. 469; fóru síðan út til Álptaness, Eg. 593; konungr fór s. út á Heiðmörk, Fb. ii. 192; síðan gékk hann á stefnur, Ó. H. 118; síðan lítr hann til himins, Bs. ii. 103, passim: hvárki áðr né siðan, neither now nor since, Þiðr. 73; enginn konungr áðr né síðan, Stj. 651: followed by acc. (as prep.), þeir höfðu ekki etið síðan laugar-daginn, since Saturday, Fms. ix. 406.2. þar sem síðan er kallat Tryggva-reyrr, Fms. i. 60; þar var s. gör kapella …, ok hefir sú kapella þar staðit síðan, all the time since, vi. 164; hans ættmenn görðu margir svá síðan, Hkr. i. 2; lengi síðan, for a long time after, id.3. with the relat. particle either added or understood; síðan er, since that; síðan er tengðir várar tókusk, Ld. 300; síðan er Sveinn jarl mágr hans andaðisk, Ó. H. 111 (Fb. ii. 193 l. c. drops the particle er, as is also the mod. usage); síðan’s = síðan es, Am. 78; síðan er þeir spurðu, Grág. i. 135; en síðan er ( ever since) Freyr hafði heygðr verit, Hkr. i. 2; síðan enn = síðarr enn, Gþl. 229; or the particle ‘er’ is left out, ef maðr etr kjöt síðan sex vikur eru til Paska, since that time, N. G. L. i. 342; hón lifði þrjá vetr síðan hón kom í Noreg, Fms. i. 7. -
111 sí-valr
adj. [prop. the same as the early Dan. si-wal, early Swed. sifwal, si-hwalf; the word is therefore not from völr, but either from hválf (q. v.) or better from hverfa, by turning r into l, answering to O. H. G. sina-hwerpal, sin-werbal]:—round, of a stock, steeple, or the like; sívalr stokkr, Stj. 251; s. fiskr, opp. to flatr fiskr, Vm. 91: = ball-formed, jarðar mynd er sívallt, … sívallt yfirbragð vatns ok sjóvar, Rb. 466 (but rarely). síval-vaxinn, part. round of growth; lágr maðr ok s., Sturl. iii. 114. -
112 SKERA
* * *(sker; skar, skárum; skorinn), v.1) to cut (þeir skáru böndin);skera e-n á háls, to cut one’s throat (Karkr þræll skar hann á háls);skera út ór, to cut right through;2) to slaughter (skera sauði, kálf, kið, dilk, geldinga);3) to shape, cut (hann skar hár hans ok negl);4) to cut, mow, reap (skera akr);5) to carve, cut out (á brúðum stólsins var skorinn Þórr, ok var þat líkneski mikit);6) skera e-m höfuð, to make faces at one;skapa ok skera, to have all the say in a matter;láta skapat skera, to let fate decide;7) with preps. and advs.:skera e-t af, to cut off;skera af manni, to be reserved or reticent;skera lítt af manni, to speak one’s mind;skera niðr kvikfé, to slaughter the live stock (for want of fodder);skera ór e-u, to decide, settle (skera ór vanda-málum);nú er þat vili várr, at einn veg skeri ór, that the case be settled;skera upp herör, þingboð, to dispatch a war-arrow, gathering-stick;skera upp akr, to reap a field;8) refl., skerast, to stretch, branch, of a fjord, valley;fjörðr skarst langt inn í landit, stretched far into the land;höfðarnir skárust á víxl, the headlands stretched across, overlapped one another;s. í setgeira-brœkr, to put on a mzn’s breeches;ef nökkut skerst í, if anything happens;skarst allt í odda með þeim, þat sem við bar, they fell at odds about everything that happened;s. ór e-u máli, to withdraw (shrink) from a cause (gangi nú allir til mín ok sveri eiða, at engi skerist ór þessu máli);s. undan e-u, to refuse, decline doing a thing (mun lokit okkrum samförum, ef þú skerst undan förinni);s. undan, to hang back (Þeir fýstu hann at sættast, en hann skarst undan).* * *sker, pret. skar, pl. skáru; subj. skæri; part. skorinn: [A. S. sceran; Engl. shear; Germ. scheren; Dan. skjære]:—to cut; skera með knífi, klippa með söxum, Str. 9; þeir skáru böndin, Fms. iv. 369; hann skar af nokkurn hlut, x. 337; s. tungu ór höfði manni, Grág. ii. 11; hann skar ór egg-farveginn ór sárinu, Þórð. 54 new Ed.; þann flekk skera ór með holdi ok blóði, Fms. ii. 188; s. á háls, Nj. 156; skera ór út ór, to cut sheer through, 244, Fms. i. 217.2. to slaughter, Gr. σφάττειν; skera sauði, kálf, kið, geldinga, Landn. 292, K. Þ. K. 134, Bs. i. 646, Hkr. i. 170, Sturl. i. 94, Eb. 318; hann skar síðan dilkinn, þess iðraðisk hann mest er hann hafði dilkinn skorit, Grett. 137; þá höfðu þeir skorit flest allt sauðfé, en einn hrút létu þeir lifa, 148; Þóroddr hafði þá ok skorit í bú sitt sem hann bar nauðsyn til, Eb. 316; s. gæss, Korm. 206, 208; skera niðr kvíkfé, Vápn. 30; skera af, id., Korm.; kýrin var skorin af.3. to cut, shape; skorinn ok skapaðan, Barl 166: of clothes, klæði skorin eða úskorin, Grág. i. 504; óskorin klæði öll, N. G. L. i. 210; var skorit um pell nýtt, Fms. vii. 197; veittú mér þat, at þú sker mér skyrtu, Auðr, Þórkatli bónda mínum … At þú skyldir s. Vesteini bróður mínum skyrtuna, Gísl. 15; skikkju nýskona, Fms. vi. 52: of the hair, þá skar Rögnvaldr jarl hár hans, en áðr hafði verit úskorit tíu vetr, ii. 189; hann hafði þess heit strengt at láta eigi s. hár sitt né kemba, fyrr en hann væri einvalds-konungr yfir Noregi, Eg. 6; hann skar hár hans ok negl, Ó. H.; ef maðr deyr með úskornum nöglum, Edda 41; s. mön á hrossum, Bjarn. 62.4. [Scot. shear, of reaping], to shear, cut, reap; skera akr eða slá eng, to ‘shear an acre’ or mow a meadow, Gþl. 360; ax úskorit, Gkv. 2. 22; sá akra yðra ok skera, ok planta vingarða, Stj. 644; skera korn, K. Á. 176; sær ok skerr, Gþl. 329.5. to carve, cut; glugg einn er á var skorinn hurðinni, Fms. iii. 148; s. jarðar-men, Nj. 227; skáru á skíði, Vsp.; var á framstafninum karls-höfuð, þat skar hann sjálfr, Fagrsk. 75; skar Tjörvi þau á knífs-skepti sínu, Landn. 248; skera fjöl, kistil, brík, as also skera út c-ð, to carve out (skurðr); skornir drekar, carved dragon-heads, Lex. Poët.; skera hluti, to mark the lots, Fms. vii. 140 (see hlutr); skera or skera upp herör, to ‘carve out,’ i. e. to despatch a war-arrow, like the Scot. ‘fiery cross,’ Eg. 9, Fms. i. 92, vi. 24, x. 388, Gþl. 82, Js. 41; s. boð, id., Gþl. 84, 370, 371.6. special phrases; skera e-m höfuð, to make faces at one, metaphor from carving the pole, see níð; hann rétti honum fingr ok skar honum höfuð, Grett. 117 A; skera af manni, to be blunt with one (see skafa); þarf ekki lengr yfir at hylma, né af manni at skera, Mork. 138; þú ert röskr maðr ok einarðr, ok skerr (v. l. skefr) lítt af manni, Nj. 223; skerr hann til mjök (he begs, presses hard) ef Hneitir legði leyfi til, Sturl. i. 11: allit., skapa ok s., to ‘shave and shear,’ i. e. to make short work rf a thing, decide, Eg. 732, Hrafn. 29; láta skapat skera, to let fate decide, Fms. viii. 88.7. skera ór, to decide, settle (ór-skurðr); biskup skerr ekki ór um skilnað, Grág. i. 328; ef eigi skera skrár ór, 7; föru-nautar hans skáru skýrt ór, Ölk. 36; þótti þá ór skorit, Ld. 74; s. ór vanda-málum, Str. 30; nú er þat vili várr, at einn veg skeri ór, to end it either way, Fb. ii. 57.II. reflex. to stretch, branch, of a landscape, fjord, valley; sá fjörðr skersk í landnorðr frá Steingríms-firði, Ld. 20; sá þeir at skárusk í landit inn firðir stórir, Eb. 5 new Ed.; fjörðr skarsk langt inn í landit, Krók.; höfðarnir skárusk á víxl, the headlands stretched across, overlapped one another, id.; í dal þeim er skersk vestr í fjöll, milli Múla ok Grísar-tungu, Ld. 146; vág-skorinn, a shore with many bays; skorið fjörðum, scored with many fjords; þar skersk inn haf þat er kallask Caspium mare, Stj. 72.2. phrases, hón skarsk í setgeira-brækr, Ld. 136; ef nokkut skersk í, happens, Gþl. 20, Fbr. 102 new Ed.; Þórðr sagði eitthvað skyldu í skerask, Þórð. 67; þat skarsk í odda með e-m, to be at odds, Fbr.3. to yield so much in meat and so much in tallow, of cattle when killed; skerask með tveim fjórðungum mörs, með tíu mörkum, sauðirnir skárust vel, ílla.4. skerask ór e-n máli, to withdraw from a cause, Nj. 191; betra hefði þér verit at renna eigi frá mágum þínum ok skerask nú eigi ór sættum, 248: skerask undan e-u. to refuse, decline, Hrafn. 12, Stj. 425, Róm. 362; ef þú skersk undan förinni, Ld. 218; ef þeir játa þessi ferð, þá mun ek eigi undan skerask, Fms. iii. 70; þeir fystu hann í at sættask, en hann skarsk undan, Nj. 250; at ek munda eigi undan s. þér at veita, 180.5. pass., boga-strengrinn skarsk, Fas. ii. 537; klæðin skárusk, Fms. v. 268; tré-ör skal út skerask í bygðir, Gþl. 13 -
113 skilfingr
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114 skol-brúnn
1.adj. the etymology and exact sense of this word is uncertain, either from skol and brúnn = scullery-brown, or from skálpr or skolptr, qs. ‘scalp-brown’ swarthy, perhaps the latter; svarteygr ok s., Eg. 305; svartr á hár, skarpleitr, nökkut s., Orkn. 66; nökkut s., hvítr á hár ok rétthár, Glúm. 335; s. ok skarpleitr, Sd. 147; hárr í skeggi ok s. mjök, Ld. 274; rauðbleikr á hár, skolbrúnn, eygðr mjök ok vel, Eb. 30; Hallfreðr var s. nökkut, jarpr á hár, Fs. 86; rauðskeggjaðr, skol-brúnn. ok heldr íllmannligr, 101, Hem. (of earl Tosti).2.the best Engl. rendering would be olive, of complexion. -
115 STRÍÐR
a.1) strong, rapid (s. straumr);2) hard, stubborn (þeir munu þér vera menn stríðastir);3) severe (s. dómr); unpleasant; hvárt sem þat er blítt eðr strítt, whether one likes it or not; tala strítt, to speak severely or harshly.* * *stríð, strítt, adj. strong, of a stream, Stj. 73; keldan vall stríðara, Art.; í stríðri móðu, Fms. vii. (in a verse); stríðr straumr, Bs. ii. 5, Edda (in a verse); stríðr verkr, a strong pain, Bs. i. 183, Mar.II. metaph. hard, stubborn, Fb. i. 558; menn stríðastir ok torsveigastir, Ísl. ii. 346; s. ok drambsamr, Sks. 701:—severe, stríðrar refsingar, 581; stríðr dómr, Fms. xi. 246; stríð nefst, see nefst:—vexed, í stríðum hug, Hkr. iii. 277; hvárt sem þat er blítt eðr strítt, be it either blithe or adverse, Sturl. i. 193; tala strítt, to speak harshly, Fms. vii. 38. -
116 STUÐILL
(pl. stuðlar), m.1) stud, prop, stay;3) either of the two alliterative letters in the odd lines of a verse.* * *m. [styðja], anything that ‘steadies,’ a stud, prop, stay; styrkir stuðlar, Barl. 5; þá skulu styrkir stuðlar styðja þik alla vegu, 41; tjöld ok tveir stuðlar, Stj. 308 (= columna of the Vulgate); þeir settu þar í stuðla, ok festu þar við víggyrðlana, Fms. viii. 216; öruggir stuðlar bæði brjósti ok herðum, Anecd. 4.2. spec. usages, an upright on board ship, Edda (Gl.): the four posts of a box are called stuðlar (meis-stuðull, opp. to rim, q. v.): pentagonal basalt columns are also called stuðlar, and stuðla-berg, n. is a basaltic dyke.II. metaph. and as a metrical term, the supporter, second repeated letter in an alliterative verse; thus in ‘sól varp sunnan sinni mána,’ the s in ‘sunnan’ and ‘sinni’ is stuðill, supporting the head-stave in ‘sól’ (see höfuðstafr, p. 308, col. 2), Edda i. 596, 612, ii. 150. -
117 SUMAR
* * *(dat. sumri, pl. sumur), n. summer; um sumarit, in the course of the summer, during the summer; at sumri, next summer; mitt s., midsummer; í s., this summer.* * *n., dat. sumri; pl. sumur; sumra, sumrum; in the old language this word was masculine in the form sumarr, of which gender a trace may still be seen in the contracted forms sumri, sumra, sumrum, for a genuine neuter does not admit these contractions. But there remains a single instance of the actual use of the masculine in the rhyme of a verse of the beginning of the 11th century, sumar hv ern frekum erni, Skálda,—from which one might infer that at that time the word was still masc.; if so, it is not likely that in a poem so old as the Vsp. it would be neuter, and ‘sumur’ in ‘of sumur eptir’ perhaps ought to be corrected ‘sumra’ or ‘sumar’ (acc. sing.); as also ‘varmt sumar’ should be ‘varmr sumarr,’ Vþm. 26: [A. S. sumar; a word common to all Teut. languages; in the Orm. sumerr, denoting a long u; the mod. Dan., Germ., and Engl. have sommer, summer, with a double m]:—a summer, passim.II. mythical, Sumarr, the son of Svásað, Edda 13.B. CHRONOLOGICAL REMARKS.—The old Northmen, like the Icel. of the present time, divided the year into two halves, summer and winter; the summer began on the Thursday next before the 16th of April in the old calendar, which answers to the 26th of the Gregorian calendar (used in Icel. since A. D. 1700). The Northern and Icelandic summer is therefore a fixed term in the calendar, and consists of 184 days, viz. six months of thirty days, plus four days, called aukanætr (‘eke-nights’). Summer is divided into two halves, each of three months (= ninety days), before and after midsummer (mið-sumar); and the four ‘eke-nights’ are every summer intercalated immediately before midsummer: thus in the Icel. Almanack of 1872—Sumar-dagr fyrsti, or the first summer-day, falls on Thursday the 25th of April; Auka-nætr from the 24th to the 27th of July; Mið-sumar on the 28th of July; Sumar-dagr síðasti, or the last day of summer, on the 25th of October; cp. sumar-nátt siðasta, Gísl. 67. In mod. usage the time from April to October is counted by the summer weeks, the first, second, … twentieth … week of the summer, and in Icel. Almanacks every Thursday during summer is marked by the running number of the week. The ancients, too, counted the summer by weeks, but only down to midsummer, thus, tíu vikur skulu vera af sumri er menn koma til alþingis, K. Þ. K. 166; but in the latter part of the summer they counted either by the weeks from midsummer or by the weeks still left of the summer, thus, hálfum mánaði eptir mitt sumar, Nj. 4; er átta vikur lifa sumars, Grág. i. 122; frá miðju sumri til vetrar, 147; er átta vikur eru til vetrar, Nj. 192; er tveir mánaðir vóru til vetrar, 195; líðr á sumarit til átta vikna, 93; ellipt., var Rútr heima til sex vikna (viz. sumars), 10.C. COMPDS: sumarauki, sumarávöxtr, sumarbjörg, sumarbók, sumarbú, sumarbær, sumardagr, sumarfang, sumarfullr, sumargamall, sumargjöf, sumarhagi, sumarherbergi, sumarhiti, sumarhluti, sumarhold, sumarhöll, sumarkaup, sumarlangt, sumarliði, sumarligr, sumarmagn, sumarmál, sumarnátt, sumarnætr, SumarPáskar, sumarsetr, sumarskeið, sumarstefna, sumarsöngr, sumartíð, sumartími, sumartungl, sumarverk, sumarviðr. -
118 SVÁRR
a. heavy, grave (poet.).* * *adj. [Ulf. swêrs = ἔντιμος; A. S. swær; Scot. sweir (= heavy); Germ. schwer]:—heavy, grave; sváran súsbreka, Skm. 29; síns ins svára sefa, for her strong affection, Hm. 106; svárra sára, Gh. 11; svárt ok dátt, Skv. 3. 26; at svárra fari (compar.), Kormak: sváran, as adv. sorely, sló sváran sínar hendr (thus to be emended, svárar Cod.), she wrung her hands so sore, Skv. 3. 25, 29. The word is poët. and obsolete, and not used in prose, either ancient or modern; the mod. Dan. swær is borrowed from the Germ. -
119 synda
* * *(-nda or -nta, -nt), v. to swim.* * *d, mod. t, [sund], to swim; synti allt út í haf, Brandkr. 60 (paper MS.); ok syndu vestr yfir Jökuls-á, Sturl. ii. 157; the word has prevailed in mod. usage, but is very rare in old writers, who either use the tenses of svimma (q. v.) or more freq. leggjask, see leggja. -
120 SÝSA
t, a defect. verb, of which only the pret. and the past part. remain; [this is the root word from which sýsla (q.v,) is a derivative, cp. also sús and sús-breki]:—to be busy with a thing, give effect to it; either with dat. (s. e-u), or s. at e-u; or used absolutely, to be busy; hón sýsti um þörf gesta. Am. 6; sýsti hann svá mikit at á lítilli stundu, Barl. 177; at vér fáim ekki at sýst, Fms. v. 155; ér sýstuð suðr, ye went busily, hastened, southwards, vi. (in a verse); ef Magnúss konungr yrði víss hvat sýst væri, 13; þá er því var sýst, Hom. 117; þá er hann hefir sýst eyrendum sínum, when he had done his errand, Fms. ix. 345, v. l.; því er sýst, that is done, Geisli 12; þeim er þar sýst saman, there they are busied together, Hornklofi (Fagrsk. rather to be taken as a part. than as a fem. subst., see, however, Lex. Poët. s. v. sýst); fara brottu með svá sýstu eyrendi, Stj.; hvat hann hefir at sýst á þeirri stundu, Rd. 304; hvat þeir höfðu at sýst meðan, Fms. xi. 41; þeir sýstu þat eitt, at þeir sættusk á víg Snorra, Sturl. 186 C; höggva ísinn, ok var þat sýst á tveim dögum, Fms. ix. 400; Eysteinn konungr hafði mart sýst í landinu þat er nytsemd var á, vii. 100; bauð ok sagði, ok var þegar sýst allt á einu auga-bragði, Barl. 22; ef hann mætti nökkum þann mann fá sýst honum ( if he could get him a man) er þessa mætti honum bætr ráða, 16; ef hón hefir eigi þann riddara nú sýstan, MS. 4. 30; var svá til sýst, at …, Fms. vi. 38; ef þetta sýstisk fremr en aðrir höfðu sýst, x. 7, v. l.; þá hefir þú vel sýst, well done, ix. 366; þeir gátu alls engi at sýst, could procure none, Str. 12; var svá til sýst (it was so arranged that …) at Sighvatr skáld hlaut …, Fms. vi. 38; ef hón gæti nokkut at sýst, Str. 13; leituðu margir við at bera hana, er alls ekki gátu at sýst, 54; sem víst er at vér fáim ekki at sýst, Fms. vi. 155, Hkr. iii. 162.
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См. также в других словарях:
either — 1. pronunciation. The pronunciations iy dhǝ and ee dhǝ are about equally common. 2. parts of speech. Either functions in two ways: as an adjective or pronoun, and as an adverb or conjunction. In all these uses, it means essentially ‘one or other… … Modern English usage
either — [ē′thər, ī′thər] adj. [ME < OE æghwæther < a (æ), always (see AY) + gehwæther, each of two (see WHETHER): akin to, and of same formation as, OHG eogihwedar] 1. one or the other (of two) [use either hand] 2. each (of two); the one and the… … English World dictionary
Either — Ei ther ([=e] [th][ e]r or [imac] [th][ e]r; 277), a. & pron. [OE. either, aither, AS. [=ae]g[eth]er, [=ae]ghw[ae][eth]er (akin to OHG. [=e]ogiwedar, MHG. iegeweder); [=a] + ge + hw[ae][eth]er whether. See {Each}, and {Whether}, and cf. {Or},… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
Either — Ei ther, conj. Either precedes two, or more, co[ o]rdinate words or phrases, and is introductory to an alternative. It is correlative to or. [1913 Webster] Either he is talking, or he is pursuing, or he is in a journey, or peradventure he… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
either — Either suggests a duality and is almost always better avoided when the context involves quantities of more than two, as in Decisions on Mansfield’s economy are now made in either Detroit, Pittsburgh, or New York. Often in such constructions,… … Bryson’s dictionary for writers and editors
Either/Or — Album par Elliott Smith Sortie 27 février 1997 Durée 37:00 Genre(s) Rock indépendant Producteur(s) Elliott Smith Tom Rothrock Rob Schnapf … Wikipédia en Français
either...or ...or — either...or (...or) phrase used for showing two or more possibilities or choices You must answer either yes or no. You can contact us either by phone, by email, or by letter. When there’s a crisis, they either do nothing or do something totally… … Useful english dictionary
either — O.E. ægðer, contraction of æghwæðer each of two, both, from a always (see AYE (Cf. aye) (2)) + ge collective prefix + hwæðer which of two, whether (see WHETHER (Cf. whether)). Cognate with Du. ieder, O.H.G. eogiwedar, G … Etymology dictionary
Either — Either/or means one or the other. Its usage, versus the simple or structure, is often for emphatic purposes, sometimes intending to emphasize that only one option is possible, or to emphasize that there are only two options. Its use in a sentence … Wikipedia
either — ► CONJUNCTION & ADVERB 1) used before the first of two (or occasionally more) alternatives specified (the other being introduced by ‘or’). 2) (adverb ) used to indicate a similarity or link with a statement just made: You don t like him, do you?… … English terms dictionary
either-or — [ē′thərôr′] adj. designating a proposition, situation, etc. limited to only two alternatives … English World dictionary
