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21 Anderson, John
SUBJECT AREA: Weapons and armour[br]b. 1726 Roseneath, Dumbartonshire, Scotlandd. 13 January 1796[br]Scottish natural philosopher.[br]Born in Roseneath manse, son of the minister, he was educated after his father's death by an aunt, a Mrs Turner, to whom he later paid back the cost, and was later an officer in the corps that was raised to resist the rebellion of 1745. He studied at Glasgow, where in 1756 he became Professor of Oriental Languages and, in 1760, Professor of Natural Philosophy; he is notable for allowing artisans to attend his lectures in their working clothes. He planned the fortifications set up to defend Greenock in 1759, and was sympathetic with the French Revolution. He invented a cannon in which the recoil was counteracted by the condensation of air in the carriage. After unsuccessfully trying to interest the Government in this gun, he went to Paris in 1791 and offered it to the National Convention. While there he invented a means of smuggling French newspapers into Germany by the use of small balloons. He lost in a lawsuit with the other professors. In 1786 he published Institutes of Physics, which ran to five editions in ten years, and in 1800 he wrote on Roman antiquities. Upon his death he left all his library and apparatus to an educational institute, which was named after him but has now become the University of Strathclyde, Glasgow.[br]Bibliography1786, Institutes of Physics.Further ReadingGlasgow Mechanics' Magazine.IMcN -
22 Miller, Robert
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]fl. 1790s Scotland[br]Scottish pioneer of improvements to the power loom.[br]After Edmund Cartwright many people contributed to the development of the power loom. Among them was Robert Miller of Dumbartonshire, Scotland. In 1796 he took out a patent for an improved protector which stopped the loom altogether when the shuttle failed to enter its box, thus preventing breakage of the warp threads. The same patent contained the specification for his "wiper" loom. The wipers, or cams, worked the picking stick to drive the shuttle across, a feature found on most later looms. He also moved the sley by a cam in one direction and by springs in the other. His looms were still working in 1808 and may have formed the basis for power looms built in Lowell in the USA.[br]Bibliography1796, British patent no. 2,122.Further ReadingR.L.Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester (provides the most detailed account of Miller's loom, with illustrations).A.Barlow, 1878, The History and Principles of Weaving by Hand and by Power, London.W.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London.D.J.Jeremy, 1981, Transatlantic Industrial Revolution. The Diffusion of Textile Technologies Between Britain and America, 1790–1830s, Oxford (illustrates Miller's influence in America).RLH
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