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121 بزاز
بَزّاز: بائِعُ البَزّdraper, cloth merchant, mercer, dry goods merchant, dealer in textiles -
122 галантерея
жdrapery, haberdashery lit, AE dry goods store -
123 мануфактура
manufactory имя существительное: -
124 галантерея
haberdashery имя существительное: -
125 мануфактура
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126 Berliner, Emile
SUBJECT AREA: Recording[br]b. 20 May 1851 Hannover, Germanyd. 3 August 1929 Montreal, Canada[br]German (naturalized American) inventor, developer of the disc record and lateral mechanical replay.[br]After arriving in the USA in 1870 and becoming an American citizen, Berliner worked as a dry-goods clerk in Washington, DC, and for a period studied electricity at Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art, New York. He invented an improved microphone and set up his own experimental laboratory in Washington, DC. He developed a microphone for telephone use and sold the rights to the Bell Telephone Company. Subsequently he was put in charge of their laboratory, remaining in that position for eight years. In 1881 Berliner, with his brothers Joseph and Jacob, founded the J.Berliner Telephonfabrik in Hanover, the first factory in Europe specializing in telephone equipment.Inspired by the development work performed by T.A. Edison and in the Volta Laboratory (see C.S. Tainter), he analysed the existing processes for recording and reproducing sound and in 1887 developed a process for transferring lateral undulations scratched in soot into an etched groove that would make a needle and diaphragm vibrate. Using what may be regarded as a combination of the Phonautograph of Léon Scott de Martinville and the photo-engraving suggested by Charles Cros, in May 1887 he thus demonstrated the practicability of the laterally recorded groove. He termed the apparatus "Gramophone". In November 1887 he applied the principle to a glass disc and obtained an inwardly spiralling, modulated groove in copper and zinc. In March 1888 he took the radical step of scratching the lateral vibrations directly onto a rotating zinc disc, the surface of which was protected, and the subsequent etching created the groove. Using well-known principles of printing-plate manufacture, he developed processes for duplication by making a negative mould from which positive copies could be pressed in a thermoplastic compound. Toy gramophones were manufactured in Germany from 1889 and from 1892–3 Berliner manufactured both records and gramophones in the USA. The gramophones were hand-cranked at first, but from 1896 were based on a new design by E.R. Johnson. In 1897–8 Berliner spread his activities to England and Germany, setting up a European pressing plant in the telephone factory in Hanover, and in 1899 a Canadian company was formed. Various court cases over patents removed Berliner from direct running of the reconstructed companies, but he retained a major economic interest in E.R. Johnson's Victor Talking Machine Company. In later years Berliner became interested in aeronautics, in particular the autogiro principle. Applied acoustics was a continued interest, and a tile for controlling the acoustics of large halls was successfully developed in the 1920s.[br]Bibliography16 May 1888, Journal of the Franklin Institute 125 (6) (Lecture of 16 May 1888) (Berliner's early appreciation of his own work).1914, Three Addresses, privately printed (a history of sound recording). US patent no. 372,786 (basic photo-engraving principle).US patent no. 382,790 (scratching and etching).US patent no. 534,543 (hand-cranked gramophone).Further ReadingR.Gelatt, 1977, The Fabulous Phonograph, London: Cassell (a well-researched history of reproducible sound which places Berliner's contribution in its correct perspective). J.R.Smart, 1985, "Emile Berliner and nineteenth-century disc recordings", in WonderfulInventions, ed. Iris Newson, Washington, DC: Library of Congress, pp. 346–59 (provides a reliable account).O.Read and W.L.Welch, 1959, From Tin Foil to Stereo, Indianapolis: Howard W.Sams, pp. 119–35 (provides a vivid account, albeit with less precision).GB-N -
127 Deering, William
SUBJECT AREA: Agricultural and food technology[br]b. 1826 USAd. 1913 USA[br]American entrepreneur who invested in the developing agricultural machinery manufacturing industry and became one of the founders of the International Harvester Company.[br]Deering began work in his father's woollen mill and, with this business experience, developed Deering, Milliken \& Co., a wholesale dry goods business. Deering invested $40,000 in the Marsh reaper business in 1870, and became a partner in 1872. In 1880 he gained full control of the company and took up residence in Chicago, where he set up a factory. In 1878 he saw the Appleby binders, and in November of that year he negotiated a licence agreement for their manufacture. Deering was aware that with only two twine manufacturers operating in the US, the high price of twine was discouraging sales of binders. He therefore entered into an agreement with Edwin H.Fitler of Philadelphia for the production of very large quantities of twine, and in so doing dramatically reduced its price. In 1880 Deering released onto the market 3,000 binders and ten cartloads of twine that he had manufactured secretly. By 1890 McCormick and Deering were market leaders; Deering anticipated McCormick in a number of technical areas and also diversified his business into ore, timber, and a rolling and casting mill. After several false starts, a merger between the two companies took place on 12 August 1902 to form the International Harvester Company, with Deering as chairman of the voting trust which was established to control it. The company expanded into Canada in 1903 and into Europe in 1905. It began its first experiments with tractors in that same year and produced the first production models in 1906. The company went into truck production in 1907.[br]Further ReadingC.H.Wendell, 1981, 150 Years of International Harvester, Crestlink Publishing (though more concerned with the machinery produced by International Harvester, this gives an account of its originating companies, and the personalities behind them).H.N.Casson, 1908, The Romance of the Reaper, Doubleday Page (deals with McCormick, Deering and the formation of International Harvester).AP -
128 bonmarşe
"department store; dry-goods store."
См. также в других словарях:
Dry goods — are products such as textiles, ready to wear clothing, and sundries. [1] In U.S. retailing, a dry goods store carries consumer goods that are distinct from those carried by hardware stores and grocery stores[1], though dry goods as a term for… … Wikipedia
dry goods — ➔ goods * * * dry goods UK US noun [plural] COMMERCE ► (UK products that do not contain liquid, for example, tea, sugar, and flour: »Use canisters to protect your rice, flour, cereal, and other dry goods from going stale. ► US products such as… … Financial and business terms
dry goods — n [plural] 1.) goods such as tobacco, tea, and coffee that do not contain liquid 2.) AmE things that are made from cloth such as clothes, sheets, and curtains ▪ a dry goods store … Dictionary of contemporary English
Dry goods — A commercial name for textile fabrics, cottons, woolens, linen, silks, laces, etc., in distinction from groceries. [U.S.] [1913 Webster] … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
dry goods — dry ,goods noun plural 1. ) AMERICAN things made of cloth, for example sheets and curtains 2. ) BRITISH goods such as tea, coffee, and flour that contain no liquid … Usage of the words and phrases in modern English
dry goods — dry′ goods n. pl. bus textile fabrics and related merchandise, as distinguished esp. from groceries and hardware • Etymology: 1695–1705 … From formal English to slang
dry goods — n. cloth, cloth products, thread, etc … English World dictionary
Dry goods — Good Good, n. 1. That which possesses desirable qualities, promotes success, welfare, or happiness, is serviceable, fit, excellent, kind, benevolent, etc.; opposed to evil. [1913 Webster] There be many that say, Who will show us any good ? Ps. iv … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
dry goods — (Roget s IV) n. Syn. cloth, clothes, yard goods, yardage, bolt goods, furnishings, textiles, fabrics, cloth materials. Dry goods include: woolens, woven goods, knit goods, worsted, rayon, acetate, Orlon (trademark), jersey, nylon, artificial silk … English dictionary for students
dry goods — noun (plural) 1 goods such as tobacco, tea, coffee 2 AmE things that are made from cloth such as clothes, sheets, and curtains: a dry goods store … Longman dictionary of contemporary English
dry goods — N PLURAL Dry goods are cloth, thread, and other things that are sold at a draper s shop. [AM] (in BRIT, use , haberdashery) … English dictionary
