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domestic+tragedy

  • 1 драма

    1. drama, dramatic work
    събир. stage, drama
    английската драма the English stage/drama
    семейна драма a domestic tragedy
    2. прен. drama, tragedy
    семейна драма a family drama/tragedy
    не прави драма от това don't make a song and dance about it
    * * *
    дра̀ма,
    ж., -и 1. drama, dramatic work; събир. stage, drama; английската \драмаа the English stage/drama; семейна \драмаа domestic tragedy;
    2. прен. drama, tragedy; не прави \драмаа от това don’t make a song and dance about it; семейна \драмаа family drama/tragedy.
    * * *
    masque ; drama (поетична): a family драма - семейна драма; theater
    * * *
    1. drama, dramatic work 2. английската ДРАМА the English stage/ drama 3. не прави ДРАМА от това don't make a song and dance about it 4. прен. drama, tragedy 5. семейна ДРАМА a domestic tragedy 6. семейна ДРАМА a family drama/tragedy 7. събир. stage, drama

    Български-английски речник > драма

  • 2 bürgerlich

    Adj.
    1. auch JUR. civil, civic; (Zivil...) civilian; bürgerliches Recht civil law; bürgerliche Pflichten civil ( oder civic) duties; bürgerliche Rechte civic rights; bürgerliches Jahr JUR. civil year; bürgerliche Eheschließung civil marriage; bürgerlicher Tod JUR. civil death; im bürgerlichen Leben in civil ( oder civilian) life; Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch (abgek. BGB) (German) Civil Code
    2. (Mittelstands...) middle-class, pej. bourgeois; die bürgerlichen Parteien POL. the non-socialist parties; sie stammt aus einer guten bürgerlichen Familie she comes from a good middle-class ( oder respectable) family; er führt ein sehr bürgerliches Leben he has ( oder leads) a very bourgeois lifestyle; bürgerliches Trauerspiel LIT. domestic tragedy
    3. (nicht adelig) untitled
    4. (einfach) plain, simple; bürgerliche Küche home cooking, good plain cooking ( oder food)
    5. pej. (spießig) conventional, plebeian, philistine
    * * *
    bourgeois; civil; middle class; civilian
    * * *
    bụ̈r|ger|lich ['bʏrgɐlɪç]
    1. adj
    1) attr Ehe, Recht etc civil; Pflicht civic
    2) (= dem Bürgerstand angehörend) middle-class (auch pej), bourgeois (esp pej); (HIST) bourgeois

    bürgerliches Essen/Küche — good plain food/cooking

    2. adv

    bürgerlich essen — to eat good plain food

    * * *
    (concerned with law cases which are not criminal.) civil
    * * *
    bür·ger·lich
    [ˈbʏrgɐlɪç]
    1. attr (den Staatsbürger betreffend) civil
    \bürgerliche Pflicht civic duty
    * * *
    1.
    1) nicht präd. (staatsbürgerlich) civil <rights, marriage, etc.>; civic < duties>

    das Bürgerliche Gesetzbuch — the [German] Civil Code

    2) (dem Bürgertum zugehörig) middle-class

    die bürgerliche Küche — good plain cooking; good home cooking

    3) (Polit.) non-socialist; (nicht marxistisch) non-Marxist
    4) (abwertend): (spießerhaft) bourgeois
    2.
    1) <think, etc.> in a middle-class way

    bürgerlich leben — live a middle-class life

    gut bürgerlich essen — have a good plain meal; (gewohnheitsmäßig) eat good plain food

    2) (abwertend): (spießerhaft) in a bourgeois way
    * * *
    1. auch JUR civil, civic; (Zivil…) civilian;
    bürgerliche Pflichten civil ( oder civic) duties;
    bürgerliche Rechte civic rights;
    bürgerliches Jahr JUR civil year;
    bürgerlicher Tod JUR civil death;
    im bürgerlichen Leben in civil ( oder civilian) life;
    Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch (abk BGB) (German) Civil Code
    2. (Mittelstands…) middle-class, pej bourgeois;
    die bürgerlichen Parteien POL the non-socialist parties;
    sie stammt aus einer guten bürgerlichen Familie she comes from a good middle-class ( oder respectable) family;
    er führt ein sehr bürgerliches Leben he has ( oder leads) a very bourgeois lifestyle;
    bürgerliches Trauerspiel LIT domestic tragedy
    3. (nicht adelig) untitled
    4. (einfach) plain, simple;
    bürgerliche Küche home cooking, good plain cooking ( oder food)
    5. pej (spießig) conventional, plebeian, philistine
    * * *
    1.
    1) nicht präd. (staatsbürgerlich) civil <rights, marriage, etc.>; civic < duties>

    das Bürgerliche Gesetzbuch — the [German] Civil Code

    die bürgerliche Küche — good plain cooking; good home cooking

    3) (Polit.) non-socialist; (nicht marxistisch) non-Marxist
    2.
    1) <think, etc.> in a middle-class way

    gut bürgerlich essen — have a good plain meal; (gewohnheitsmäßig) eat good plain food

    2) (abwertend): (spießerhaft) in a bourgeois way

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > bürgerlich

  • 3 национальная трагедия

    Русско-английский военно-политический словарь > национальная трагедия

  • 4 семейная трагедия

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > семейная трагедия

  • 5 BGB

    n; -s, kein Pl.; Abk. ( Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch) bürgerlich
    * * *
    (Abk.: Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch) Civil Code
    * * *
    [beːgeː'beː]
    nt -, no pl abbr
    See:
    * * *
    <->
    [be:ge:ˈbe:]
    nt kein pl Abk von Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch the German civil code
    * * *
    Abkürzung: = Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch
    * * *
    BGB n; -s, kein pl; abk (Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch) → bürgerlich
    1. auch JUR civil, civic; (Zivil…) civilian;
    bürgerliche Pflichten civil ( oder civic) duties;
    bürgerliche Rechte civic rights;
    bürgerliches Jahr JUR civil year;
    bürgerlicher Tod JUR civil death;
    im bürgerlichen Leben in civil ( oder civilian) life;
    Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch (abk BGB) (German) Civil Code
    2. (Mittelstands…) middle-class, pej bourgeois;
    die bürgerlichen Parteien POL the non-socialist parties;
    sie stammt aus einer guten bürgerlichen Familie she comes from a good middle-class ( oder respectable) family;
    er führt ein sehr bürgerliches Leben he has ( oder leads) a very bourgeois lifestyle;
    bürgerliches Trauerspiel LIT domestic tragedy
    3. (nicht adelig) untitled
    4. (einfach) plain, simple;
    bürgerliche Küche home cooking, good plain cooking ( oder food)
    5. pej (spießig) conventional, plebeian, philistine
    * * *
    Abkürzung: = Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > BGB

  • 6 manido

    adj.
    1 trite, hackneyed, cliché.
    2 shop-worn, worn.
    3 gamey, gamy.
    4 full, swarming.
    past part.
    past participle of spanish verb: manir.
    * * *
    1 (frase) hackneyed; (tema) stale
    2 (objeto) well-worn
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) (=trillado) [tema] trite, stale; [frase] hackneyed
    2) (=pasado) [carne] high, gamy; [frutos secos] stale
    * * *
    - da adjetivo < frase> hackneyed; < tema> stale
    * * *
    = rank, hackneyed, worn, well-worn, jaded, overused [over-used], overworked, stale, timeworn.
    Ex. And what I'm trying to suggest is that there's something shameful about a profession that has allowed this kind of blatant and rank ethnocentrism, racism, chauvinism, the whole schmier, to persist this long.
    Ex. It is the order of words that helps us to distinguish between 'office post' and 'post office' or, to quote the hackneyed example, 'blind Venetian' and 'Venetian blind'.
    Ex. Mearns warns us, 'Recollection is treacherous; it is usually too broad or too narrow for another's use; and what is more serious, it is frequently undependable and worn and feeble'.
    Ex. To use a well-worn example, the string (2) physiotherapy (6) nurses $h for (6) bibliographies obviously represents a different sense from the similar string (2) physiotherapy (6) bibliographies (6) nurses $h for.
    Ex. He is notorious for poking fun at those who advance jaded, esoteric ideas about the importance of studying classical languages.
    Ex. Sustainable agriculture has become a very over-used concept.
    Ex. User-friendliness is a much overworked phrase which has been interpreted in different ways by software houses.
    Ex. We librarians are already infiltrators into the stale round of our readers' domestic daily life.
    Ex. This is in stark contrast to the warped logic and timeworn language to which Lebanon's rulers resorted in the wake of the tragedy.
    ----
    * composición musical manida = war horse.
    * manido, lo = worn, the.
    * * *
    - da adjetivo < frase> hackneyed; < tema> stale
    * * *
    = rank, hackneyed, worn, well-worn, jaded, overused [over-used], overworked, stale, timeworn.

    Ex: And what I'm trying to suggest is that there's something shameful about a profession that has allowed this kind of blatant and rank ethnocentrism, racism, chauvinism, the whole schmier, to persist this long.

    Ex: It is the order of words that helps us to distinguish between 'office post' and 'post office' or, to quote the hackneyed example, 'blind Venetian' and 'Venetian blind'.
    Ex: Mearns warns us, 'Recollection is treacherous; it is usually too broad or too narrow for another's use; and what is more serious, it is frequently undependable and worn and feeble'.
    Ex: To use a well-worn example, the string (2) physiotherapy (6) nurses $h for (6) bibliographies obviously represents a different sense from the similar string (2) physiotherapy (6) bibliographies (6) nurses $h for.
    Ex: He is notorious for poking fun at those who advance jaded, esoteric ideas about the importance of studying classical languages.
    Ex: Sustainable agriculture has become a very over-used concept.
    Ex: User-friendliness is a much overworked phrase which has been interpreted in different ways by software houses.
    Ex: We librarians are already infiltrators into the stale round of our readers' domestic daily life.
    Ex: This is in stark contrast to the warped logic and timeworn language to which Lebanon's rulers resorted in the wake of the tragedy.
    * composición musical manida = war horse.
    * manido, lo = worn, the.

    * * *
    manido -da
    ‹frase› hackneyed; ‹tema› stale
    * * *

    manido
    ◊ -da adjetivo ‹ frase› hackneyed;


    ‹ tema› stale
    manido,-a adjetivo well-worn
    ' manido' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    gastada
    - gastado
    - manida
    English:
    derivative
    - hackneyed
    * * *
    manido, -a adj
    un tema muy manido a well-worn o much-discussed topic
    * * *
    adj fig
    clichéd, done to death fam
    * * *
    manido, -da adj
    : hackneyed, stale, trite

    Spanish-English dictionary > manido

  • 7 trillado

    adj.
    1 hackneyed, cliché, timeworn, trite.
    2 well-trodden, footworn, beaten, threshed.
    3 common, everyday.
    past part.
    past participle of spanish verb: trillar.
    * * *
    1→ link=trillar trillar
    1 (camino) beaten, well-trodden
    2 figurado (expresión etc) overworked, well-worn
    * * *
    1. ADJ
    1) (Agr) threshed
    2) [camino] well-trodden
    3) [tema] (=gastado) well-worn, hackneyed; (=conocido) well-known
    2. SM
    1) (=investigación) thorough investigation
    2) Caribe (=sendero) path, track
    * * *
    - da adjetivo hackneyed, trite
    * * *
    = well trodden, hackneyed, well-worn, well-tread, overused [over-used], overworked, stale, timeworn.
    Ex. Like Theseus in the Labyrinth we need to be able to follow well trodden pathways through hypermedia materials and re-track our journey along an imaginary thread when we get lost.
    Ex. It is the order of words that helps us to distinguish between 'office post' and 'post office' or, to quote the hackneyed example, 'blind Venetian' and 'Venetian blind'.
    Ex. To use a well-worn example, the string (2) physiotherapy (6) nurses $h for (6) bibliographies obviously represents a different sense from the similar string (2) physiotherapy (6) bibliographies (6) nurses $h for.
    Ex. All the contributions provide well-articulated, fresh insights, even on well-tread subjects.
    Ex. Sustainable agriculture has become a very over-used concept.
    Ex. User-friendliness is a much overworked phrase which has been interpreted in different ways by software houses.
    Ex. We librarians are already infiltrators into the stale round of our readers' domestic daily life.
    Ex. This is in stark contrast to the warped logic and timeworn language to which Lebanon's rulers resorted in the wake of the tragedy.
    ----
    * camino trillado = beaten road.
    * trillado, lo = tired, the, worn, the.
    * * *
    - da adjetivo hackneyed, trite
    * * *
    = well trodden, hackneyed, well-worn, well-tread, overused [over-used], overworked, stale, timeworn.

    Ex: Like Theseus in the Labyrinth we need to be able to follow well trodden pathways through hypermedia materials and re-track our journey along an imaginary thread when we get lost.

    Ex: It is the order of words that helps us to distinguish between 'office post' and 'post office' or, to quote the hackneyed example, 'blind Venetian' and 'Venetian blind'.
    Ex: To use a well-worn example, the string (2) physiotherapy (6) nurses $h for (6) bibliographies obviously represents a different sense from the similar string (2) physiotherapy (6) bibliographies (6) nurses $h for.
    Ex: All the contributions provide well-articulated, fresh insights, even on well-tread subjects.
    Ex: Sustainable agriculture has become a very over-used concept.
    Ex: User-friendliness is a much overworked phrase which has been interpreted in different ways by software houses.
    Ex: We librarians are already infiltrators into the stale round of our readers' domestic daily life.
    Ex: This is in stark contrast to the warped logic and timeworn language to which Lebanon's rulers resorted in the wake of the tragedy.
    * camino trillado = beaten road.
    * trillado, lo = tired, the, worn, the.

    * * *
    hackneyed, trite
    * * *

    Del verbo trillar: ( conjugate trillar)

    trillado es:

    el participio

    Multiple Entries:
    trillado    
    trillar
    trillar ( conjugate trillar) verbo transitivo
    to thresh
    trillado,-a adjetivo fig (muy conocido) trite, commonplace
    trillar verbo transitivo to thresh
    ' trillado' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    trillada
    - tópico
    - visto
    English:
    derivative
    - hackneyed
    - trite
    - well
    * * *
    trillado, -a adj
    [tema] well-worn, hackneyed; [eslogan] trite, hackneyed; [camino] well-trodden;
    fuera de los caminos trillados off the beaten track
    * * *
    adj fig
    hackneyed, clichéd
    * * *
    trillado, -da adj
    : trite, hackneyed

    Spanish-English dictionary > trillado

  • 8 derivar

    v.
    1 to divert.
    derivó el debate hacia otro tema he steered the debate onto another topic
    2 to derive (Mat).
    3 to change direction, to drift.
    4 to extract, to obtain as a subproduct.
    * * *
    1 (proceder) to spring, arise, come, stem
    2 MARÍTIMO to drift
    3 LINGÚÍSTICA to be derived (de, from), derive (de, from)
    ■ 'pequeñito" deriva de "pequeño' "pequeñito" is derived from "pequeño"
    4 (conducir) to drift
    1 (dirigir) to direct, divert
    2 LINGÚÍSTICA to derive
    4 MATEMÁTICAS to derive
    1 (proceder) to result (de, from), stem (de, from)
    2 LINGÚÍSTICA to be derived (de, from)
    * * *
    verb
    - derivar en
    * * *
    1. VI
    1)

    derivar de algo — (=provenir de) to derive from sth

    de estos datos se deriva que... — from this it follows that...

    2)

    derivar en algo — (=tener como resultado) to lead to sth, result in sth

    esto derivó en la pérdida de las colonias — this led to o resulted in the loss of the colonies

    3)
    4) (Náut) to drift
    2. VT
    1) [+ carretera, río] to divert
    2) [+ conversación, charla] to divert, steer

    derivó el debate hacia temas menos controvertidos — he diverted o steered the discussion towards less controversial subjects

    3) (Mat) to derive
    4) (Elec) to shunt
    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo intransitivo
    1)
    a) ( proceder)

    derivar de algo — (Ling) to derive from something, come from something; (Quím) to derive from something; problema/situación to arise from something

    derivar en algo — to result in something, lead to something

    2.
    derivar vt (Med) (AmL)
    3.
    derivarse v pron ( proceder)

    derivarse de algo — palabra to be derived from something, come from something; problema/situación to arise from something

    * * *
    = derive, spin off.
    Ex. The scheme was designed for the Library of Congress and many of the features of the scheme derived from this fact.
    Ex. A computerized search facility has been spun off from the basic work.
    ----
    * derivar conclusiones = derive + conclusions.
    * derivar de = strip from, be born of, proceed from.
    * derivar placer de = obtain + pleasure from.
    * derivarse = accrue, come.
    * derivarse de = come out of, flow from.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo intransitivo
    1)
    a) ( proceder)

    derivar de algo — (Ling) to derive from something, come from something; (Quím) to derive from something; problema/situación to arise from something

    derivar en algo — to result in something, lead to something

    2.
    derivar vt (Med) (AmL)
    3.
    derivarse v pron ( proceder)

    derivarse de algo — palabra to be derived from something, come from something; problema/situación to arise from something

    * * *
    = derive, spin off.

    Ex: The scheme was designed for the Library of Congress and many of the features of the scheme derived from this fact.

    Ex: A computerized search facility has been spun off from the basic work.
    * derivar conclusiones = derive + conclusions.
    * derivar de = strip from, be born of, proceed from.
    * derivar placer de = obtain + pleasure from.
    * derivarse = accrue, come.
    * derivarse de = come out of, flow from.

    * * *
    derivar [A1 ]
    vi
    A
    1 (proceder) derivar DE algo ( Ling) to derive FROM sth, come FROM sth; ( Quím) to derive FROM sth; «problema/situación» to arise FROM sth
    palabras derivadas del latín words of Latin origin, words derived from Latin
    el problema deriva de la falta de confianza the problem arises o stems from a lack of confidence
    2 (traer como consecuencia) derivar EN algo to result IN sth, lead TO sth
    derivó en un deterioro de la calidad it resulted in o led to a decline in quality
    B
    1 ( Náut) «barco» to drift
    2 (cambiar de dirección) derivar HACIA/ EN algo:
    una charla que derivó en discusión a chat which degenerated into o turned into o became an argument
    nuestra amistad derivaba hacia el odio our friendship was turning to hatred
    3 ( Elec) to short-circuit
    deriva a tierra it goes to ground ( AmE) o ( BrE) earth
    ■ derivar
    vt
    A (dirigir) to steer
    derivó la conversación hacia otros temas he steered o moved the conversation on to other matters
    B ( Elec) to shunt
    C ( Med) ( AmL) to refer
    derivar a algn a un especialista to refer sb to a specialist o ( BrE) consultant
    (proceder) derivarse DE algo ( Ling) to be derived FROM sth, come FROM sth; «problema/situación» to arise FROM sth
    * * *

     

    derivar ( conjugate derivar) verbo intransitivo
    a) ( proceder) derivar de algo [ palabra] to derive from sth, come from sth;

    [problema/situación] to arise from sth
    b) ( traer como consecuencia) derivar en algo to result in sth, lead to sth

    verbo transitivo (Med) (AmL)

    derivarse verbo pronominal ( proceder) derivarse de algo [ palabra] to be derived from sth, come from sth;

    [problema/situación] to arise from sth
    derivar
    I verbo intransitivo
    1 (proceder) to derive, stem [de, from]
    2 (desviarse, tomar otra dirección) to move on [ hacia, to]
    II verbo transitivo
    1 (dirigir la conversación) to steer [hacia, towards]
    2 (desviar un río, etc) to divert
    ' derivar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    resultar
    English:
    derive
    - issue
    - refer
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [desviar] to divert (a o hacia to o towards);
    derivó el debate hacia otro tema he steered the debate onto another topic;
    su médico de cabecera lo derivó a un especialista his GP referred him to a specialist
    2. Mat to derive
    3. Ling to derive
    ♦ vi
    1. [desviarse] to move, to drift (a o hacia to o towards);
    el barco derivaba sin rumbo fijo the ship was drifting out of control;
    la tertulia derivaba hacia derroteros políticos the discussion was drifting onto politics
    2. [proceder]
    derivar de to derive from;
    la crisis deriva de una mala gestión the crisis was caused by bad management
    3. [acabar]
    derivar en to end in;
    la tensa situación familiar derivó en tragedia the highly charged domestic situation ended in tragedy;
    la rivalidad entre ellos derivó en abierta hostilidad the rivalry between them ended in open hostility
    4. Ling
    derivar de to be derived from, to derive from, to come from
    * * *
    v/i
    1 derive (de from)
    2 de barco drift
    * * *
    1) : to drift
    2)
    derivar de : to come from, to derive from
    3)
    derivar en : to result in
    : to steer, to direct
    derivó la discusión hacia la política: he steered the discussion over to politics

    Spanish-English dictionary > derivar

  • 9 Introduction

       Portugal is a small Western European nation with a large, distinctive past replete with both triumph and tragedy. One of the continent's oldest nation-states, Portugal has frontiers that are essentially unchanged since the late 14th century. The country's unique character and 850-year history as an independent state present several curious paradoxes. As of 1974, when much of the remainder of the Portuguese overseas empire was decolonized, Portuguese society appeared to be the most ethnically homogeneous of the two Iberian states and of much of Europe. Yet, Portuguese society had received, over the course of 2,000 years, infusions of other ethnic groups in invasions and immigration: Phoenicians, Greeks, Celts, Romans, Suevi, Visigoths, Muslims (Arab and Berber), Jews, Italians, Flemings, Burgundian French, black Africans, and Asians. Indeed, Portugal has been a crossroads, despite its relative isolation in the western corner of the Iberian Peninsula, between the West and North Africa, Tropical Africa, and Asia and America. Since 1974, Portugal's society has become less homogeneous, as there has been significant immigration of former subjects from its erstwhile overseas empire.
       Other paradoxes should be noted as well. Although Portugal is sometimes confused with Spain or things Spanish, its very national independence and national culture depend on being different from Spain and Spaniards. Today, Portugal's independence may be taken for granted. Since 1140, except for 1580-1640 when it was ruled by Philippine Spain, Portugal has been a sovereign state. Nevertheless, a recurring theme of the nation's history is cycles of anxiety and despair that its freedom as a nation is at risk. There is a paradox, too, about Portugal's overseas empire(s), which lasted half a millennium (1415-1975): after 1822, when Brazil achieved independence from Portugal, most of the Portuguese who emigrated overseas never set foot in their overseas empire, but preferred to immigrate to Brazil or to other countries in North or South America or Europe, where established Portuguese overseas communities existed.
       Portugal was a world power during the period 1415-1550, the era of the Discoveries, expansion, and early empire, and since then the Portuguese have experienced periods of decline, decadence, and rejuvenation. Despite the fact that Portugal slipped to the rank of a third- or fourth-rate power after 1580, it and its people can claim rightfully an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions that assure their place both in world and Western history. These distinctions should be kept in mind while acknowledging that, for more than 400 years, Portugal has generally lagged behind the rest of Western Europe, although not Southern Europe, in social and economic developments and has remained behind even its only neighbor and sometime nemesis, Spain.
       Portugal's pioneering role in the Discoveries and exploration era of the 15th and 16th centuries is well known. Often noted, too, is the Portuguese role in the art and science of maritime navigation through the efforts of early navigators, mapmakers, seamen, and fishermen. What are often forgotten are the country's slender base of resources, its small population largely of rural peasants, and, until recently, its occupation of only 16 percent of the Iberian Peninsula. As of 1139—10, when Portugal emerged first as an independent monarchy, and eventually a sovereign nation-state, England and France had not achieved this status. The Portuguese were the first in the Iberian Peninsula to expel the Muslim invaders from their portion of the peninsula, achieving this by 1250, more than 200 years before Castile managed to do the same (1492).
       Other distinctions may be noted. Portugal conquered the first overseas empire beyond the Mediterranean in the early modern era and established the first plantation system based on slave labor. Portugal's empire was the first to be colonized and the last to be decolonized in the 20th century. With so much of its scattered, seaborne empire dependent upon the safety and seaworthiness of shipping, Portugal was a pioneer in initiating marine insurance, a practice that is taken for granted today. During the time of Pombaline Portugal (1750-77), Portugal was the first state to organize and hold an industrial trade fair. In distinctive political and governmental developments, Portugal's record is more mixed, and this fact suggests that maintaining a government with a functioning rule of law and a pluralist, representative democracy has not been an easy matter in a country that for so long has been one of the poorest and least educated in the West. Portugal's First Republic (1910-26), only the third republic in a largely monarchist Europe (after France and Switzerland), was Western Europe's most unstable parliamentary system in the 20th century. Finally, the authoritarian Estado Novo or "New State" (1926-74) was the longest surviving authoritarian system in modern Western Europe. When Portugal departed from its overseas empire in 1974-75, the descendants, in effect, of Prince Henry the Navigator were leaving the West's oldest empire.
       Portugal's individuality is based mainly on its long history of distinc-tiveness, its intense determination to use any means — alliance, diplomacy, defense, trade, or empire—to be a sovereign state, independent of Spain, and on its national pride in the Portuguese language. Another master factor in Portuguese affairs deserves mention. The country's politics and government have been influenced not only by intellectual currents from the Atlantic but also through Spain from Europe, which brought new political ideas and institutions and novel technologies. Given the weight of empire in Portugal's past, it is not surprising that public affairs have been hostage to a degree to what happened in her overseas empire. Most important have been domestic responses to imperial affairs during both imperial and internal crises since 1415, which have continued to the mid-1970s and beyond. One of the most important themes of Portuguese history, and one oddly neglected by not a few histories, is that every major political crisis and fundamental change in the system—in other words, revolution—since 1415 has been intimately connected with a related imperial crisis. The respective dates of these historical crises are: 1437, 1495, 1578-80, 1640, 1820-22, 1890, 1910, 1926-30, 1961, and 1974. The reader will find greater detail on each crisis in historical context in the history section of this introduction and in relevant entries.
       LAND AND PEOPLE
       The Republic of Portugal is located on the western edge of the Iberian Peninsula. A major geographical dividing line is the Tagus River: Portugal north of it has an Atlantic orientation; the country to the south of it has a Mediterranean orientation. There is little physical evidence that Portugal is clearly geographically distinct from Spain, and there is no major natural barrier between the two countries along more than 1,214 kilometers (755 miles) of the Luso-Spanish frontier. In climate, Portugal has a number of microclimates similar to the microclimates of Galicia, Estremadura, and Andalusia in neighboring Spain. North of the Tagus, in general, there is an Atlantic-type climate with higher rainfall, cold winters, and some snow in the mountainous areas. South of the Tagus is a more Mediterranean climate, with hot, dry, often rainless summers and cool, wet winters. Lisbon, the capital, which has a fifth of the country's population living in its region, has an average annual mean temperature about 16° C (60° F).
       For a small country with an area of 92,345 square kilometers (35,580 square miles, including the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and the Madeiras), which is about the size of the state of Indiana in the United States, Portugal has a remarkable diversity of regional topography and scenery. In some respects, Portugal resembles an island within the peninsula, embodying a unique fusion of European and non-European cultures, akin to Spain yet apart. Its geography is a study in contrasts, from the flat, sandy coastal plain, in some places unusually wide for Europe, to the mountainous Beira districts or provinces north of the Tagus, to the snow-capped mountain range of the Estrela, with its unique ski area, to the rocky, barren, remote Trás-os-Montes district bordering Spain. There are extensive forests in central and northern Portugal that contrast with the flat, almost Kansas-like plains of the wheat belt in the Alentejo district. There is also the unique Algarve district, isolated somewhat from the Alentejo district by a mountain range, with a microclimate, topography, and vegetation that resemble closely those of North Africa.
       Although Portugal is small, just 563 kilometers (337 miles) long and from 129 to 209 kilometers (80 to 125 miles) wide, it is strategically located on transportation and communication routes between Europe and North Africa, and the Americas and Europe. Geographical location is one key to the long history of Portugal's three overseas empires, which stretched once from Morocco to the Moluccas and from lonely Sagres at Cape St. Vincent to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is essential to emphasize the identity of its neighbors: on the north and east Portugal is bounded by Spain, its only neighbor, and by the Atlantic Ocean on the south and west. Portugal is the westernmost country of Western Europe, and its shape resembles a face, with Lisbon below the nose, staring into the
       Atlantic. No part of Portugal touches the Mediterranean, and its Atlantic orientation has been a response in part to turning its back on Castile and Léon (later Spain) and exploring, traveling, and trading or working in lands beyond the peninsula. Portugal was the pioneering nation in the Atlantic-born European discoveries during the Renaissance, and its diplomatic and trade relations have been dominated by countries that have been Atlantic powers as well: Spain; England (Britain since 1707); France; Brazil, once its greatest colony; and the United States.
       Today Portugal and its Atlantic islands have a population of roughly 10 million people. While ethnic homogeneity has been characteristic of it in recent history, Portugal's population over the centuries has seen an infusion of non-Portuguese ethnic groups from various parts of Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. Between 1500 and 1800, a significant population of black Africans, brought in as slaves, was absorbed in the population. And since 1950, a population of Cape Verdeans, who worked in menial labor, has resided in Portugal. With the influx of African, Goan, and Timorese refugees and exiles from the empire—as many as three quarters of a million retornados ("returned ones" or immigrants from the former empire) entered Portugal in 1974 and 1975—there has been greater ethnic diversity in the Portuguese population. In 2002, there were 239,113 immigrants legally residing in Portugal: 108,132 from Africa; 24,806 from Brazil; 15,906 from Britain; 14,617 from Spain; and 11,877 from Germany. In addition, about 200,000 immigrants are living in Portugal from eastern Europe, mainly from Ukraine. The growth of Portugal's population is reflected in the following statistics:
       1527 1,200,000 (estimate only)
       1768 2,400,000 (estimate only)
       1864 4,287,000 first census
       1890 5,049,700
       1900 5,423,000
       1911 5,960,000
       1930 6,826,000
       1940 7,185,143
       1950 8,510,000
       1960 8,889,000
       1970 8,668,000* note decrease
       1980 9,833,000
       1991 9,862,540
       1996 9,934,100
       2006 10,642,836
       2010 10,710,000 (estimated)

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Introduction

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