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21 domestic economy
s.economía doméstica, economía nacional, economía interna. -
22 domestic economy
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23 domestic economy
ev ekonomisi, ev idaresi -
24 domestic economy/science
domestic economy/science -
25 Master of Domestic Economy
Общая лексика: магистр внутренней экономики (ставится после фамилии)Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Master of Domestic Economy
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26 generating new domestic economy
Общая лексика: создавая новые экономические отношения внутри страныУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > generating new domestic economy
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27 ♦ domestic
♦ domestic /dəˈmɛstɪk/A a.1 domestico: domestic happiness, la felicità domestica; domestic violence, violenza tra le mura domestiche; Cats and dogs are domestic animals, i gatti e i cani sono animali domestici2 nazionale; interno: to buy domestic goods, comprare prodotti nazionali; domestic trade, commercio interno; ( in un giornale) domestic news, notizie dall'interno; domestic wines, vini nazionali; (econ.) domestic demand, la domanda interna3 casalingo; amante della casaB n.1 domestico; servitore2 (fam. ingl.) violenta lite familiare● (leg.) domestic abuse (o violence), violenza domestica □ domestic appliance, elettrodomestico □ (fin.) domestic bill, cambiale pagabile all'interno ( di un paese) □ (econ.) domestic cars, le auto di fabbricazione nazionale □ (econ.) the domestic economy, l'economia nazionale □ domestic help, colf □ ( banca) domestic lending, impieghi interni □ domestic life, vita domestica (o familiare) □ domestic partner, convivente □ domestic satellite ► domsat □ (antiq.) domestic science, economia domestica ( materia di studio) □ domestic staff, personale di servizio □ domestic worker, addetto ai servizi domestici. -
28 economy
{i:'kɔnəmi}
1. икономисване, икономия, пестеливост, пестене
2. стопанисване
domestic ECONOMY домакинство
3. икономика, стопанство
political ECONOMY политическа икономия
natural/commodity/money ECONOMY натурално/стоково/парично стопанство* * *{i:'kъnъmi} n 1. икономисване, икономия; пестеливост; пестене* * *стопанство; стопански; спестовност; стопанисване; пестеливост; пестене; икономика; икономия;* * *1. domestic economy домакинство 2. natural/commodity/money economy натурално/стоково/парично стопанство 3. political economy политическа икономия 4. икономика, стопанство 5. икономисване, икономия, пестеливост, пестене 6. стопанисване* * *economy[i:´kɔnəmi] n 1. икономисване, икономия, пестеливост, спестовност; пестене; operating \economy икономичност при експлоатация; \economy in fuel consumption икономия на гориво; to make economies правя икономии; to travel \economy class пътувам във втора класа; 2. стопанисване; domestic \economy домакинство; 3. икономка; стопанство; political \economy политическа икономия; natural ( commodity, money) \economy натурално (стоково, парично) стопанство. -
29 economy
n1) экономика; хозяйство2) экономия; бережливость•to build up national economy — строить / создавать национальную экономику
to improve one's economy — улучшать состояние экономики
to meet the needs of the national economy for smth — удовлетворять потребности национальной экономики в чем-л.
to rebuild a country's economy — восстанавливать / реконструировать экономику страны
to rehabilitate the war-ravaged national economy — восстанавливать разрушенную войной экономику страны
to remodel the economy — переделывать / изменять экономику
to revitalize / to revive the economy — возрождать / оживлять экономику
to satisfy the needs of the national economy for smth — удовлетворять потребности национальной экономики в чем-л.
to stimulate one's domestic economy — стимулировать рост экономики внутри страны
- adversely affected branches of economyto tighten one's economy hold — усиливать свое экономическое влияние
- agricultural economy
- ailing economy
- ailing economies of the Third World
- all-embracing economy
- appalling state of the economy
- balanced development of the branches of economy
- barter economy
- beleaguered economy
- black economy
- buoyancy in a country's economy
- buoyant economy
- business economy
- capitalist economy
- centralized economy
- centrally planned economy
- closed economy
- cohesive economy
- collapsing economy
- colonialist economy
- command economy
- commanding heights of the economy
- competitive economy
- complementary economies
- consumer economy
- controlled economy
- crippled economy
- crisis-free economy
- critical state of the economy
- day-to-day running of economy
- debt-ridden economy
- defense economy
- developed economy
- developed national economy
- developing economy
- dire state of the economy
- disrupted economy
- domestic economy
- economy catches its breath
- economy constricts
- economy expands
- economy goes deeper into crisis
- economy goes into a decline
- economy is buoyant
- economy is close to collapse
- economy is coming out of recession
- economy is crumbling
- economy is diving into a recession
- economy is facing a slump
- economy is faltering
- economy is headed upward
- economy is in a dreadful state
- economy is in a state of collapse
- economy is in bad condition
- economy is in recession
- economy is in the doldrums
- economy is not out of the woods yet
- economy is rolling downhill
- economy is sagging
- economy is seriously unbalanced
- economy is shrinking
- economy of disarmament
- economy of fuel
- economy of one-sided development
- economy of scarcity
- economy recovers
- economy undergoing charges
- economy will undergo drastic surgical measures
- economy with a high rate of growth in per capita output
- economies of industrialized countries are booming
- economies of scale
- economies on labor
- economies on social services
- emerging economy
- engineering economy
- exchange economy
- expanding economy
- fast developing economy
- flagging economy
- fragile economy
- frail economy
- free economy
- free enterprise economy
- freewheeling economy
- full employment economy
- ghost economy
- gilt-edged economy
- global economy
- gray economy
- green economy
- gross mismanagement of economy
- growth of the economy
- growth rate of the economy
- healthy economy
- high employment economy
- high interest rates further dampen down the economy
- highly developed branches of the economy
- home economy
- humane economy
- industrial economy
- inflationary pressures on the economy
- intensification of economy
- laissez-faire economy
- less centralized grip on the economy
- lop-sided economy
- low pressure economy
- major economy
- management of the economy
- market economy
- market-oriented economy
- mature economy
- mechanics of economy
- militarization of the economy
- militarized economy
- military economy
- mixed economy
- modernization of the economy
- monetary economy
- moribund economy
- multibranch economy
- multisectoral economy
- multistructrural economy
- national economy
- no-growth period of economy
- ongoing trends in the world economy
- overheated economy
- peace-time economy
- peasant economy
- plan-based economy
- planless economy
- plan-market economy
- planned economy
- pluralistic economy - powerful economy
- private economy
- private enterprise economy
- private sector of the economy
- progressive transformation of the economy
- protected economy
- public sector of the economy
- rapid expansion of the economy
- ravaged economy
- recovery in economy
- reforming of the economy along western lines
- regulated market economy
- retooling of the national economy
- revitalization of the economy
- robber economy
- robust economy
- run-down economy
- rural economy
- sagging economy
- sane economy
- self-sustained economy
- shadow economy
- shaky economy
- shattered economy
- shift away from central control of the economy
- shift to a market economy
- sick economy
- siege economy
- simple commodity economy
- size of the economy
- slide in the economy
- slowing of economy
- sluggish economy
- socialist economy
- socialist system of economy
- socialized economy
- sound economy
- Soviet-style economy
- spaceman economy
- spontaneous economy
- stability of economy
- stagnant economy - state-run economy
- stationary economy
- steady-state economy
- strict economy
- strong economy
- study of world economy
- subsistence economy
- sustained growth of economy
- swift transition to market economy
- swiss-cheese economy
- switchover to a market economy
- the country's economy grew by 10 per cent
- the country's economy has been in better shape than before
- the country's economy is in a pretty bad way
- the country's economy is in dire trouble
- tottering economy
- transition to market economy
- troubled economy
- turnaround in the economy
- two interlined economies
- unbalanced economy
- under-the-table economy
- unstable economy
- viable economy
- war economy
- war-ravaged economy
- war-time economy
- weakening of the economy
- world economy -
30 domestic
[də'mestɪk] adjective1) (household) häuslich [Verhältnisse, Umstände]; (family) familiär [Atmosphäre, Angelegenheit, Reibereien]; [Wasserversorgung, Ölverbrauch] der privaten Haushaltedomestic servant — Hausgehilfe, der/ -gehilfin, die
domestic help — Haushaltshilfe, die
domestic appliance — Haushaltgerät, das
2) (of one's own country) inländisch; einheimisch [Produkt]; innenpolitisch [Problem, Auseinandersetzungen]domestic policy — Innenpolitik, die
3) (kept by man)domestic animal — Haustier, das
domestic rabbit/cat — Hauskaninchen, das/Hauskatze, die
* * *[də'mestik]1) (of or in the house or home: a domestic servant; domestic utensils.) Haus-...2) (concerning one's private life or family: domestic problems.) häuslich3) ((of animals) tame and living with or used by people.) Haus-...4) (not foreign: the Government's domestic policy.) Innen-...•- academic.ru/86344/domesticated">domesticated- domestication
- domesticity
- domestic help* * *do·mes·tic[dəˈmestɪk]I. adj1. (of the household) häuslich, Haus-\domestic bliss häusliches Glückthey lived in \domestic bliss sie führten ein glückliches Familienleben\domestic commitments familiäre Verpflichtungen\domestic discord häusliche Zwietracht\domestic relations court Familiengericht ntto be in \domestic service als Hausangestellte(r) arbeiten\domestic violence Gewalt f in der Familie\domestic work Hausarbeit f2. (fond of home) häuslichhe is a \domestic man er ist ein häuslicher Typ\domestic affairs innere [o innenpolitische] Angelegenheiten\domestic airline Inlandsfluggesellschaft f\domestic considerations innenpolitische Erwägungen\domestic economic policy Binnenwirtschaftspolitik f\domestic mail Inlandspost f\domestic market Binnenmarkt m, Inlandsmarkt m\domestic public opinion politische Meinung im Land\domestic policy Innenpolitik f\domestic product einheimisches Produkt [o Erzeugnis]gross \domestic product Bruttoinlandsprodukt nt\domestic trade Binnenhandel m\domestic wines einheimische Weine* * *[də'mestɪk]1. adj1) (= household) häuslichthe domestic arrangements — die häusliche Situation
his wife has always taken care of his domestic needs —
everything of a domestic nature — alles, was den Haushalt angeht
she was never very domestic, she was never a very domestic sort of person — sie war nie ein sehr häuslicher Mensch
in the interests of domestic harmony — im Interesse des Familienfriedens
for domestic use — für den Hausgebrauch
or garbage (US) — Hausmüll m
2) (ESP POL, COMM: within a country) consumption, production, spending, sales, demand etc inländisch, im Inland; currency inländisch; problems im Inland; news aus dem Inland; issues, affairs innenpolitischhe was more interested in foreign affairs than in domestic affairs — er interessierte sich mehr für Außenpolitik als für Innenpolitik
2. n1) (= servant) Hausangestellte(r) mf2) (inf: quarrel) Ehekrach m* * *domestic [dəʊˈmestık]A adj (adv domestically)1. häuslich, Haus…, Haushalts…, Familien…, Privat…:domestic affairs häusliche Angelegenheiten ( → A 5);domestic appliance ( besonders elektrisches) Haushaltsgerät;domestic architecture Häuser-, Wohnungsbau m;domestic bliss häusliches Glück;domestic coal Hausbrandkohle f;domestic difficulties häusliche Schwierigkeiten;domestic drama THEAT bürgerliches Drama;domestic life Familienleben n;domestic relations US Familienbeziehungen;court of domestic relations, domestic-relations court US Familiengericht n;domestic system Heimindustrie-System n;domestic virtues häusliche Tugenden2. häuslich (veranlagt) (Mann etc)3. Haus…, zahm:domestic animals Haustiere;4. inländisch, im Inland erzeugt, einheimisch, Inlands…, Landes…, Innen…, Binnen…:domestic goods Inlandswaren, einheimische Waren;domestic market inländischer Markt, Binnenmarkt m;domestic products → B 2;domestic trade Binnenhandel m5. inner(er, e, es), Innen…:in the domestic field innenpolitisch;a domestic political issue eine innenpolitische Frage;domestic policy Innenpolitik fB s1. Hausangestellte(r) m/f(m), Dienstbote m, pl auch (Dienst)Personal n2. pl WIRTSCH Landesprodukte pl, inländische Erzeugnisse pldom. abk1. domain2. domestic* * *[də'mestɪk] adjective1) (household) häuslich [Verhältnisse, Umstände]; (family) familiär [Atmosphäre, Angelegenheit, Reibereien]; [Wasserversorgung, Ölverbrauch] der privaten Haushaltedomestic servant — Hausgehilfe, der/ -gehilfin, die
domestic help — Haushaltshilfe, die
domestic appliance — Haushaltgerät, das
2) (of one's own country) inländisch; einheimisch [Produkt]; innenpolitisch [Problem, Auseinandersetzungen]domestic policy — Innenpolitik, die
domestic animal — Haustier, das
domestic rabbit/cat — Hauskaninchen, das/Hauskatze, die
* * *adj.häuslich adj. n.Dienstbote m. -
31 economy
ек. 1. економіка; народне господарство; господарство; 2. економія; ощадливість; ощадність; економність1. сфера суспільних відносин виробництва, обміну і споживання результатів людської діяльності, а також їхнього ефективного використання; 2. ощадливе використання і витрачання грошей, ресурсів (resources), робочої сили тощо організацією, підприємством, суспільством, країною і т. д.═════════■═════════accounting economy розрахункова економія; advanced economy розвинена економіка; agricultural economy економіка сільського господарства; balanced economy збалансована економіка; barter economy бартерна економіка • економіка обмінної торгівлі; black economy тіньова економіка; business economy підприємницька економіка; capitalist economy капіталістична економіка; cash economy грошове господарство; centralized economy централізована економіка; centrally planned economy централізовано планована економіка; closed economy закрита економіка • ізольована економіка; command economy командна економіка; commercial economy підприємницька економіка; commodity economy товарна економіка; commodity-driven economy економіка, яка концентрується на виробленні товарів на продаж; competitive economyies конкурентні економіки; controlled economy контрольована економіка • централізоване управління економікою; corporate economy корпоративна економіка; decentralized exchange economy децентралізована ринкова економіка; dependent economy залежна економіка; developed economy розвинена економіка; developing economy економіка, що розвивається; directed economy контрольована економіка; distribution economy економіка розподілу; diversified economy багатогалузева економіка; domestic economy внутрішня економіка; dual economy подвійна економіка; dynamic economy динамічна економіка; engineering economy інженерна економіка; exchange economy ринкова економіка • економіка обміну; expanding economy економіка, що розвивається; external economyies економія, зумовлена зовнішніми факторами; free enterprise economy економіка вільного підприємництва; free market economy економіка вільного ринку; industrial economy промислова економіка; interindustry economyies міжгалузеві фактори економії; international economy міжнародна економіка; intertemporal economy міжчасова економіка; intraindustry economyies внутрішньогалузеві фактори економії; labour-surplus economy економіка з надлишком робочої сили; laissez-faire economy економіка вільної конкуренції; local economyies місцеве господарство; managed economy плановане господарство; market economy; market-directed economy економіка, керована ринком; market-driven economy економіка, керована ринком • економіка, в якій ринок відіграє провідну роль; market-orientated economy економіка, спрямована на розвиток ринкових зв'язків; mature economy дозріла економіка; mixed economy змішана економіка; monetary economy грошова економіка; municipal economy міське господарство; national economy народне господарство; open economy відкрита економіка; planned economy плановане господарювання • планована економіка; pluralistic economy плюралістична економіка; political economy політична економія; private enterprise economy приватнопідприємницька економіка; private ownership economy економіка приватної власності; productive economy продуктивна економіка; profitable economy прибуткове господарство; rigid economy негнучка економія; Robinson Crusoe economy економіка Робінзона Крузо; rural economy економіка сільського господарства; service economy економіка послуг; socialist economy соціалістична економіка; stable economy стабільна економіка; stagnant economy застійна економіка; static economy статична економіка; struggling economyies слабкі господарства; thriving economy процвітаюча економіка; transition economy економіка перехідного періоду • перехідна економіка; unstable economy нестабільна економіка; well-balanced economy збалансована економіка; world economy світова економіка • економіка світового господарства═════════□═════════economies in constant capital економія на постійному капіталі; economies in labour економія на праці; economies in the means of production економія на засобах виробництва; economy in transition економіка перехідного періоду; economy of abundance бездефіцитна економіка; economies of division of labour економія ресурсів внаслідок спеціалізації; economies of fuel економія палива; economy of high wages економія з високою заробітною платою; economies of juxtaposition фактори економії, пов'язані із місцезнаходженням; economies of scale; economies of specialization фактори економії, зумовлені спеціалізацією; to improve the economy поліпшувати/поліпшити економіку; to promote the regional economy сприяти/посприяти розвиткові економіки окремих місцевостей; to regenerate the economy відбудовувати/відбудувати господарство; to restructure the economy перебудовувати/перебудувати економіку; to revive the economy пожвавлювати/пожвавити економіку; to stabilize the economy стабілізувати економіку • зміцнювати/зміцнити економіку; to strengthen the economy зміцнювати/зміцнити економіку═════════◇═════════економія < давньогр. οικονομια — ведення домашнього господарства (СІС 236); приклад з 1627 р. див.: Памва Беринда. Лексиконь славеноросскій и ймень тлькованіє: «Икономіа — ел. Господарство, зри строєніє и смотреніє» а також «Смотрѣніє, вочеловѣченіє Господнє, икономія, діспенсаціо, лат. ряженьє Божеє всѣм свѣтом» (ЕС-СУМ 2: 9) -
32 economy
n1) хозяйство, экономика2) экономия, бережливость3) ( economies) экономия, сбережения
- advanced economy
- agricultural economy
- atomistic economy
- backward economy
- barter economy
- black economy
- burgeoning informal economy
- business economy
- capitalist economy
- cash economy
- city economy
- closed economy
- command economy
- commercial economy
- commodity economy
- competitive economies
- controlled economy
- decentralized exchange economy
- defence economy
- dependent economy
- developed economy
- developing economy
- dire economy
- directed economy
- diversified economy
- domestic economy
- engineering economy
- exchange economy
- external economies
- farm economy
- free enterprise economy
- global economy
- grain economy
- home economy
- industrial economy
- integrated economy
- internal economies
- international economy
- local economies
- managed economy
- market economy
- market-directed economy
- market-driven economy
- mature economy
- maximum economy
- military economy
- mixed economy
- multi-branch economy
- municipal economy
- national economy
- natural economy
- open economy
- payable economy
- paying economy
- planned economy
- political economy
- profitable economy
- rigid economy
- rural economy
- scale economies
- self-subsistent peasant economy
- shadow economy
- sick economy
- single crop economy
- stable economy
- stagnant economy
- stationary economy
- steady economy
- struggling economies
- thriving economy
- transition economy
- underground economy
- unstable economy
- well-balanced economy
- world economy
- economy of abundance
- economy of funds
- economies of regions
- economies of scale
- economy of scarcity
- economies of scope
- economy of space
- economy of time
- boost the economy
- ensure economy
- introduce economies
- promote the regional economy
- regenerate the economy
- reorganize the economy
- restruct the economy
- restructure the economy
- revitalize the economy
- revive the economyEnglish-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > economy
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33 domestic
I[də΄mestik] n նաև՝ domestics ծառա, սպասավորII[də΄mestik] a ընտանեկան, տնային. domestic troubles/dispute ընտանեկան տհաճություն ներ/վեճ. domestic service/science տան/տնային աշխատանք, տնավարություն. domestic violence բռնու թյուն ընտանիքի անդամների նկատմամբ. domestic animals ընտանի կենդանիներ. (ներքին, հայրենական) domestic economy ներպե տական տնտեսություն. domestic affairs of the country երկրի ներքին գործերը. domestic goods/production հայրենական ապրանքներ/արտադ րանք. domestic trade/market ներքին առևտուր/շու կա -
34 domestic
adj. huishoudelijk; familiaal; intern, innerlijk; getemd--------n. dienstbode, huishoudsterdomestic1[ dəmestik] 〈 zelfstandig naamwoord〉————————domestic2〈bijvoeglijk naamwoord; domestically〉♦voorbeelden:domestic service • werk als dienstbodefor domestic use • voor huishoudelijk gebruik -
35 economy
n. economie; besparing[ ikkonnəmi] 〈meervoud: economies〉♦voorbeelden:2 political economy • economie, staathuishoudkunde1 〈 verkorting〉[economy class] -
36 Domestic
adj.Private: P. and V. ἴδιος, οἰκεῖος.Pertaining to a household: P. and V. οἰκεῖος. V. ἐφέστιος.Opposed to foreign: P. and V. οἰκεῖος, V. ἐμφύλιος, ἔμφυλος, ἐγγενής.Domestic fowl, subs.: V. ἐνοίκιος ὄρνις. ὁ or ἡ.Domestic economy: P. ἡ οἰκονομική.——————subs.Woodhouse English-Greek dictionary. A vocabulary of the Attic language > Domestic
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37 domestic
domestic [də'mestɪk](a) (household → duty, chore) ménager;∎ for domestic use only (on packaging) réservé à l'usage domestique∎ they lived in domestic bliss for many years ça a été un ménage très heureux pendant de nombreuses années;∎ a minor domestic crisis un petit problème à la maison;∎ this is all very domestic tout ceci donne une ambiance très familiale(c) (not foreign → affairs, flight, trade, policy) intérieur; (→ currency, economy, news, produce) national(d) (not wild → animal) domestique2 noun►► domestic airline ligne f intérieure;domestic appliance appareil m ménager;domestic excursionist excursionniste mf (dans son propre pays);domestic fowl volaille f;domestic help aide f ménagère;American domestic mail correspondance f à destination de l'intérieur;domestic product produit m ménager;domestic refuse ordures fpl ménagères;Aviation domestic route ligne f intérieure;domestic sales ventes fpl domestiques;domestic servant domestique m;domestic service domesticité f;∎ she was in domestic service elle était domestique;domestic staff employés mpl de maison, domestiques mpl;domestic tourism tourisme m national;domestic tourist touriste m national;domestic travel voyages mpl domestiques;domestic visitor touriste m national -
38 domestic
də'mestik1) (of or in the house or home: a domestic servant; domestic utensils.) doméstico2) (concerning one's private life or family: domestic problems.) doméstico, familiar3) ((of animals) tame and living with or used by people.) doméstico4) (not foreign: the Government's domestic policy.) nacional•- domestication
- domesticity
- domestic help
domestic adj1. doméstico2. nacionaltr[də'mestɪk]1 (of the home) doméstico,-a2 (home-loving) hogareño,-a, casero,-a3 (news, flight) nacional; (trade, policy) interior; (affairs, policy, market) interno,-a1 empleado,-a doméstico,-a\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLdomestic science economía doméstica, hogar nombre masculinodomestic service servicio domésticodomestic violence violencia en el hogardomestic [də'mɛstɪk] adj1) household: doméstico, casero2) : nacional, internodomestic policy: política interna3) tame: domesticadodomestic n: empleado m doméstico, empleada f domésticaadj.• casero, -a adj.• cívico, -a adj.• doméstico, -a adj.• intestino, -a adj.• nacional adj.n.• doméstico s.m.• familiar s.m.• sirviente s.m.
I də'mestɪk1)a) ( of the home) <life/problems> domésticodomestic violence — violencia f en el hogar
domestic staff — personal m doméstico or de servicio
b) ( home-loving) casero, hogareño2) < animal> doméstico3) (Econ, Pol) <affairs/policy/market> interno; < produce> nacionaldomestic flight — vuelo m nacional
II
noun (frml) empleado doméstico, empleada doméstica m,f, doméstico, -ca m,f[dǝ'mestɪk]1. ADJ1) (=household) [activities, duty, life, animal] doméstico; [fuel] de uso doméstico; [harmony, quarrel] familiar; [violence] en el hogarshe does domestic work for a living — trabaja como empleada del hogar or empleada doméstica
a scene of domestic bliss — una escena de felicidad familiar or doméstica
2) (=home-loving) casero, hogareño3) (Econ, Pol) (=internal) [flight, industry, news, economy, politics] nacional; [market, consumption, policy] nacional, interior; [affairs, problems] nacional, interno2.N doméstico(-a) m / f, empleado(-a) m / f doméstico(-a)3.CPDdomestic abuse N — violencia f doméstica
domestic appliance N — aparato m doméstico, aparato m de uso doméstico
domestic help N — empleado(-a) m / f del hogar, empleado(-a) m / f doméstico(-a)
domestic science N — (esp Brit) (Scol) economía f doméstica, hogar m (Sp)
domestic science teacher N — (esp Brit) (Scol) profesor(a) m / f de economía doméstica, profesor(a) m / f de hogar (Sp)
domestic servant N — sirviente(-a) m / f, doméstico(-a) m / f
domestic service N — servicio m doméstico
domestic staff N — (in hospital, institution) personal m de servicio; (in private household) servicio m doméstico
domestic worker N — empleado(-a) m / f doméstico(-a)
* * *
I [də'mestɪk]1)a) ( of the home) <life/problems> domésticodomestic violence — violencia f en el hogar
domestic staff — personal m doméstico or de servicio
b) ( home-loving) casero, hogareño2) < animal> doméstico3) (Econ, Pol) <affairs/policy/market> interno; < produce> nacionaldomestic flight — vuelo m nacional
II
noun (frml) empleado doméstico, empleada doméstica m,f, doméstico, -ca m,f -
39 domestic
(affairs, policy) intérieur(e); (currency, economy) national(e)domestic airline ligne f intérieure;American domestic mail courrier m à destination de l'intérieur;domestic market marché m intérieur;domestic product produit m ménager;domestic products denrées f pl du pays, produits m pl d'origine nationale;domestic route (in air travel) ligne intérieure;domestic sales ventes f pl domestiques;domestic trade commerce m intérieur -
40 Economy
Portugal's economy, under the influence of the European Economic Community (EEC), and later with the assistance of the European Union (EU), grew rapidly in 1985-86; through 1992, the average annual growth was 4-5 percent. While such growth rates did not last into the late 1990s, portions of Portugal's society achieved unprecedented prosperity, although poverty remained entrenched. It is important, however, to place this current growth, which includes some not altogether desirable developments, in historical perspective. On at least three occasions in this century, Portugal's economy has experienced severe dislocation and instability: during the turbulent First Republic (1911-25); during the Estado Novo, when the world Depression came into play (1930-39); and during the aftermath of the Revolution of 25 April, 1974. At other periods, and even during the Estado Novo, there were eras of relatively steady growth and development, despite the fact that Portugal's weak economy lagged behind industrialized Western Europe's economies, perhaps more than Prime Minister Antônio de Oliveira Salazar wished to admit to the public or to foreigners.For a number of reasons, Portugal's backward economy underwent considerable growth and development following the beginning of the colonial wars in Africa in early 1961. Recent research findings suggest that, contrary to the "stagnation thesis" that states that the Estado Novo economy during the last 14 years of its existence experienced little or no growth, there were important changes, policy shifts, structural evolution, and impressive growth rates. In fact, the average annual gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate (1961-74) was about 7 percent. The war in Africa was one significant factor in the post-1961 economic changes. The new costs of finance and spending on the military and police actions in the African and Asian empires in 1961 and thereafter forced changes in economic policy.Starting in 1963-64, the relatively closed economy was opened up to foreign investment, and Lisbon began to use deficit financing and more borrowing at home and abroad. Increased foreign investment, residence, and technical and military assistance also had effects on economic growth and development. Salazar's government moved toward greater trade and integration with various international bodies by signing agreements with the European Free Trade Association and several international finance groups. New multinational corporations began to operate in the country, along with foreign-based banks. Meanwhile, foreign tourism increased massively from the early 1960s on, and the tourism industry experienced unprecedented expansion. By 1973-74, Portugal received more than 8 million tourists annually for the first time.Under Prime Minister Marcello Caetano, other important economic changes occurred. High annual economic growth rates continued until the world energy crisis inflation and a recession hit Portugal in 1973. Caetano's system, through new development plans, modernized aspects of the agricultural, industrial, and service sectors and linked reform in education with plans for social change. It also introduced cadres of forward-looking technocrats at various levels. The general motto of Caetano's version of the Estado Novo was "Evolution with Continuity," but he was unable to solve the key problems, which were more political and social than economic. As the boom period went "bust" in 1973-74, and growth slowed greatly, it became clear that Caetano and his governing circle had no way out of the African wars and could find no easy compromise solution to the need to democratize Portugal's restive society. The economic background of the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was a severe energy shortage caused by the world energy crisis and Arab oil boycott, as well as high general inflation, increasing debts from the African wars, and a weakening currency. While the regime prescribed greater Portuguese investment in Africa, in fact Portuguese businesses were increasingly investing outside of the escudo area in Western Europe and the United States.During the two years of political and social turmoil following the Revolution of 25 April 1974, the economy weakened. Production, income, reserves, and annual growth fell drastically during 1974-76. Amidst labor-management conflict, there was a burst of strikes, and income and productivity plummeted. Ironically, one factor that cushioned the economic impact of the revolution was the significant gold reserve supply that the Estado Novo had accumulated, principally during Salazar's years. Another factor was emigration from Portugal and the former colonies in Africa, which to a degree reduced pressures for employment. The sudden infusion of more than 600,000 refugees from Africa did increase the unemployment rate, which in 1975 was 10-15 percent. But, by 1990, the unemployment rate was down to about 5-6 percent.After 1985, Portugal's economy experienced high growth rates again, which averaged 4-5 percent through 1992. Substantial economic assistance from the EEC and individual countries such as the United States, as well as the political stability and administrative continuity that derived from majority Social Democratic Party (PSD) governments starting in mid-1987, supported new growth and development in the EEC's second poorest country. With rapid infrastruc-tural change and some unregulated development, Portugal's leaders harbored a justifiable concern that a fragile environment and ecology were under new, unacceptable pressures. Among other improvements in the standard of living since 1974 was an increase in per capita income. By 1991, the average minimum monthly wage was about 40,000 escudos, and per capita income was about $5,000 per annum. By the end of the 20th century, despite continuing poverty at several levels in Portugal, Portugal's economy had made significant progress. In the space of 15 years, Portugal had halved the large gap in living standards between itself and the remainder of the EU. For example, when Portugal joined the EU in 1986, its GDP, in terms of purchasing power-parity, was only 53 percent of the EU average. By 2000, Portugal's GDP had reached 75 percent of the EU average, a considerable achievement. Whether Portugal could narrow this gap even further in a reasonable amount of time remained a sensitive question in Lisbon. Besides structural poverty and the fact that, in 2006, the EU largesse in structural funds (loans and grants) virtually ceased, a major challenge for Portugal's economy will be to reduce the size of the public sector (about 50 percent of GDP is in the central government) to increase productivity, attract outside investment, and diversify the economy. For Portugal's economic planners, the 21st century promises to be challenging.
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