-
1 HE, HIM
(personal 3rd sg. pronoun): As a pronominal suffix, the entire 3rd person singular “he, she, it” is expressed by the ending -s, e.g. caris *“(s)he/it does” (VT49:16, 48). Sometimes a verb with no pronominal ending whatsoever implies a subject “he, she, it”, e.g. nornë “he ran” (PE17:58), fírië “she has breathed forth” (MR:250), tinë “it glints” (TIN). A distinctly masculine ending -ro does occur in early material (antaváro “he will give”, LR:63), but was apparently abandoned by Tolkien. The ending -s may also appear in the “rare” longer form -së (VT49:51, descended from older -sse, VT49:20), perhaps distinctly personal (cf. násë “he [or she] is” vs. nás “it is”, VT49:27, 30). The ending -s is also attested in object position, e.g. melinyes “I love him” (VT49:21; this could also mean *”I love her” or *”I love it”). “He/she” (or even “it”, when some living thing is concerned) does have a distinct form when it appears as an independent pronoun: se (VT49:37), also with a long vowel (sé, VT49:51) when stressed. (Contrast the use of sa for “it” with reference to non-living things.) The independent form may also appear in object position: melin sé, “I love him [/her]” (VT49:21). Case endings may be added, e.g. allative sena or senna “at him [/her]”, “to him/her” (VT49:14, 45-46); se also appears suffixed to a preposition in the word ósë *”with him/her” (VT43:29). A distinct pronoun hé can be used for “he/she” = “the other”, as in a sentence like “I love him (sé) but not him (hé).” Genitive HIS/HER (or ITS, of a living thing) would normally appear as the ending -rya, e.g. coarya “his house” (WJ:369), máryat “her hands” (Nam), the latter with a dual ending following -rya. “His/her” as an independent word could be *senya (compare ninya “my” vs. ni “I”, nin “for me”). – Reflexive pronoun, see HIMSELF. –VT49:16, 51, VT43:29, VT49:15, LotR:1008 -
2 WITH
For the purpose of Neo-Quenya writing, the best translation of "with" (in the sense of "together with") is probably \#as, attested with a pronominal suffix (see below). A string of various prepositional elements meaning "with" are attested, but all are probably not meant to coexist in the same form of Quenya; rather Tolkien often changed his mind about the details. The preposition lé, le found in early material (QL:52) is probably best avoided in LotR-style Quenya (in which langauge le is rather the pronoun "you"). Tolkien later seems to be experimenting with yo and ó/o as words for "with"; yo hildinyar in SD:56 probably means *"with my heirs", and VT43:29 reproduces a table where various pronouns are suffixed to ó-, probably meaning "with" (óni *"with me", ólë *"with you", etc.) In the essay Quendi and Eldar, Tolkien assigns a dual meaning to ó- as a prefix; it was used "in words describing the meeting, junction, or union of two things or persons, or of two groups thought of as units" (WJ:367; cf. 361 regarding the underlying stem WO, said to be a dual adverb "together"). The plural equivalent of dual ó- is yo- (as in yomenië, WJ:407 cf. 361 regarding the underlying root JŌ), and it may seem to be this yo that occurs as an independent preposition in yo hildinyar in SD:56. The idea that ó- is a distinctly dual form does not appear in all sources; in VT43:29 we have forms like *ómë *"with us", implying at least three persons. In Tolkien's drafts for a Quenya rendering of the Hail Mary, he experimented with various prepositional elements for the phrase "with thee" (see VT43:29). A form carelyë was replaced with aselyë in the final version. Removing the ending -lyë "thee" and the connecting vowel before it leaves us with \#as as the word (or a word) for "with"; this is ultimately related to the conjunction ar "and" (see VT43:30, 47:31). – In English, the preposition "with" may also have an instrumental force, which is best rendered by the Quenya instrumental case (e.g. *nambanen "with [= using] a hammer").
См. также в других словарях:
distinctly — used to qualify an adjective as in distinctly interesting, belongs to the outer realms of Fowler s lost causes. It was a 1920s vogue word that he much despised, less on linguistic grounds than because of the condescending attitude it revealed in… … Modern English usage
Distinctly — Dis*tinct ly, adv. 1. With distinctness; not confusedly; without the blending of one part or thing another; clearly; plainly; as, to see distinctly. [1913 Webster] 2. With meaning; significantly. [Obs.] [1913 Webster] Thou dost snore distinctly;… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
distinctly — index fairly (clearly), particularly Burton s Legal Thesaurus. William C. Burton. 2006 … Law dictionary
distinctly — late 14c., from DISTINCT (Cf. distinct) + LY (Cf. ly) (2). [D]istinctly, in the sense really quite, is the badge of the superior person indulgently recognizing unexpected merit in something that we are to understand is not quite worthy of his… … Etymology dictionary
distinctly — dis|tinct|ly [ dı stıŋktli ] adverb 1. ) in a way that is clear to your senses: distinctly hear/see/smell etc.: He distinctly heard her sigh. a ) in a definite and clear way: distinctly remember someone/something: I distinctly remember his… … Usage of the words and phrases in modern English
distinctly — UK [dɪˈstɪŋk(t)lɪ] / US adverb 1) in a way that is clear to your senses distinctly hear/see/smell etc: He distinctly heard something move across the room. a) in a definite and clear way distinctly remember someone/something: I distinctly remember … English dictionary
distinctly — dis|tinct|ly [dıˈstıŋktli] adv 1.) clearly ▪ Speak clearly and distinctly. ▪ He distinctly remembered the day his father left. 2.) very ▪ Paul was left feeling distinctly foolish. distinctly uncomfortable/uneasy/unhappy etc 3.) used to say that… … Dictionary of contemporary English
distinctly — adverb 1 clearly: I distinctly heard him say my name. 2 used when saying that someone or something has a particular quality, character etc that is easy to recognize: The rest of the passengers had distinctly Indian names. 3 used when emphasizing… … Longman dictionary of contemporary English
distinctly — adverb 1. clear to the mind; with distinct mental discernment (Freq. 7) it s distinctly possible I could clearly see myself in his situation • Syn: ↑clearly • Derived from adjective: ↑distinct 2. in a distinct and … Useful english dictionary
distinctly — adv. Distinctly is used with these adjectives: ↑chilly, ↑cool, ↑cosmopolitan, ↑different, ↑eerie, ↑feminine, ↑foreign, ↑frosty, ↑lacking, ↑limited, ↑lukewarm, ↑ … Collocations dictionary
distinctly — adverb 1) there s something distinctly odd about him Syn: decidedly, markedly, definitely; clearly, noticeably, obviously, plainly, evidently, unmistakably, manifestly, patently 2) Laura spoke quite distinctly Syn … Thesaurus of popular words
