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disillusioned

  • 81 estranged

    1. a живущий отдельно

    his estranged wife — жена, с которой он живёт раздельно

    2. a отрешённый, отсутствующий
    Синонимический ряд:
    1. antagonistic (adj.) antagonistic; disaffected; discontented; disillusioned; disloyal; indifferent; unfriendly
    2. alienated (verb) alienated; disaffected; disunited; divided; weaned

    English-Russian base dictionary > estranged

  • 82 knowing

    1. n знание, познание; знакомство

    there is no knowing when we shall meet — неизвестно, когда мы встретимся

    2. n понимание
    3. n осознание
    4. a знающий, понимающий
    5. a познавательный; относящийся к умственным способностям
    6. a разг. ловкий, хитрый; проницательный
    7. a разг. преднамеренный
    8. a разг. щегольской, модный
    Синонимический ряд:
    1. aware (adj.) alive; apprehensive; attentive; au courant; awake; aware; cognisant; cognizant; conscious; conversant; keen; known; mindful; sensible; sentient; ware; witting
    2. intelligent (adj.) alert; brainy; bright; brilliant; canny; clever; erudite; intelligent; knowledgeable; profound; ready-witted; subtle
    3. smart (adj.) astute; cagey; perspicacious; shrewd; slick; smart
    4. sophisticated (adj.) blase; disenchanted; disentranced; disillusioned; mondaine; sophisticate; sophisticated; worldly; worldly-wise; world-wise
    5. wise (adj.) discerning; gnostic; hep; insighted; insightful; nimble-witted; perceptive; quick; quick-witted; sagacious; sage; sapient; sharp; sharp-witted; sophic; wise; wisehearted
    6. appreciating (verb) appreciating; apprehending; comprehending; grasping; understanding
    7. feeling (verb) feeling; savoring; tasting
    8. having (verb) experiencing; go through; having; meet with; seeing; suffering; sustaining; undergoing
    9. knowing (verb) differentiating; discerning; discriminating; distinguishing; extricating; knowing; recognising; separating; severing; telling
    10. recognizing (verb) recognizing

    English-Russian base dictionary > knowing

  • 83 sarcastic

    a саркастический, насмешливый, язвительный, колкий
    Синонимический ряд:
    1. acerbic (adj.) acerb; acerbic; acid; archilochian; biting; bitter; caustic; corrosive; cutting; derisive; mordant; sardonic; sharp
    2. cynical (adj.) cynical; disillusioned; pessimistic
    3. mocking (adj.) ironical; mocking; ridiculing; satirical; saucy; scornful; scurrilous; sneering; snickering; taunting
    Антонимический ряд:
    amiable; civil; complimentary; cordial; courteous; deferential; flattering; gracious; idealistic; ingratiating; pleasant; pleasing; polite; respectful; soothing

    English-Russian base dictionary > sarcastic

  • 84 sophisticate

    1. n человек, умудрённый опытом; проницательный человек
    2. n человек с изысканным, утончённым вкусом, сноб
    3. n критически мыслящая личность; иронично настроенный, разочарованный человек
    4. v лишать простоты, естественности; разочаровывать
    5. v извращать, фальсифицировать, подделывать
    6. v заниматься софистикой, упражняться в софистике
    7. v редк. подменивать, подбавлять примеси
    8. v модернизировать, совершенствовать; усложнять
    9. v придавать утончённость, изысканность
    Синонимический ряд:
    1. sophisticated (adj.) blase; disenchanted; disentranced; disillusioned; knowing; mondaine; sophisticated; worldly; worldly-wise; world-wise
    2. adulterate (verb) adulterate; debase; doctor; dope; dope up; load; weight
    3. citify (verb) citify; urbanise

    English-Russian base dictionary > sophisticate

  • 85 sophisticated

    1. a лишённый простоты, естественности; утончённый, изощрённый
    2. a искушённый, умудрённый опытом
    3. a сложный, усложнённый
    4. a современный, стоящий на уровне современности

    sophisticated brokerage — ведение посреднических операций в соответствии с современными требованиями

    5. a фальсифицированный; с примесью
    6. a искажённый, извращённый
    Синонимический ряд:
    1. blase (adj.) blase; disentranced; knowing; mondaine; sophisticate; world-wise
    2. complex (adj.) advanced; Byzantine; complex; complicated; daedal; elaborate; gordian; intricate; involved; knotty; labyrinthine; modern
    3. deceptive (adj.) deceptive; misleading
    4. intellectual (adj.) cerebral; intellectual; thoughtful
    5. refined (adj.) adult; cultured; mature; refined; well-bred
    6. worldly (adj.) artificial; changed; cosmopolitan; disenchanted; disillusioned; mundane; practical; precious; stagy; worldly; worldly-wise
    7. adulterated (verb) adulterated; debased; doctored; doped; doped up; loaded; weighted
    8. sophisticated (verb) citified; sophisticated; urbanised
    Антонимический ряд:
    green; ingenuous; naive; simple; unsophisticated; young

    English-Russian base dictionary > sophisticated

  • 86 stagy

    1. a театральный, сценичный
    2. a аффектированный, показной, театральный
    3. a облезлый
    Синонимический ряд:
    worldly (adj.) artificial; changed; disenchanted; disillusioned; mundane; practical; precious; sophisticated; worldly

    English-Russian base dictionary > stagy

  • 87 worldly

    1. a мирской, суетный; земной
    2. a любящий жизненные блага
    3. a житейский, практичный
    Синонимический ряд:
    1. avaricious (adj.) avaricious; hedonistic
    2. cosmopolitan (adj.) cosmopolitan; suave; urbane
    3. earthly (adj.) common; earthly; secular; sublunary; tellurian; telluric; terrene; terrestrial; uncelestial
    4. material (adj.) material; natural; physical
    5. materialistic (adj.) banausic; earthy; materialistic; mundane; sensual
    6. secular (adj.) profane; secular; temporal
    7. sophisticated (adj.) blase; disenchanted; disentranced; disillusioned; knowing; mondaine; sophisticate; sophisticated; worldly-wise; world-wise
    Антонимический ряд:
    aesthetic; celestial; heavenly; rustic; spiritual

    English-Russian base dictionary > worldly

  • 88 Almeida, Antônio josé de

    (1866-1929)
       Leading political figure in the First Republic, stalwart of republican politics, and the only president of the republic to serve a full term of office during that political experience (1910-26). Like a number of the leading political figures of his generation, Almeida was educated at Coimbra University's medical school and was a staunch republican opponent of the monarchy. Almeida was reputedly the finest speaker and debater of the republican leaders. When the provisional government was named following the Republican Revolution of 5 October 1910, Almeida was included. Compared to Afonso Costa, a moderate republican, Almeida was involved in the fragmenting of the Republican Party (PRP) in 1911-12 and formed an alternate Republican Party, the Evolutionist Republican Party (PRE) or Evolutionists. Almeida headed one government as prime minister (1916-17), but rapidly became exhausted and disillusioned by the First Republic's unstable, ineffective politics and government. After the assassination of Sidónio Pais in late 1918, and the failed right-wing revolution of 1919, Almeida declared himself nonpartisan and his party, the PRE, was dissolved. Loyal to the idea of the republic, however, Almeida wished to serve in some capacity. Due to his image of being above the political fray, he was elected by the congress as president of the republic and served his full term (1919-23). Prematurely aged by the experience, he withdrew from politics and died in Lisbon in 1929.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Almeida, Antônio josé de

  • 89 Egas Moniz, DR. Antônio Caetano

    (1874-1955)
       Pioneer physician and neurosurgeon, sometime republican political figure, and minister during the First Republic, and Portugal's only Nobel Prize winner until 1998 (when the Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to José Saramago). Trained as a doctor at Coimbra University's medical school, Egas Moniz was named a professor in 1902. In 1911, after having studied at several clinics in France, he was transferred to the Chair of Neurology at the University of Lisbon.
       In 1903, he began his involvement in politics when he was elected a deputy to the monarchy's parliament. During the early and middle phases of the First Republic, Egas Moniz became one of the more important moderate republican personalities in the Constituent Assembly, a leading member of José Almeida's Evolutionist Party, a founder of the Centrist Party, and a staunch supporter of presidentialism and President Sidônio Pais. In a sense a prophet without honor during some of the more difficult phases of the turbulent republic, Egas Moniz was Portugal's minister to Spain in 1917-18, then minister of foreign affairs. During 1919, he headed Portugal's delegation to the Versailles Peace Conference. Exhausted and disillusioned with politics and government service by mid-1919, he devoted the remainder of his active life to medical practice and neurological research and writing.
       In 1927, after intensive experimentation, Egas Moniz performed the first cerebral angiography on a patient; this X-ray provided vital information on the brain in terms of blood circulation within it, the most significant finding in half a century. In 1935, he pioneered a new type of brain operation. His great contributions to medicine and to neurosurgery were finally recognized in 1949, when he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine for the discovery of the uses of leucotomy in certain psychoses. His two fascinating memoirs ( Confidencias de um Investigador Científico, 1949, and A Nossa Casa, 1950) are among the more significant and prescient of Portuguese memorial works in modern times. A tenacious collector of plastic arts, his collection is housed in the Egas Moniz House-Museum at Avança (near Aveiro), northern Portugal, and other memorabilia related to this outstanding scientist are located in the Egas Moniz Museum, Lisbon.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Egas Moniz, DR. Antônio Caetano

  • 90 Freitas do Amaral, Diogo

    (1941-)
       Legal scholar and teacher, jurist, civil servant, and politician. Born in Povoa de Varzim, Freitas do Amaral's father became a member of parliament in the Estado Novo's National Assembly. A superb student, the young Freitas do Amaral studied law at the Law Faculty, University of Lisbon, and became the top law student and protégé of Professor Marcello Caetano, who in 1968 was selected to replace an ailing Antônio de Oliveira Salazar as prime minister. Freitas do Amaral received his doctorate in law in the late 1960s and remained close to his former law professor, who was now prime minister. In his scholarship on the history of Portuguese law, as well as in his political and social ideology as a conservative, Freitas do Amaral in many respects remained a student, protégé, and follower of Caetano through the period of Caetano's premiership (1968-74) and into the era of the Revolution of 25 April 1974. More than 20 years later, Freitas do Amaral published his memoirs, which focused on the 1968-74 political era, O Antigo Regime E A Revolução. Memórias Políticas ( 1941-75). This personal portrait of Caetano's tribulations as a sometimes reluctant, well-prepared but probably inappropriately selected national leader remains an invaluable primary source for historical reconstruction.
       During the early months after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Freitas do Amaral entered politics and became a founder of the right-wing Christian Democratic Party (CDS). He served as the party's leader to 1985 and again from 1988 to 1991, and was a member of parliament, the Assembly of the Republic, from 1975 to 1983 and from 1992 to 1993. When the Democratic Alliance, of which the CDS was a part, won elections in 1979-80, Freitas do Amaral served as deputy prime minister and minister of defense and, when Francisco de Sá Carneiro died in a mysterious air crash, Freitas do Amaral briefly served as interim prime minister. He was a candidate for the presidency in the 1986 presidential election, although he lost to Mário Soares. In 1995, he served as President of the United Nations General Assembly. As a European federalist who disagreed with the CDS Euroskeptic line followed by Paulo Portas, Freitas do Amaral broke with his party and resigned from it. Although he was usually regarded as a right-winger, Freitas do Amaral backed the Social Democratic Party in the 2002 Assembly of the Republic elections. Disillusioned with the government's policies and critical of its endorsement of the U.S. invasion of Iraq in March 2003, Freitas do Amaral shifted his support to the Socialist Party in the 2005 election. The new prime minister José Sôcrates named Freitas do Amaral minister of foreign affairs in the XVII Constitutional Government, but the senior jurist and politician resigned after a year in office, for health reasons.
       After many years as a law professor at the New University of Lisbon, in 2007, Freitas do Amaral delivered a final public lecture and retired from academia. He is the author of a biography of King Afonso I, a play, and of various legal and juridical studies and is considered the most eminent living scholar in the fields of administrative and constitutional law.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Freitas do Amaral, Diogo

  • 91 Garrett, João Baptista de Almeida

    (1799-1854)
       One of Portugal's greatest 19th-century writers, Garrett was a diplomat, civil servant, journalist, and intellectual. In exile abroad due to his adherence to the cause of constitutional liberal monarchy, during the period 1823-36 especially, Garrett studied and was influenced by his readings of Shakespeare and romantic writers such as Lord Byron and Walter Scott. He studied law at the University of Coimbra. Following the triumph of King Pedro IV's cause in the War of the Brothers, Garrett served in the new government as a diplomat in Belgium. In a later second residence abroad, he was influenced by his study of German literature.
       It was in the field of letters that Garrett made his greatest mark, and he was active in all aspects of literary endeavor: poetry, essays, theater, journalism, and the novel. He was the founder of Portugal's national theater, Teatro Nacional de D. Maria II, and several of his plays become standard in Portuguese theater repertory, including his adaptations of plays by Gil Vicente. Government censorship, however, prevented the staging of several of his plays. His classic play Frei Luís de Sousa premiered in 1843, in a private theater.
       Like so many other romantic writers of his era in Europe, Garrett collected, edited, and published Portuguese folk stories, poems, and songs from a rich rural heritage and preserved them for later generations. Many were collected in his Romanceiro e Cancioneiro, in three volumes. Uncomfortable in the maelstrom of unstable politics and already named a peer of the realm, Garrett accepted the post of minister of foreign affairs in 1852. Quickly disillusioned, he retired in 1853 to private life and to writing another novel, left unfinished at his death in the following year.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Garrett, João Baptista de Almeida

  • 92 Godinho, Vitorino Magalhães

    (1918-)
       Historian, academic, political figure. Internationally, Portugal's most celebrated historian of the 20th century. Born into a family with strong republican and antidictatorial tendencies, Godinho chose an academic career following his graduation (1940) in history and philosophy from the Faculty of Letters, University of Lisbon. He taught history at the same institution until 1944, when his academic career was cut short by the Estado Novo's orders. He resumed his academic career in France, where he taught history and received his doctorate in history at the Sorbonne (1959). He returned briefly to Portugal but, during the academic/political crisis of 1962, he was fired from his faculty position at the Instituto Superior de Estudos Ultramarinos in Lisbon.
       In the 1960s and early 1970s, Godinho's scholarly publications on the social and economic history of the Portuguese overseas empire (1400-1700) first made a lasting impact both in Portuguese historiography and world historiography regarding the Age of Discoveries. His notion of a world system or economy, with ample quantitative data on prices, money, and trade in the style and spirit of the French Annales School of History, had an important influence on social scientists outside Portugal, including on American scholar Immanuel Wallerstein and his world system studies. Godinho's work emphasized social and economic history before 1750, and his most notable works included Prix et monnaies au Portugal (1955), A Economia dos Descobrimentos Henriquinos (1962), and, in three volumes, Os Descobrimentos e a Economia Mundial (1963-71).
       As a staunch opponent of the Estado Novo who had been dismissed yet again from 1962 to 1971, Godinho concentrated on his research and publications, as well as continuing activity in oppositionist parties, rallies, and elections. Disillusioned by the false "Spring" of freedom under Prime Minister Marcello Caetano (1968-74), he returned to France to teach. Following the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Godinho returned to newly democratic Portugal. During several provisional governments (1974-75), he was appointed minister of education and initiated reforms. The confusing political maelstrom of revolutionary Portugal, however, discouraged his continuation in public office. He returned to university teaching and scholarship, and then helped establish a new institution of higher learning, the Universidade Nova de Lisboa (New University of Lisbon), where he retired, loaded with honors and acclaim, at age 70 in 1988.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Godinho, Vitorino Magalhães

  • 93 Media

       The purpose of the media during the Estado Novo (1926-74) was to communicate official government policy. Therefore, the government strictly censored newspapers, magazines, and books. Radio and television broadcasting was in the hands of two state-owned companies: Radiodifusão Portuguesa (RDP) and Radiotelevisão Portuguesa (RTP). The first TV broadcasts aired in March 1957, and the official state visit of Queen Elizabeth II of Great Britain to Portugal was featured. The only independent broadcasting company during the Estado Novo was the Catholic Church's Radio Renascença. Writers and journalists who violated the regime's guidelines were severely sanctioned. Under Prime Minister Marcello Caetano, censorship was relaxed somewhat, and writers were allowed to publish critical and controversial works without fear of punishment. Caetano attempted to "speak to the people" through television. Daily program content consisted of little more than government-controlled (and censored) news programs and dull documentaries.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, censorship was abolished. As the revolution veered leftward, some sectors of the media were seized by opponents of the views they expressed. The most famous case was the seizure of Radio Renascença by those who sought to bring it into line with the drift leftward. State ownership of the media was increased after 25 April 1974, when banks were nationalized because most banks owned at least one newspaper. As the Revolution moderated and as banking was privatized during the 1980s and 1990s, newspapers were also privatized.
       The history of two major Lisbon dailies illustrates recent cycles of Portuguese politics and pressures. O Século, a major Lisbon daily paper was founded in 1881 and was influenced by Republican, even Masonic ideas. When the first Republic began in 1910, the editorials of O Século defended the new system, but the economic and social turmoil disillusioned the paper's directors. In 1924, O Século, under publisher João Pereira da Rosa, called for political reform and opposed the Democratic Party, which monopolized elections and power in the Republic. This paper was one of the two most important daily papers, and it backed the military coup of 28 May 1926 and the emergent military dictatorship. Over the history of the Estado Novo, this paper remained somewhat to the left of the other major daily paper in Lisbon, Diário de Notícias, but in 1972 the paper suffered a severe financial crisis and was bought by a Lisbon banker. During the more chaotic times after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, O Século experienced its own time of turmoil, in which there was a split between workers and editors, firings, resignations, and financial trouble. After a series of financial problems and controversy over procommunist staff, the paper was suspended and then ceased publication in February 1977. In the 1990s, there was a brief but unsuccessful attempt to revive O Século.
       Today, the daily paper with the largest circulation is Diário de Notícias of Lisbon, which was established in 1883. It became the major daily paper of record, but after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, like O Século, the paper suffered difficulties, both political and financial. One of its editors in the "hot" summer of 1975 was José Saramago, future Nobel Prize winner in literature, and there was an internal battle in the editorial rooms between factions. The paper was, like O Século, nationalized in 1976, but in 1991, Diário de Notícias was reprivatized and today it continues to be the daily paper of record, leading daily circulation.
       Currently, about 20 daily newspapers are published in Portugal, in Lisbon, the capital, as well as in the principal cities of Oporto, Coimbra, and Évora. The major Lisbon newspapers are Diário de Notícias (daily and newspaper of record), Publico (daily), Correia da Manha (daily), Jornal de Noticias (daily), Expresso (weekly), The Portugal News (English language weekly), The Resident (English language weekly), and Get Real Weekly (English language).
       These papers range from the excellent, such as Público and the Diário de Notícias, to the sensationalistic, such as Correio da Manhã. Portugal's premier weekly newspaper is Expresso, founded by Francisco Balsemão during the last years of Marcello Caetano's governance, whose modern format, spirit, and muted criticism of the regime helped prepare public opinion for regime change in 1974. Another weekly is O Independente, founded in 1988, which specializes in political satire. In addition to these newspapers, Portugal has a large number of newspapers and magazines published for a specific readership: sports fans, gardeners, farmers, boating enthusiasts, etc. In addition to the two state-owned TV channels, Portugal has two independent channels, one of which is operated by the Catholic Church. TV programming is now diverse and sophisticated, with a great variety of programs of both domestic and foreign content. The most popular TV programs have been soap operas and serialized novels ( telenovelas) imported from Brazil. In the 1990s, Portugal attempted to produce its own telenovelas and soap operas, but these have not been as popular as the more exotic Brazilian imports.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Media

  • 94 disillusion

    disillusion [‚dɪsɪ'lu:ʒən]
    faire perdre ses illusions à, désillusionner;
    ∎ I hate to disillusion you but he's really after your money je suis désolé de devoir t'ôter tes illusions mais c'est après ton argent qu'il en a;
    ∎ he has been disillusioned by his experiences ses expériences lui ont fait perdre ses illusions ou l'ont désillusionné
    2 noun
    désillusion f, désabusement m

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > disillusion

  • 95 heartsick

    heartsick ['hɑ:tsɪk]
    découragé, démoralisé;
    ∎ a heartsick lover un amoureux transi;
    ∎ to be heartsick avoir la mort dans l'âme;
    ∎ heartsick and disillusioned, he gave up his search démoralisé ou abattu et désenchanté, il abandonna ses recherches

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > heartsick

  • 96 Huygens, Christiaan

    SUBJECT AREA: Horology
    [br]
    b. 14 April 1629 The Hague, the Netherlands
    d. 8 June 1695 The Hague, the Netherlands
    [br]
    Dutch scientist who was responsible for two of the greatest advances in horology: the successful application of both the pendulum to the clock and the balance spring to the watch.
    [br]
    Huygens was born into a cultured and privileged class. His father, Constantijn, was a poet and statesman who had wide interests. Constantijn exerted a strong influence on his son, who was educated at home until he reached the age of 16. Christiaan studied law and mathematics at Ley den University from 1645 to 1647, and continued his studies at the Collegium Arausiacum in Breda until 1649. He then lived at The Hague, where he had the means to devote his time entirely to study. In 1666 he became a Member of the Académie des Sciences in Paris and settled there until his return to The Hague in 1681. He also had a close relationship with the Royal Society and visited London on three occasions, meeting Newton on his last visit in 1689. Huygens had a wide range of interests and made significant contributions in mathematics, astronomy, optics and mechanics. He also made technical advances in optical instruments and horology.
    Despite the efforts of Burgi there had been no significant improvement in the performance of ordinary clocks and watches from their inception to Huygens's time, as they were controlled by foliots or balances which had no natural period of oscillation. The pendulum appeared to offer a means of improvement as it had a natural period of oscillation that was almost independent of amplitude. Galileo Galilei had already pioneered the use of a freely suspended pendulum for timing events, but it was by no means obvious how it could be kept swinging and used to control a clock. Towards the end of his life Galileo described such a. mechanism to his son Vincenzio, who constructed a model after his father's death, although it was not completed when he himself died in 1642. This model appears to have been copied in Italy, but it had little influence on horology, partly because of the circumstances in which it was produced and possibly also because it differed radically from clocks of that period. The crucial event occurred on Christmas Day 1656 when Huygens, quite independently, succeeded in adapting an existing spring-driven table clock so that it was not only controlled by a pendulum but also kept it swinging. In the following year he was granted a privilege or patent for this clock, and several were made by the clockmaker Salomon Coster of The Hague. The use of the pendulum produced a dramatic improvement in timekeeping, reducing the daily error from minutes to seconds, but Huygens was aware that the pendulum was not truly isochronous. This error was magnified by the use of the existing verge escapement, which made the pendulum swing through a large arc. He overcame this defect very elegantly by fitting cheeks at the pendulum suspension point, progressively reducing the effective length of the pendulum as the amplitude increased. Initially the cheeks were shaped empirically, but he was later able to show that they should have a cycloidal shape. The cheeks were not adopted universally because they introduced other defects, and the problem was eventually solved more prosaically by way of new escapements which reduced the swing of the pendulum. Huygens's clocks had another innovatory feature: maintaining power, which kept the clock going while it was being wound.
    Pendulums could not be used for portable timepieces, which continued to use balances despite their deficiencies. Robert Hooke was probably the first to apply a spring to the balance, but his efforts were not successful. From his work on the pendulum Huygens was well aware of the conditions necessary for isochronism in a vibrating system, and in January 1675, with a flash of inspiration, he realized that this could be achieved by controlling the oscillations of the balance with a spiral spring, an arrangement that is still used in mechanical watches. The first model was made for Huygens in Paris by the clockmaker Isaac Thuret, who attempted to appropriate the invention and patent it himself. Huygens had for many years been trying unsuccessfully to adapt the pendulum clock for use at sea (in order to determine longitude), and he hoped that a balance-spring timekeeper might be better suited for this purpose. However, he was disillusioned as its timekeeping proved to be much more susceptible to changes in temperature than that of the pendulum clock.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    FRS 1663. Member of the Académie Royale des Sciences 1666.
    Bibliography
    For his complete works, see Oeuvres complètes de Christian Huygens, 1888–1950, 22 vols, The Hague.
    1658, Horologium, The Hague; repub., 1970, trans. E.L.Edwardes, Antiquarian
    Horology 7:35–55 (describes the pendulum clock).
    1673, Horologium Oscillatorium, Paris; repub., 1986, The Pendulum Clock or Demonstrations Concerning the Motion ofPendula as Applied to Clocks, trans.
    R.J.Blackwell, Ames.
    Further Reading
    H.J.M.Bos, 1972, Dictionary of Scientific Biography, ed. C.C.Gillispie, Vol. 6, New York, pp. 597–613 (for a fuller account of his life and scientific work, but note the incorrect date of his death).
    R.Plomp, 1979, Spring-Driven Dutch Pendulum Clocks, 1657–1710, Schiedam (describes Huygens's application of the pendulum to the clock).
    S.A.Bedini, 1991, The Pulse of Time, Florence (describes Galileo's contribution of the pendulum to the clock).
    J.H.Leopold, 1982, "L"Invention par Christiaan Huygens du ressort spiral réglant pour les montres', Huygens et la France, Paris, pp. 154–7 (describes the application of the balance spring to the watch).
    A.R.Hall, 1978, "Horology and criticism", Studia Copernica 16:261–81 (discusses Hooke's contribution).
    DV

    Biographical history of technology > Huygens, Christiaan

  • 97 Le Roy, Pierre

    SUBJECT AREA: Horology
    [br]
    b. 24 November 1717 Paris, France
    d. 25 August 1785 Viry-sur-Orge, France
    [br]
    French horologist who invented the detached détente escapement and the compensation balance.
    [br]
    Le Roy was born into a distinguished horological family: his father, Julien, was Clockmaker to the King. Pierre became Master in 1737 and continued to work with his father, taking over the business when his father died in 1759. However, he seems to have left the commercial side of the business to others so that he could concentrate on developing the marine chronometer. Unlike John Harrison, he believed that the solution lay in detaching the escapement from the balance, and in 1748 he submitted a proposal for the first detached escapement to the Académie des Sciences in Paris. He also differed from Harrison in his method of temperature compensation, which acted directly on the balance by altering its radius of gyration. This was achieved either by mounting thermometers on the balance or by using bimetallic strips which effectively reduced the diameter of the balance as the temperature rose (with refinements, this later became the standard method of temperature compensation in watches and chronometers). Le Roy had already discovered that for every spiral balance spring there was a particular length at which it would be isochronous, and this method of temperature compensation did not destroy that isochronism by altering the length, as other methods did. These innovations were incorporated in a chronometer with an improved detached escapement which he presented to Louis XV in 1766 and described in a memoir to the Académie des Sciences. This instrument contained the three essential elements of all subsequent chronometers: an isochronous balance spring, a detached escapement and a balance with temperature compensation. Its performance was similar to that of Harrison's fourth timepiece, and Le Roy was awarded prizes by the Académie des Sciences for the chronometer and for his memoir. However, his work was never fully appreciated in France, where he was over-shadowed by his rival Ferdinand Berthoud. When Berthoud was awarded the coveted title of Horloger de la Marine, Le Roy became disillusioned and shortly afterwards gave up chronometry and retired to the country.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Horloger du Roi 1760.
    Bibliography
    1748, "Echappement à détente", Histoire et mémoires de l'Académie Royale des Sciences.
    Further Reading
    R.T.Gould, 1923, The Marine Chronometer: Its History and Development, London; reprinted 1960, Holland Press (still the standard work on the subject).
    DV

    Biographical history of technology > Le Roy, Pierre

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