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  • 41 Fermi, Enrico

    [br]
    b. 29 September 1901 Rome, Italy
    d. 28 November 1954 Chicago, USA
    [br]
    Italian nuclear physicist.
    [br]
    Fermi was one of the most versatile of twentieth-century physicists, one of the few to excel in both theory and experiment. His greatest theoretical achievements lay in the field of statistics and his theory of beta decay. His statistics, parallel to but independent of Dirac, were the key to the modern theory of metals and the statistical modds of the atomic nucleus. On the experimental side, his most notable discoveries were artificial radioactivity produced by neutron bombardment and the realization of a controlled nuclear chain reaction, in the world's first nuclear reactor.
    Fermi received a conventional education with a chemical bias, but reached proficiency in mathematics and physics largely through his own reading. He studied at Pisa University, where he taught himself modern physics and then travelled to extend his knowledge, spending time with Max Born at Göttingen. On his return to Italy, he secured posts in Florence and, in 1927, in Rome, where he obtained the first Italian Chair in Theoretical Physics, a subject in which Italy had so far lagged behind. He helped to bring about a rebirth of physics in Italy and devoted himself to the application of statistics to his model of the atom. For this work, Fermi was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1938, but in December of that year, finding the Fascist regime uncongenial, he transferred to the USA and Columbia University. The news that nuclear fission had been achieved broke shortly before the Second World War erupted and it stimulated Fermi to consider this a way of generating secondary nuclear emission and the initiation of chain reactions. His experiments in this direction led first to the discovery of slow neutrons.
    Fermi's work assumed a more practical aspect when he was invited to join the Manhattan Project for the construction of the first atomic bomb. His small-scale work at Columbia became large-scale at Chicago University. This culminated on 2 December 1942 when the first controlled nuclear reaction took place at Stagg Field, Chicago, an historic event indeed. Later, Fermi spent most of the period from September 1944 to early 1945 at Los Alamos, New Mexico, taking part in the preparations for the first test explosion of the atomic bomb on 16 July 1945. President Truman invited Fermi to serve on his Committee to advise him on the use of the bomb. Then Chicago University established an Institute for Nuclear Studies and offered Fermi a professorship, which he took up early in 1946, spending the rest of his relatively short life there.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Nobel Prize for Physics 1938.
    Bibliography
    1962–5, Collected Papers, ed. E.Segrè et al., 2 vols, Chicago (includes a biographical introduction and bibliography).
    Further Reading
    L.Fermi, 1954, Atoms in the Family, Chicago (a personal account by his wife).
    E.Segrè, 1970, Enrico Fermi, Physicist, Chicago (deals with the more scientific aspects of his life).
    LRD

    Biographical history of technology > Fermi, Enrico

  • 42 Zworykin, Vladimir Kosma

    [br]
    b. 30 July 1889 Mourum (near Moscow), Russia
    d. 29 July 1982 New York City, New York, USA
    [br]
    Russian (naturalized American 1924) television pioneer who invented the iconoscope and kinescope television camera and display tubes.
    [br]
    Zworykin studied engineering at the Institute of Technology in St Petersburg under Boris Rosing, assisting the latter with his early experiments with television. After graduating in 1912, he spent a time doing X-ray research at the Collège de France in Paris before returning to join the Russian Marconi Company, initially in St Petersburg and then in Moscow. On the outbreak of war in 1917, he joined the Russian Army Signal Corps, but when the war ended in the chaos of the Revolution he set off on his travels, ending up in the USA, where he joined the Westinghouse Corporation. There, in 1923, he filed the first of many patents for a complete system of electronic television, including one for an all-electronic scanning pick-up tube that he called the iconoscope. In 1924 he became a US citizen and invented the kinescope, a hard-vacuum cathode ray tube (CRT) for the display of television pictures, and the following year he patented a camera tube with a mosaic of photoelectric elements and gave a demonstration of still-picture TV. In 1926 he was awarded a PhD by the University of Pittsburgh and in 1928 he was granted a patent for a colour TV system.
    In 1929 he embarked on a tour of Europe to study TV developments; on his return he joined the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) as Director of the Electronics Research Group, first at Camden and then Princeton, New Jersey. Securing a budget to develop an improved CRT picture tube, he soon produced a kinescope with a hard vacuum, an indirectly heated cathode, a signal-modulation grid and electrostatic focusing. In 1933 an improved iconoscope camera tube was produced, and under his direction RCA went on to produce other improved types of camera tube, including the image iconoscope, the orthicon and image orthicon and the vidicon. The secondary-emission effect used in many of these tubes was also used in a scintillation radiation counter. In 1941 he was responsible for the development of the first industrial electron microscope, but for most of the Second World War he directed work concerned with radar, aircraft fire-control and TV-guided missiles.
    After the war he worked for a time on high-speed memories and medical electronics, becoming Vice-President and Technical Consultant in 1947. He "retired" from RCA and was made an honorary vice-president in 1954, but he retained an office and continued to work there almost up until his death; he also served as Director of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research from 1954 until 1962.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Zworykin received some twenty-seven awards and honours for his contributions to television engineering and medical electronics, including the Institution of Electrical Engineers Faraday Medal 1965; US Medal of Science 1966; and the US National Hall of Fame 1977.
    Bibliography
    29 December 1923, US patent no. 2,141, 059 (the original iconoscope patent; finally granted in December 1938!).
    13 July 1925, US patent no. 1,691, 324 (colour television system).
    1930, with D.E.Wilson, Photocells and Their Applications, New York: Wiley. 1934, "The iconoscope. A modern version of the electric eye". Proceedings of the
    Institute of Radio Engineers 22:16.
    1946, Electron Optics and the Electron Microscope.
    1940, with G.A.Morton, Television; revised 1954.
    Further Reading
    J.H.Udelson, 1982, The Great Television Race: History of the Television Industry 1925– 41: University of Alabama Press.
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Zworykin, Vladimir Kosma

  • 43 présenter

    I vt.
    1. présenter une personne à une autre biror kishini biror kishi bilan tanishtirmoq; permettez-moi de vous présenter mon ami o‘rtog‘imni sizga tanishtirishga ruxsat bering
    2. kiritmoq, yozib qo‘ymoq; le professeur l'a présentée au concours général o‘qituvchi uni umumiy tanlovga kiritdi
    3. ko‘rsatmoq; présenter son billet au contrôleur nazoratchiga biletini ko‘rsatmoq; présenter les armes miltiqni ma'lum vaziyatga olib tabriklamoq
    4. olib bormoq, tanishtirmoq, konferansyelik qilmoq; présenter une émission, un spectacle eshittirishni, spektaklni olib bormoq
    5. namoyish qilmoq, ko‘rsatmoq; présenter un étalage mollar ko‘rgazmasini namoyish qilmoq
    6. taqdim qilmoq, ko‘rsatmoq; présenter un devis smetani taqdim qilmoq; présenter sa candidature à un poste biror lavozimga o‘z nomzodini ko‘rsatmoq
    7. tanishtirmoq, bildirmoq, ifodalamoq; permettez-moi de vous présenter mes condoléances, mes félicitations sizga ta'ziyamni, tabrigimni bildirishga ruxsat bering
    8. ko‘rsatish, namoyish qilish; mieux vaut présenter les choses telles qu'elles sont narsalarni asl holida ko‘rsatgan yaxshiroq
    9. ko‘rinishga ega bo‘lmoq, ko‘rinmoq; le malade présentait des simptômes inquiétants kasalning simptomlari xavotirli edi
    II vi.fam. présenter bien, mal yaxshi, yomon taassurot qoldirmoq (o‘zining tashqi ko‘rinishi bo‘yicha)
    III se présenter vpr.
    1. kelmoq, yetib kelmoq, hozir bo‘lmoq, bormoq; vous êtes prié de vous présenter d'urgence à la direction sizning zudlik bilan direksiyaga kelishingiz so‘raladi
    2. o‘zini tanishtirmoq
    3. imtihon topshirmoq; se présenter au baccalauréat bakalavrlikka imtihon topshirmoq; u kelguvsi saylovlarga nomzod bo‘ldi
    4. kelmoq, namoyon bo‘lmoq; deux noms se présentent aussitôt à l'ésprit ikki ism darhol fikrga keladi; profiter des occasions qui se présentent qulay paytdan foydalanib qolmoq
    5. ko‘rinmoq, ko‘rinishga ega bo‘lmoq; se présenter bien, mal yaxshi, yomon ko‘rinishga ega bo‘lmoq; cette affaire se présente plutôt mal bu ish, ko‘rinishdan, ko‘proq yomonga o‘xshaydi.

    Dictionnaire Français-Ouzbek > présenter

  • 44 suivre

    v t
    1 venir derrière izlemek
    2 accompagner biriyle gitmek
    ◊

    Veuillez me suivre s'il vous plaît. — Lütfen benimle geliniz.

    3 suivre qqn, qqch des yeux / du regard birini, bir şeyi gözleriyle izlemek
    4 dans un texte sonraki
    ◊

    C'est expliqué dans le paragraphe qui suit. — Bu, sonraki paragrafta açıklanmıştır.

    5 dans le temps izlemek
    ◊

    Un débat suivra la projection du film. — Bir tartışma film gösterisini izleyecektir.

    6 une direction izlemek, takibetmek
    7 fréquenter -(y)e gitmek
    8 faire suivre son courrier mektuplarını yeni adresine göndertmek
    9 imiter -i izlemek
    10 respecter uymak
    ◊

    Il faut suivre les indications. — İşaretlere uymak gerek.

    11 s'intéresser à -i izlemek
    12 anlamak
    ◊

    Il n'arrive pas à suivre en classe. — Sınıfta söylenenleri anlayamıyor.

    Dictionnaire Français-Turc > suivre

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